Atlasofclassical00hugh PDF

AN ATLAS
OP
CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
CONSTRUCTED BY
WILLIAM HUGHES,
AND EDITED BY
GEORGE LONG.
FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
WITH
A SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,

AND OTHER ADDITIONS,
BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR.
CONTAINING
FIFTY-TWO MAPS AND PLANS ON TWENTY-SIX PLATES,
WITH AN INDEX OF PLACES.
PHILADELPHIA
BLANCHAED & LEA,
185 7.
I OOi
ZSl
Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by
BLANCHARD & LEA,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania,
Printel \.j T. K. & P. G. Collins.

AMERICAN PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.
In reproducing the present work, various additions have been thought desirable. For
reasons adduced in his Preface, Mr. Long inserted no boundaries in the maps. Impos-
sible as it may be, at this distance of time, to determine with absolute accuracy the
limits of contiguous territories, it yet was felt that without some indication of their
position, as generally received by classical scholars, the student would frequently feel
the want of an assistance to which he had become accustomed; and they have accord-
ingly been introduced from standard authorities.
The interest attaching to the gradual development of geographical knowledge
among the ancients, has seemed to render desirable the introduction of the charts col-
lected on Plate 1, showing at a glance the progress of information from the earliest
times, and enabling the student to comprehend and appreciate the ideas of the writers
of successive periods. Plate 26 has likewise been added, presenting topographical
plans, on an enlarged scale, of various places of interest, which may serve to elucidate
passages in numerous classical authors. These additions have been selected from Icadin^^
authorities, such as Kiefert, Forbiger, and Johnston.
With the view of rendering the work a convenient text-book for the student, a
condensed sketch of Classical Geography has been prefixed, compiled and adapted
principally from the recent manual of Professor Pillans, of Edinburgh. In this the
object has been, not to present a complete enumeration of places, but mei-ely to furnish
(iii)
iv AMERICAN PUBLISHERS' NOTICE.
such supplementary information as cannot be embodied in the ir:aps. No allusion has
been made to Sacred Geography, a subject too extensive and too important to be dis-
missed within the limits necessarily assigned to the sketch. In revising the Index, the
opportunity has occasionally been found of marking the quantity of a syllable left un-
accented by Mr. Long; and this has been done whenever practicable. In many in-
stances, however, places of little note, whose nvames do not occur among the poets, are
necessarily uncertain.
Every care has been taken throughout to obtain entire accuracy, in the most careful
revision of both maps and text by the gentleman who has made the additions and
superintended the press. The publishers trust that their efforts have not been misdi-
rected, and that they will be found to have succeeded in producing an Atlas in every
way suited to the increasing requirements of the improved classical scholars]) ip of the
age.
Philadelphia, August, 185G.

PREFACE.
The Maps in this Atlas have been constructed by William Hughes from the best
authorities; and they have been engraved under his superintendence. The original
drawings and the engraved maps have been revised by George Long. No pains have
been spared to make the maps correct ; and though it is impossible to avoid some errors
in a work of this kind, it is hoped that there are not many. Such as may be discovered
will be corrected.
The distriliution of the suljject-matter of this ancient Atlas differs from that of other
Atlases in several respects. The map of the Roman Provinces is one example of this
and there are several other maps which will not be found in the common Atlases. This
Atlas is intended for the use of students both at schools and at college ; and though it
does not contain every name, it contains everything that a classical student can want.
No attempt has been made''' to show the exact boundaries of the political divisions
and subdivisions of countries, wdiich cannot be done, in small maps at least, with
sufficient accuracy ; and in many cases it cannot be done at all. A student must learn
what these boundaries are, so far as they can be ascertained, either from works on
Ancient Geography, or from the instruction of a teacher. The best method of teaching
Geography in schools is by oral instruction on the Map, followed by examination.
GEORGE LONG.
wi * See American Publishei's' Notice.
(V)
LIST OF PLATES.
1. GEOGRAPHY ACCORDING TO THE ANCIENTS.

The world according to Homer (b. c. 900).
The world according to Hecataeus (abût b. c. 500).
The atorld according to Herodotus (about b. c. 440).
The world according to Eratosthenes and Strabo (from about b. c. 200 to a. d 20).
Western Europe according to Strabo.

The world according to Ptolemy (about a. d. 160).
India according to Ptolemy,
Great Britain according to Ptolemy.

2. THE WORLD AS KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS (with the boundary of the Perslvn
Empire under Cyrus).

3. THE EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, wn:H the adjoining Regions.
4. THE PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, a. d. 119.

5. BRITANNIA.
6. GALLIA.
1. HISPANIA.
8. ITALIA (Northern Part).
9. ITALIA (Southern Part),
Corsica and Sardinia
10. PLAN OF ROME.

11. PART OF ITALY, embracing the Roman Territory, and the adjoining Country, on an
enlarged scale.
12. SICILIA.
13. SYRACUSAE, on an enlarged scale.
The Bay op Naples, and adjacent Part of Campania.
The two Ports op Brundusium.
(vii)
viii 1. 1 S T OF FLATES
14. MACEDONIA, THRACIA, ILLYRICUM, and the Provinces on the Middle and
Lower Danube.
15. GRAECIA, INCLUDING Epirus and Thessalia, with Part op Macedonia.
16. PART OF ATTICA, with BOEOTIA, PHOCIS, LOCRIS, MEGARIS, etc., on an
enlarged scale,
n. PLAN OF ATHENS
Athens and its Harbors.
18. PELOPONNESUS, with Attica and Part of Boeotia.
19. THE COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN SEA.

20. ASIA MINOR, AND THE NORTHERN PART OF SYRIA.
21. PALAESTINA, avith Part of Syria.
Plan op Jerusalem.
22. ASSYRIA, and the adjacent Countries.
23. MAURITANIA, NUMIDIA, AND AFRICA.

Continuation op the African Coast, from the Syrtis Minor to Egypt
Enlarged Plan op the Carthaginian Territory.

24. ARABIA PETRAEA AND PART OF EGYPT, including the Delta.
25. GERMANIA MAGNA, with the Provinces on the Upper Danube.
26. TOPOGRAPHICAL PLANS.

Troja.
Thermopylae.
Marathon.
Plataea.
Mantinea.
Leuctra.
Route of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand Greeks.

Granicus.
Issus.
Arbela.
Thracian Bosporus.
Alexandria.
I
SKETCH
OP
CLASSICAL GEOGEAPHY.
Ancient Geography is almost exclusively confined easternmost parts, produced by the conquests of
to the countries around theMediterranean sea, in Alexander, (See Empire of Alexander, Map 3.)
the period of the power of Greece and of Rome, Thus far, the history of geography shows an em-
the shores of that ocean being the scene of the life pirical aggregation of facts. After this, the scienti-
and actions of classical antiquity. In the course of fic or systematic treatment of geography begins, the
time, the centre of action moves from the eastern characteristic feature of which we may find in the
parts of the Mediterranean, or rather the seas ad- use of astronomy for geographical purposes. Hip-
joining it in the east, to regions farther west ; and parchus, of Nice, about b. c. 230, stands first among
at the same time geographical knowledge follows those who combined geography with astronomy. He
the arms of victorious legions, radiating in all di- determined latitudes and longitudes of places from
rections from the Mediterranean, as the centre. observation, and was engaged in the mea-
celestial
(Map 2.) surement of the earth and in determining its figure.
In Map 1 will be found a series of charts illus- The first who produced a whole geographical
trating the geographical views entertained at diife- system was Eratosthenes, about B. c. 200. He
rent periods, as expressed by prominent authorities. attempted the measure of the earth's circumference,
These rude sketches, besides their interest as mani- and introduced into his maps a regular parallel of
festing the gradual extension of human knowledge, latitude, the running of which was of course imper-
possess a value to the student when their progressive fect, and at variance with the actual positions of
development is considered in connection with the places.
march of historical events. Thus, with Homer, Strabo, a Greek geographer, A. D. 20, endeavored,
B. c. 900, the world is a circular plain, around which with but partial success, to collect and to systema-
the river Oceanus flows. He is familiar with Euro- tize the geographical knowledge which floAved in
pean and Asiatic Greece, as well as with Aegypt upon the Romans from their military expeditions in
in the west he places Elysium on the edge of the
: so many parts of the then known world. (See Roman
plain dwell the Aethiopes and Pygmaei beyond the : Empire, Map 4.)
Oceanus in the north are the Cimmerii. In Heca- Ptolemy, A. D. 160, corrected old errors, gathered
taeus^ view of the world, about b. c. 500, the western new information, (see his charts of India and Britain,
countries of the Mediterranean have assumed form Map 1,) and gave ancient geography that final shape
and proportion, while the eastern boundary of know- which it retained during the long period of the Em-
ledge has made some progress. pire of the Occident and of the Orient, and through
Herodotus, the "Father of History," B.C. 440, the Middle Ages, until Columbus and Yasco de Gama
also added largely to the stock of geographical struck out new and wider courses of geographical
knowledge, having travelled over a great part of the knowledge; and mathematics, coml;incd with jihysical
eastern world. Democritus, B.C. 300, shows an science, taught us the true positions and relations of
increase of geographical information, chiefly in the geographical objects.
(9)
10 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGIIAPIIY
BRITANNIA. -(MAP 5.)
Great Britain was known to the ancients under Most of the in the above
Rivers have been named j
the names of Britannia and Albion. The coast of enumeration of the aestuaries. may, however, We I
Cornwall and the Cassiterides (Scilly Isles) were add Alaunus, the Tweed, Tisa, the Tees, Antona,
visited by the Carthaginians. Among all the clas- the Nen.
sical Greek writers, down to Alexander the Great, Of Tribes and Provinces, we find the Cantii in
Aristotle alone makes any allusion to the British Isles. Kent southwest of them the Begni. West of these
:
The Romans were indebted for their knowledge of were the Belgae, and further west the Damnonii.
the country to the wars of Caesar and his successors. Further north we find the Trinobantes, in Essex and
Julius Caesar made two hostile incursions into Middlesex, the Brigantes, in Yorkshire, Durham,
Britain, B. c. but they were short in
58 and 55 ; Lancaster, Westmoreland, and Cumberland, the Ictni,
duration, and confined to the country between the in Norfolk and Suffolk, the Silnres and Ordovices,
strait ofDover and the Thames. The only locali- in Wales. North of Hadrian's wall, in what is to-
ties he particularizes are Tamesis (Thames) and day Scotland, were the Otadeni, Oadeni, Selgovae,
Cantium (Kent). Once, also, he simply enumerates Novantae, Damnii, and Epidii. Ilona is the island
six British tribes, withoutany data for fixing their of Anglesey of Towns, we find the name Camalodu-
:
,
'
boundaries. Strabo, who Augustus and

lived under num, Verulamium, near St. Albans, Lo7i-
Colchester,
Tiberius, does little more than repeat the vague dinium, which is described by Tacitus as a place of
generalities of Caesar his brief chapter on Britain
: gTcat wealth and traffic, though not a Roman colony,
concludes, after some inaccurate general descrip- and by Ammianus Marcellinus, who wrote 300 years
tion, without the mention of a single mountain, later, as an ancient town, which in later times had
river, town, district, or people. He declares that received the name of Augusta. Juvenal alludes to
the island is not worth the trouble of conquering. Butupiae, (Richborough or Sandwich,) on the
Pytheas, a merchant of the Greek colony of Massi- Kentish coast.
lia, (Marseilles), visited Britain about the time of Of Ireland, we learn nothing from the classics
Alexander, and gave an account of it, which, though but the name, Hibernia, Juverna, or lerne. Its
very correct, was little credited by antiquity. relative position is incorrectly given.
The Mountains of Britain are slightly noticed by Ptolemy is the first who gives any detailed account
the ancients. The chief Promontories on the east of the geography of Britain. He enumerates a va-
coast were Ocellum, or Spurn Head, some distance riety of subdivisions, tribes, and towns, and attempts
north of the Ilumber, and Cantium Fromontorium, or even a map of the island. (See Map 1.)
North Foreland. On the south was Ocrinum, Lizard Britain was divided^ under the Byzantine empire,
Point, and Bolerium, or Antivestaeum, Land's End. into four provinces, the relative position of which it
Upon the west coast were Herculis Promontorium, is difficult to determine. Perhaps we may place them
or Hartland Point, Octapitarum, or St. David's thus :I. Britannia Prima, below the aestuaries of
Head, Ganganoruni Promontorium, at the extre- the Severn and the Thames II. Britannia Secunda, :
mity of Carnarvonshire, and Novantum, or the Mull comprising Wales III. Flavia Caesariensis, ex-
:
of Galloway. tending from the Thames to the Humber on the east,

The Aestuaries, following the same order, were and from the Lower Avon to the Mersey on the west
Tava Aestu., the Tay, Bodotria, or the Firth of Forth, IV. Maxima Caesariensis, from the Ilumber and
Abiis, or the Humber, Metaris Aestuariiim, or the Mersey to the wall of Severus.
Wash, and Tamissa Aestuarium, the mouth of the We will now briefly mention the Roman tvalls,
Thames. On the south, Tamariis was Plymouth roads, and camps, in Britain.
Sound and on the west, Sahriana or Sabrina Aes-
; From Bowness on the Solway Firth, two lines of
tuarium, the Bristol Channel, Segeia or Seteia, the defence ran eastward, nearly parallel, and close to
mouth of the Dee or the Mersey, Belisama, perhaps each other. We can trace them still as they cross
the nibble, Moricambe Aestuarium, Morecambe the Irthing, and pass by Carlisle, (Luguvallium),
Bay, Ituna xiestuarium, the Solway Firth, and Glota Glenwhelt, Rowchester, and Newcastle, terminating
Aestuarium., the Clyde. on the north side of the Tyne, three and a half miles
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 11
below the town last nauod. The distance from one Pius, carried a rampart and ditch from sea to sea,
extremity to the other is seventy-three Roman miles, to connect the forts of Agricola, and to complete the
equivalent to sixty-eight and a half English. Be- defensive works, a. d. 144.
tween the two lines of defence was a military way, Roman Britain, under the later empire, was pene-
and the whole three were crossed at right angles by trated in all directions by military roads. Loudon
at least one great road, Watling Street, near the was a point of intersection for many of them. The
modern village of Corbridge. Along the wall there most remarkable were Watling Street, which, start-
were military forts (castella) and military stations ing from Rutupiae, Richborough, in Kent, ran through
(caslra stativa), which are now generally named Canterbury and, passing by Rochester and London,
Chesters, e. g. Hunnum, Halton Chesters. through St. Albau's, Dunstable, and Wroxeter, to
Between the Firths of Clyde and Forth, a rampart the north, as far as the wall of Agricola.
and ditch extended eastward from Douglass, on the Iknield Way ran across the island from a point
Clyde, two miles west of old Kilpatrick, to Carri- near Great Yarmouth (country of Iceni) over the
den, between Abercorn and Borrowstowness, on the Thames at Streetly to the iôs.se Way.
Forth, a distance of thirty-four and three-fourths The Fosse Way extended from Moridunum, or
English miles. Along this line, the first defences Seaton, through Coriuium, or Cirencester, and Ratae,
were made (a. d. 81) by Agricola, who seems to have to Lindum, or Lincoln, and thence to York,
erected a prâetentura, or chain of forts, between the From
this, above Coriuium, branched off Ryhnield
two seas, at this narrowest part of the island, with Way, passed Derbentia and Little Chester, and
a view to secure his conquests against the Caledo- joined Fosse Way again below Danum, Dancaster.
nians, leaving them to the enjoyment of their savage The encampments, of which slender remains may
liberty in all the country beyond. Adrian contracted still be traced, are numerous but the remains are ;
the limits of the empire, and erected about a. d. 120, fast disappearing, with the exception of monuments,
the new line of defence between the Tyne and Solway altars, coins, weapons, which are preserved in various
whilst Lollius Urbicus, the lieutenant of Antoninus collections.
GALLIA. -(MAP 6.)

Gallia (Gaul) and the Galli (Gauls) extended Seine, the Meuse, and the Rhine. The basins of these
farther than France and the French of the present day. rivers account for the whole superficial contents of Gal-
The Romans made the distinction of Gallia Cisal- except the country watered by the
lia Transalpiina,
pina and of Gallia Transalpina. The first became, Samara (Somme) and Scaldis (Scheld). have then, We
in later times. Upper Italy, (Italia Superior), and 1. The basin of Rhodanus, the Rhone. This
we speak of it as a part of Italy. Gallia Trans- river, springing from the side of St. Gothard, makes
alpina comprised, besides the present French terri- its way between two lofty ranges of the Alps through
tory, Rhaetia, (Switze-rland,) large tracts of South- the Yalais, where it passes the city of the Sedroii,
western Germany and Belgium. now Sitten or Sion, and Octodurvs, Martigny. Then,
The mountain ranges of Gaul which are lofty enough forcing way through the gorge of St. Maurice, it
its
to deserve the name, are the following : 1. Cevenna, expands into Lacus Lemanus,' and, having deposited
the Cevennes, stretching N.N.E. from the Pyrenees ; there the soil of the melted glaciers, it re-appears at
2. An group in Auvergne, (Arverni,)
extinct volcanic the city of Geneva in the form of a majestic river
the highest points of which are the Cantal, Mont Dor, of a deep transparent blue. In pursuing its course
and Puy-de Dome 3 Vosegus, the Voges, running
;
westward, it disappears and flows under ground for
parallel with theRhine from Bale to Coblentz 4. Jura, ;
a quarter of a mile. Meeting at last with the ob-
which formed the boundary between the Helvetii and struction of the Cevennes, it turns abruptly to the
Sequani; and, 5. All that portion of the Alpine range south. At the angle, it is joined from the north by
which lies to the W. and S. of the Upper Rhine, and Arar, the Saone. On this tributary stood Cahillo-
sends the waters produced in its summits and slopes num, now and Ilatisco, now
Chalons-sur- Saone,
Rhine or into the Rhone.
either into the
Macon, both towns of the Aedui ; and on its feeder,
Gallia may be regarded as composed of the Duhis, (Doubs,) was Vesontio, now Besanôn. At
basins of the Rhone, the Garonne, the Loire, the '
Also Lemaunus.
12 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY
the point of junction of the Ai'ar and liJiocllnus, Maas or Maes — in French, Meuse,) on which, as we
stood Lugdunum, which gave name to the Augustan descend the river, we come to no place of note in
division of Gaul, Lugdunensis. From Lyons, the ancient times.
Rhone continues its rapid course directly south, pass- 6. The Basin of Rhenus, the Rhine. This river
ing various towns, among Avliich may be mentioned rises in the central Alps, and is enclosed in its early
Ave7iio, Avignon, at the junction of the Druentia, course between Alpine ranges, until it expands into
the Durance, and Arelfde (Aries). Lacus Brigantlnus v. Venetus, the lake of Constance.
2. The Basin of Garumna, the Garonne, a river Thence it flows westward (forming at Schaffhausen
which rises in the Pyrenees, and flows IST. W. into the most noted waterfall in Europe, and passing
the Sinus Cantabricus, the Bay of Biscay. This Augusta Rauracorum) till it reaches Basilia (Basel
basin is bounded by the Pyrenees, the Cevennes, the or Bale). Meeting there with an obstruction in the
mountains of Auvergne, and by the dos or high ground high ground between Jura and the Yoges, it turns
that extends thence to the sea. Within these limits, abruptly to the north. In the subsequent part of
it includes the minor basin of Aturis (the Adour). its course, it passes successively the walls, 1. of
In descending the Garumna, we find TolOsa, Tou- Mogontiacum, the capital of Germania Superior,
louse ;
and farther down, on the left bank of the now Mainz in German, Mayence in French 2. of :
river, stood Bin^digala, the modern Bordeaux. It Conjiuentes, corrupted into the modern Coblentz, at
was the birthplace of the poet Ausonius. Lower the confluence of the Rhine and 3Iosa .or Mosella
down, the Garonne receives the Dordogne, and widens (Mosel or Moselle) : and, 3. of Colonia Agrippina,
into an aestuary which is called La Gironde. capital of Germania Inferior, now Coin or Co-
3. The Basin of Liger, the Loire. The Loire logne. .
rises in the Cevennes, flows first noi'thward, then In the English Channel, on the N. W. coast of
westward, and falls into the Atlantic after a course Gaul, over against Britain, are Portus Pius, whence
of 500 miles. Among the towns on its banks most Caesar first set sail for Britain, and the three islands,
worthy of mention was Gendhum, which owes its now belonging to Great Britain, Riduna, Alderney,
modern name of Orleans to the people Aureliani, Sarnia, Guernsey, and Caesarea, Jersey : facing the
Avhose capital it was. Farther down the Loire were Atlantic Portus Brivdtes, the harbor of Brest at
is :
the Turones and Andes v. Andegdvi, tribes which the mouth of the Adour, Lapurdum, Bayonne.
give the modern names Tours, Angers, and Anjou. On the Southern or Mediterranean coast was Narho
Near the embouchure of the Loire dwelt the tribe Martius, Narbonne, which gave name to one of the
Namnttes, whence the name of the modern city of divisions of Gaul, Narbonensis. Ten leagues east
Nantes. On the Arroux, a tributary of the Loire, of the Rhone mouth was Massilia, (Marseilles,) said
Bihrade v. Auguslodunum, Autun, capital of the to have been founded at a very remote period by a
Aediii. colony from Phocaea, a city on the coast of Asia
4. The Basin of Sequana, the Seine. This Minor. Telo Martius, Toulon, is the great naval
river rises in the table-land of the Gallic tribe Lin- station of the French on the Mediterranean, as Brest
gunes, now called the Plateau de Langres, and, soon is on the Atlantic. Off Toulon are the Stoechddes
after its junction with ilfa/rcJ/ia, (the Marne), encloses Insulae, the Isles d'Hieres, Forum Julii, birthplace
an islet called Lutetia Parisiorum, now in the very of Agricola, now Frejus, Nicaea, the last Gallic city
centre of the capital of France. Between Paris and towards Italy, now Nice.
the sea is Rouen (Botomugus). Near the source
was Alesia, taken by Caesar after a long siege, which ancient divisions and tribes of GAUL.
he describes minutely in the Ith book of his Com- At
the time of Caesar's invasion, there was already
pentaries. in Gaul a Frovincia Bomana, lying between the
The comparatively small and very flat Basin of Cevennes and the Alps. The rest of Gaul is de-
Samara, the Somme, was the seat of the tribe Am- scribed by him as divided into three parts, according
hidni, whose chief place was Samarobrlva, of which as it was inhabited by the Aquitdni in the south,
mention occurs in Caesar and Cicero, as well as in Belgae in the north, and Celtae in the middle. But
Ptolemy but the name of the people survives only
; the truth is, that Gallia Comata (as all beyond the
in that of the modern city Amiens. Roman province was then called) was occupied by
5. We next arrive at the Basin of Mosa, (in Dutch, numerous independent tribes or peoples, generally
hostile to each other. Some of these have becu In the Basin of the Seine, south side, lived the tribe
already named — the

Lingdnes and Farisii in the CarnUtes: near their chief city Aidricum, (Char-
Basin of the Seine, the Aureliani and Nmnnetes in tres), was the residence of the Arch-druid of Gaul.
that of the Loire, and the Seduni in the Yalais. A The Allobruges dwelt between Rhone and its
the
few shall now be added as occurring most frequently left-hand tributary Isara, the Isere. The Treveri
in Caesar's narrative of his campaigns in Gaul and ; or Treviri occupied the space between the Meuse
the locality of each tribe named will be indicated by and the Rhine, and the lower Basin of the Moselle,
the river-basin in which they dwelt. Their chief city was that now called from the name
The Aedui occupied the territory between the of the tribe, in German, Trier, in French, Treves.
Loire and the Saone on a tributary of the former
: Through their country ran the extensive Silva Ar-
was Bibracte, their capital, subsequently called Au- duenna, the forest of Ardenne. To the west of the
gustodumim (Autun). The Sequani dwelt in the Treviri, in the Basin of Sabis, the Sambre, and the
upper part of the Basin of the Saone, and the whole upper course of the Scheld, dwelt the Nervii, a gal-
of that of its feeder Dubis, the Doubs, a river which lant people of German extraction, who fought a great
winds round their chief city Vesontio (Besanqon). battle against Caesar.
IIISPANIA.-(MAP 7.)
Spain was called Iberia by the Greeks, and by the like spinal processes, from the side of the central
poets He!>peria, as the farthest land toward the west, range fronting the east.
with the addition of ultima, to distinguish it from In tracing the rivers just enumerated, from foun-
Italy. tain-head to the mouth, we fall in successively with
An elevated ridge of mountain and table-land ex- the following towns and localities :
tends from X. to S., forming the water-shed of the 1. On the Durius, near the source, and not far
country, and giving origin to all the great rivers, from the modern town of Soria, stood Numantia,
some of which find their way to the Mediterranean, which Florus calls Hispaniae decus. It sustained a
and others to the Atlantic. To this crest or back- fourteen years' siege against the Romans, and was
bone, as it were, of the peninsula, are attached, on taken at last by Scipio Africanus Minor. At the
the side facing the west, ranges of mountains and mouth stood Cale, or Portus Calensis, (Oporto,)
high ground, running in a S.W. direction and nearly whence the kingdom of Portugal derives its name.
parallel to each other and these enclose, on two
; In the Basin of the Durius were also, on the north
sides, the basins or tracts of country through whicli side, Astui-ica Augusta, Astorga, and Legio vii ge-
the rivers and their tributaries flow. mina, Leon. On the south side of the basin, Sal-
The main rivers that rise on the western slope of mantica, Salamanca, and Segovia, famed for an
the central ridge and fall into the Atlantic, are four aqueduct said to have been the work of Trajan, and
in number : 1. Durius, the Duero, (in Spanish,) still, with its double tier of arches, in good preser-
Douro, (in Portuguese,) the vast basin of which, vation.

bounded by the Cantabrian and Asturian mountains 2. On the Tagus, ToUtum, Toledo, Norba Cae-
on the nortli side, and by those of Castille on the sarea, where was a famous bridge over the river, now
south, includes the less considerable valley of Minius, Alcantara, Scalabis, Santarem, Olisipo, now Lis-
the Minho ; 2. Tagus, famed for the gold found in bon, the capital of Portugal.
its sand 3. Anas, the Guadiana and, 4. Baetis,
; ; In the Basin of the Tagus, north side, were Gom-
the Guadalquivir (t. e. in Arabic, "the great river.") plrdum, Alcala, on the Henares, where Cardinal
The main rivers that rise on the eastern slope of Ximenes founded a university, and where he pub-
the water-shed and fall into the Mediterranean, are lished, in 1515, the famous Polyglot Bible commonly
also four, but, excepting the last, of much shorter called Biblia Complutensia.
course 1. Tader, the Segura
: ; 2. Sucro, the Xucar 3. On the Anas, half-way down, MetelUnum,
3. TuRiA, the Guadalaviar and, 4. Iberus, the ; founded by Caecilius Metellus, now Medellin, birth-
Ebro and the basins of these rivers are enclosed in
; place of Fernando Cortez, Emerita Augusta, a set-
like manner by lateral ranges of hills which start off. tlement provided by Augustus for his disbanded
ii SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
veterans, {emeriti,) once the capital of Lusitania, of CoLUMNA, from an ancient tower ninety-two feet
now Merida. high, still Her-

standing, said to have been built by
4. On the Baetis, near the source, Castulo, of cules. At the S.W. angle of the Peninsula, between
which Hannibal's wife Imilce was a native, now Caz- the mouth of the Baetis and the Fretum Herculeum
lona the forest-land around
;
—
the saltus Gastulo- (Strait of Gibraltar,) stood the very ancient town of
nensis of Livy —
is part of Mans Marianus, the Gadir, founded and so named by the Phoenicians.
great table-land now called the Sierra Morena, the The Romans called it Gades, and considered it as the
scene of the fabulous adventures of Don Quixote. extreme point of the earth westward, in like manner
Farther down the river Corduha, (Cordova), birth- as the Ganges was reckoned the farthest point east-
place of Lucan and the two Senecas Italica, birth- ;
ward. Gadir is the modern town and harbor of
place of the Emperor Trajan, and, some think, of Cadiz.
Hadrian also and the poet Silius Italicus ; Hispalis, Within the strait is Galpje, (the Rock of Gibral-
Seville. tar,) which the poets feigned to be one of the pillars
The Basin of the Baetis was occupied in the Mid- erected by Hercules as his meta laborum, and as the
dle Ages by the Yandals, and was then called Van- western terminus of the habitable globe.
dalitia — a name which appears now in the altered Proceeding along the shore of the Mediterranean,
form of Andalusia. we find, a little inland, Munda, where Caesar de-
5. Tader, the Segura, (the farthest south of those feated the two sons of Pompey (a. u. c. 108). Then
main rivers which fall into the Mediterranean,) after comes Nova Carthago, (Cartagena,) the capital of
passing the modern city of Murcia, flows through the Carthaginian possessions in Spain, till it was
the Campus Spartarius, a plain so called from its taken by Scipio Africanus Major, a. u. c. 542, b. c.
abounding in spartum, (esparto), a reed much used 210. A little north of Valencia was Saguntum,
by the ancients for the cordage of ships, and various the storming of which was Hannibal's first act of
economical purposes. aggression in the second Punic war. Out of its
G. SucRO, the Xucar, had at its mouth a city of ruins was built a modern town, thence called Mur-
the same name, viedro, i. e. Muri Veteres. Between the mouth of
1. At the embouchure of Turia, (Guadalaviar,) the Ebro and Pyrenees were Tarraco, (Tarragona,)
was Valentia, a Roman colony, now the capital of chief city of the Roman province Tarraconensis,
Valencia. and Barcmo, (Barcelona,) with its citadel, Mons
8. On the Iberus, half-way down, stood SaldUha, Jovis, (Monjuich,) said to have been built by Ha-
afterwards Caesaraugusta, now Z^mAGOZA. The milcar Barcas, father of Hannibal.
broad Basin of the Ebro, lying between the Pyrenees is the group o? Baleares
Oif the coast of Valencia
and the Central Ridge, is watered, from the heights Tnsulae, Major and Minor, famed for furnishing
of both, by numerous tributary streams, the most corps of slingers to the Roman armies and the ;
remarkable of which are, on the north side, the Sico- Pityusae, EhUsus, Ivi^'a, and Opliiusa, Formentera.
ris, on which stood Ilerda, (Lerida,) where Caesar The capes of the Peninsula are Promontorium
defeated Pompey's generals, Afranius and Petreius, Trileucum, (Ortegal,) the most northern point on ;
A. u. c. *70G, and on the south side, Salo, (Xalon,) on the "W. coast, Nerium., (Finisterra,) Magnum, (Rock
which stood Bilbilis, the native town of the poet of Lisbon,) Bay^bariuni, (Espichel,) Sacrum, (St.
Martial. Vincent,) Junonis, (Trafalgar.)
After thus following the course of rivers, if we The Peninsula, in the time of the Roman Repub-
next take the line of coast for our guide, we shall lic, was divided into Duae Hispaniae, Giterior and
come upon towns which have been indebted for their Ulterior, by the river Ibvrus: under Augustus, into
importance and notoriety, in ancient or modern times, three provinces : 1. Tarraconexsis, comprising all
to the convenience of harborage, and their facility of the north and north-en st parts, from the Darius and
access and resort to commercial and colonizing fo- Tader to the Pyrenees, in which were the native
reigners. tribes Gallaeci, Asttlres, Cantubri, Cosetuni, Garpe-
In this tour of the coast, starting from Cape Finis- tCini, Ilergetes, Celtiheri, etc. ; 2. Baetica, the
terra, the N. W. angle of the Peninsula, and going southern extremity, as far north as the Anas, in
Bouth, we find the harbor of Corunna {Portus which were the Turdetuni, Bastiili, Turduli, etc.
Alagnus). 'Corunna' is thought to be a corruption and, 3. Lusitania, the western and central j)art,
between the Anas, the Durius, and the Atlantic, in Rhoda, now Rosas, and Emporiae, now Arapurias,
which division were the Vettones and the country in the N. E. corner of the Peninsula. The Cartha-
called G uncus. Most of the tribes named above are ginians, coming next, built Tarraco, Bai'cino, and
mentioned by Livy. Nova Garthago, and held possession of a great part
The Phoenicians were the first civilized people of the country till they were expelled by the Romans ;
who visited Spain, more than 1000 years before who, after contending for the possession of Spain for
Christ : they founded Gadir, Malaca, etc. After- a period of 200 years before Christ, remained masters
wards the inhabitants of Massilia, in Gaul, built of it during the first four centuries of the Christian era.
ITALIA. -(MAPS 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.)

Italy was called Hesperia by the Greeks, as being dance of streams, but they are all, even the Tiber,
west of Greece. In poetry,it was sometimes called of comparatively short course, having each its own
Oenotria, from an Arcadian prince named Oenotrus, little basin and lateral feeders, and falling directly
son of Lycaon, who settled in Lucania ; and Auso- and independently into the sea.
nia, from the Ausones, a people of Latium. The To begin with the iiorthern section. The huge
epithet Saturnia was applied to it, as the fabled Basin of the Po was, during the republican times, no
residence of Saturn, after his expulsion from heaven part of Italy, but known to the Romans as Gallia
by Jupiter. Its common appellation of Italia was CiSALPiNA and Liguria. If we trace the Padus
supposed, by the natives, to be derived from a prince from its source in 3Io7is Vesulus (Monte Yiso) to
named Italus but this name was confined by the
;
its mouth, we shall find, on the river itself, Augusta
Greeks originally to a small district at the southern Tawrinorum, taken by Hannibal on his descent from
extremity of the country, and was gradually extended the Alps, now Turin, (Torino,) capital of the king-
to the whole territory, which is fenced off from the dom of Sardinia, Placentia, a Roman colony, now
rest of Europe by the mountain-barrier of the Alps, Piacenza, and Gremona.
and surrounded on all other sides by the sea. On the north side of the Basin of the Po, which,
Italy, when contemplated under its physical aspects, from its position in regard to Rome, was called Gal-
presents itself as composed of two portions, nearly lia Transpaduna, we by nume-

find the river joined
equal in extent, but widely different in natural cha- rous streams from the Alps, the most among which
racter. The one is the peninsula of Italia Propria, notable are, 1. the Duria Minor, on which wâs
surrounded by the w'aters of the Mediterranean and Segusio, Susa, and 2. Duria Major, on which were
Adriatic on all sides, except where a straight line Augusta Praetoria, Aosta, and Eporedia, Ivrea 3. ;
drawn over land, and connecting the little streams the SessUes, near which was Vercellae, where Marius
Macra and Rubicon in lat. 44°, forms the isthmus. defeated the Gimhri; 4. Tic'miis, (Tessino,) issuing
The other main portion of Italian soil is the great from Lake Verbilnus, Maggiore, on the banks of
Basin of Padus, called also by the poets Eriddnus, which Hannibal first defeated the Romans in a skir-
the Po. Between these two territories, the contrast mish of cavalry Addua, (the Adda,) issuing from
; 5.
is striking. In the northern division, throughout its Lake Larius, (Lago di Como), W. of which was
whole length, we find a river flowing in the lowest Medioldnum, Milan and, 6. Mlncius, issuing from
;
level between the Alpine and Apennine heights, which Lake Benucus, (Lago di Garda,) and investing 3Ian-
are its boundaries. In the southern or peninsular tua, a city which Silius Italicus calls musarum do-
portion, the reverse is the case. The central line of though it is
miis, as being the birthplace of Yirgil,
the peninsula is not, as in Nôrthern Italy, the lowest, believed that the poet was born at Andes, a neigh-
but the most elevated part ; being, in fact, the crest boring village.At the southern extremity of Lake
of the lofty and continuous chain of the Apennines, Bendcus was the peninsula Sirmio, the residence of
while the boundary line on both sides is the lowest the poet Catullus. Athesis, a river which the Ger-
of all levels, the sea. The one region is penetrated mans call Etsch, and the French Adige, may be said
by a single river, swollen by the contributions of to belong to the Basin of the Po, .though it falls
innumerable streams from the opposite sides of the direct into the Adriatic. On this river are the towns
basin. The peninsula, on the other hand, has abun- of Tridentum, Trent, and Verona, birthplace of
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL (iE G U A Til Y^
Catullus, which retains its ancient name, with a 4. In the Basin of the Vulturnus, on the left side
Roman amphitheatre in tolerable preservation. To of the river, stood the following towns ; All'ifae,
the north of Verona were the Golles Euganei, famed famed for its pottery, Capua, chief city of the Cam-
for wool. Farther along is Meduucus, Bacchiglione, puni, and the rival of Rome itself (hence called
on which is Patamum, birthplace of Livy, now '
altera Roma') till towards the close of the 2d Punic
Padua. war, when, having sided with Hannibal, it fell with
The south side of the Po basin, as being that his falling fortunes, Vendfrum, famed for its olives,
nearest to Rome, was called Gallia Cispaddna. It Gales {-ium), for (Venafranum, sc. oleum,
its vines,
is permeated by numerous streams from the Apen- and Galenum, sc. vinum, signified oil and wine of
nines, the most memorable of which are the Trehia, the first quality). Peneventum, a town of Samnium
on whose banks the Romans sustained a second and on the Via Appia, stood at the point of junction of
more severe defeat from Hannibal, and Rhenus, Sabdtus and Galor, whose united stream falls into
Reno, on which was Bononia, Bologna. In an the Vulturnus. On that river itself stood Gasill-
island on this 'little Rhine,' the second triumvirate, num, (on the site of the modern Capua,) which
Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus, met to portion out gained credit with the Romans by its long and ob-
among them the Roman world. stinate resistance to Hannibal. Between Peneven-
In the peninsula of Italia Propria, the only tum and Gapua lay Furcae Gaudlnae, a defile where
rivers of considerable length are the Arnus, Tiberis, a Roman army was hemmed in by the Samnites, and
Liris, VuUu7-nus, all falling into the il/are Infer um forced to pass under the yoke.
V. Tyrrhenum, and the Aufidus and Aturnus, which 5. In the Basin of the Aufidus, not far from the
flow into the Mare Superum v. Adriaticum, v. Ea- right bank of the river, were Ganusium and Gannae:
dria, the Gulf of Venice. near the latter was gained the last and greatest of
1. In the Basin of Arnus (Valdarno and Vallom- Hannibal's victories, and to Ganusium the remains
brosa) were, on the river itself, Florentia, now Flo- of the Roman army retreated after the disastrous
rence, capital of Tuscany, and near the mouth, Pisae battle. Higher up the valley, at the foot of Mt.
(Pisa). Three miles N. E. from Florence, Faesulae, VuUur, was Venusia, birthplace of Horace, on the
where Galileo made his observations, and farther debatable land between Apulia and Lucania.
north, Pistoria, where Catiline was defeated and slain. Here also, not at Horace's farm, was the Fo7is Pan-
2. In the Basin of Tiberis, the Tiber, (in Italian, dusiae.
Tevere,) were, 1st, on the river itself, Perusia, near 6. In the Basin of the Aternus, on the river itself,
Lacus Trasijmenus, (now the Lake of Perugia,) was Amiternum, birthplace of Sallust the historian,
where, for the third time, Hannibal routed the Ro- and Gorfinium, the rallying point of the League
man army under Flaminius ; Fidenae, beyond Mons against Rome in the Social War. At some distance
Sacer, between the Tiber and Anio, Roma, Prin- south from the bend of the river stood Sulmo, Sul-
ceps Urbium, and at the mouth, Osfia, the poi't of mona, a town of the Peligni, birthplace of Ovid.
Pv,ome on the right side of the Basin of the
; 2d, To the geographical position of other towns and
Tiber, Glusium, the city of Porsenna, upon the tri- localities not connected with the six main rivers, a
butary Clanis, and on the left side, Tibur (Tivoli) clue will be found if we follow the line of coast, with
on the Anio (Teverone). At Tibur, Maecenas had special reference at the same time to the principal
a which Horace (whose Sabine farm lay at
villa, in subdivisions or provinces of Italia Antiqua. These
no great distance on the Digentia, a feeder of the provinces were either maritime or inland. Of the
A nio) was a frequent guest. former class, six bordered on the Mediterranean, viz. :
In the Basin of Li7ns (Liri at first, and then Ga- LiGURiA, Etruria, Latium, Campania, Lucania,
rigliano) were, on the left side, Arplnum, birthplace and the Brutii, and five on the Adriatic, viz. : Apu-
of Marius and Cicero, the famous Duo Arpinates, lia, including Japygia, Daunia, and Ilessdpia,
Aquinum, birthplace of Juvenal at the mouth, near :
PiGENUM, Frentani, TJmbrta, Gallia Gispadana
the marshes where Marius took refuge, Minturnae. and Transpaddna, the latter including Venetia,
On the right side, the Liris was joined by the Fihre- Ga7mia, and Istria. The inland provinces were
nus. On the banks of the latter, and on the little Samnium and the highland districts of the Marsi,
island at the junction which belonged to Cicero, was Peligni, and Sabini.
held the dialogue De Leo-ibus. 1. On the coast of Ltguria, proceeding eastward
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 17
iioin the small river ]'arus, which flows from Alpes neuni and Pompeii, discovered and partially disin-
JIaritimae, we find, at the head of the bay called terred within the last and present centuries. Not
Sinus Ligusticus, Genua, a city more famous in far off, inland, was Nola, at the siege of which Han-
history under its modernized name of Genoa. nibal received a check.
first It was at Nola that
2. Crossing the Macra, we cuter Etruria, and Augustus died.
I arrive first at the town of Luna and its harbor Por- 5. On the coast of Lucania was Posidonia v,
tus Luncni<is (Gulf of Spezzia). Not far off are Paestum, famed and its ruined temples.
for its roses
the quarries of Carrara, which still supply statuary On that part of the Lucanian coast which is in the
marble to Europe. As we approach the mouth of Sinus Tarentinus, were Metapontiim, the residence
the Tiber, we come upon the ancient Agylla, subse- for a time of Pythagoras and of Hannibal, Hera-
ciuently called Caei^, a town rewarded with the ch'a, the place ofassembly for the deputies from the
honorary freedom of the city, for its fidelity to Rome states of Magna
Graecia, Stjbdris, proverbial for
at the time of the Gallic invasion. the luxury and effeminacy of its inhabitants. In the
3. On the coast of Latium, the towns we meet bay, but beyond the limits of Lucania, was Taren-
with on crossing the Tiber Laurentum, the city
are, tum, on the brook Galtsus, famed for the fine quality
of King Latinus, Laviniiun, and Antium, the capi- of the wool raised on its banks.
tal of the Yolsci. Over the Antidtes the Romans 6. In Ager Bruttius, on the Fretum Siculum,
gained their first victory at sea, in memory of which (Strait of Messina,) was a rock with a cave under it,
they fixed the beaks (rostra) of the ships they had supposed to be the residence of the fabled monster
captured in front of the tribune from which the ora- Scylla farther along, in the narrow part of the
:
tors harangued the people. Antium was famed in strait, was the town of Bhegium (Reggio). Near
Horace's time for a Temple of Fortune. Eight miles the Lacinian promontory, Croto, where Pythagoras
inland was Ardea, the city of the Rutuli and of long resided, and taught his doctrines : the birthplace
Turnus, and Gorioli, the taking of which gained for also of the famous wrestler Milo, hence called Cro-
Cains Marcius the title of Coriolanus. Farther along toniates.
the coast were Palades Fomj^tlnae, the Pontine 7. On the Adriatic coast of Apulia, after doub-
Marshes beyond is Anxur v. Terrac'ma.
: Next ling prom. Japygium, (C. Leuca), we find Hydras
come the town and promontory of Girceii, the town V. Hydruntum, (Otranto), the nearest transit to
Amyclae, the town, promontory, and harbor of Greece, but less frequented for that purpose than
Cajtta, which took that name, according to Virgil, Brundusium, on Map 13), which had an
(see plan
from the nurse of Aeneas near it was Cicero's For-
: excellent harbor,and was the terminus of the Via
mianum, where he was murdered by order of Mark Appia, the great high road from Rome to Greece.
Antony. Here commences, and is continued into Brundusium and DyrrhacMum, on the opposite
Campania, the district in which the choicest wines coast, were the Dover and Calais of the ancient
of ancient Italy were produced, the Formiani world. This part of the Apulian coast was inha-
Colles, lions Ilassicus, the ager Falernus, Caecii- bited by a people called Caldbri, whose town Bhudiae
bus, Caleniis, Setlnus. was the birthplace of the poet Ennius. Next comes
4. On the coast of Campania were Cumae, which the projection of the land occupied by Mt. Gargdnus
Yirgil makes the landing-place of Aeneas in
first and its oak forests ('quercCta Gargani').
Italy, and the abode of the Sibyl who conducted him S. On the coast of Picentjm occurs a smaller pro-
to the shade of his father Anchises, in the abodes of jection of the land, which, from the form it takes,
the dead, Baiae, a favorite watering-place, Pufeuli, was likened to the human elbow, ayxwi', and hence
(Puzzuoli,) and Fai-then^pe, subsequently NeapoUs, the tov\Ti built on it received the name of Ancon v.
(Xapuli, Naples,) one of the numerous Greek colo- Ancuna.
nies planted along the southern shore of the penin- 9. On Umbria were two towns of
the coast of
sula, which procured for it the name of Magna note, 1. Sena, to which the epithet Gallica was add-
Graecia. At a little distance across the bay on ed, as well to denote the fact of its being originally
which Naples stands, is Vesuvius, a volcano, of which a Gallic settlement, as to distinguish it from Sena
the first eruption upon record took place a. d. 79. Julia, an inland town in Etruria the former is now —
At the base of Vesuvius, and overwhelmed by its Sinigaglia, the latter Sienna; and, 2. Ariminum,
eruptions, were the now buried cities of Hercula- (Rimini,) the storming of v.'hich was Caesar's first
IS SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
overt act of war after crossing the Euhicon.
civil proverbial use of the modern line :
'
Incidit in Scyl-
Betwcea those Umhrian towns flows the small river 1am, qui vult vitare Charybdin.' to the E. A little
Metaurus, where Asdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, was the town of Zancle, afterwards Messdna, now
was defeated and slain by the consuls Livius and Messina. We next pass Gatina v. Gatana, Catania,
Nero, A. u. 546. which has suffered much and repeatedly from the lava
10, 11. On the coast of Gallia Cisalpina, south of Aetna —
the burning mountain, equally famed in
of the Po, stood Ravenna, near which Augustus con- fable and in history; and crossing Simaethus, the
structed a station for his fleet on the Mare Superum, river of longest course in the island, we arrive at
as he did at Mismum, near Naples, to guard the Syracusae, (see plan on Map 13,) the renowned
Mare Inferum. Ravenna is now four miles from metropolis of ancient Sicily. In front of the harbor
the sea ; and it may be observed, generally, that in is the island of Ortygia v. Nasos, and in it the foun-
the lower course of the Po, the Goimata (i. e. cumu- tain Arethusa, of poetical celebrity.
lata, successive deposits of soil in the channels of On the coast between Pachynus and Lilyhaeum
rivers, in consequence of floods and artificial em- Greek form, Acragas, the
was Agrigentum, or in the
bankments) has already raised the bed of the I'iver
thirty feet above the level of the adjoining plain.
second city in ancient Sicily — an early rival of Car-
thage, and noted for a Temple of Jupiter, of which
North of the Po lay the districts called Venetia,
some gigantic fragments still remain. The ancient
(on the shore of which is the modern city of Venice,)
name survives in the modern Girgenti.
Garnia, and Isfria, extending to the little stream
Between Lilyhaeum and Pelorus, on the northern
Arsia, the eastern boundary of Italy. Along this
shore of the island, the notable localities are, Dre-
coast, the chief ancient
geste, now Trieste,
towns were Aquileia, Ter-
and Fola.
ptiyium, (Trapani,) Eryx, a town and mountain —
the latter surmounted by a Temple of Yenus Erycma
ITALIAN ISLANDS. and off the shore Aegfdes Insulae, where the Romans
gained a naval victory which put an end to the first
Off the coast of Etruria lies Ilva v. Aetlialia,
Punic war. Panormus, now Palermo, the modern
(Elba,) famed of old for the richness of its iron ores,
and not far W. is Gorsica. Off the coast of Cam-
capital of Sicily, and S. W. from it Segesta, with its
temple almost entire.

pania are the islands of Prochyta, (Procida), Ina-
rlme, (Ischia) and on the opposite side of the bay,
;
Before quitting Italy and the Italian islands, it

Gapreae, the retreat of Tiberius ; and on the other-
side of the prom. Minervae, the three rocky islets,
may be add a few notes on the Alps, and on
well to
S'irenusae. Directly S. of Corsica is Sardinia,

some other peculiarities of the country which have
called Ichnusa by the Greeks, from its supposed not come under our notice in the geographical de-
resemblance to the impress of the human foot {-x^'o^.,

tail, but with which it is proper the classical student
vestigium). should be acquainted.
To the S. E. of Sardinia, near the extremity of The great range of mountains called the Alps
Italy, lies the group of volcanic (Aljês) extends nearly 600 miles in the form of a
islets called Ins.
Aeoliae v. Vulcaniae, (Lipari Islands), of which crescent, between 5° and 18° E. Long., and 44° and
one only. Strongyle, (Stromboli,) is still active. 4^2° N. Lat., with various indentations and sinuosi-
South of group lies Sicilia, (Map 12,) called
this ties, from the Yar to the Adriatic, presenting gene-
also Sicania, Trinacria v. Triquetra Tellus. The rally an abrupt face towards Italy, and sloping more
three promontories (rpia azpa, trina cornua, Ov.) at gradually on the other side. Its different parts were
the three corners of the triangular island were, N. E. anciently distinguished by different epithets, most of
Pelorus, S. E. Pachynus, and W. Lilyhaeum. which are retained.
still These were 1. Alpes 3Ia- :
In the strait, Fretum SicUlum, which separates ritimae, Maritime Alps, extending from the
the
Italy from Sicily, the poets describe a whirlpool Mediterranean to Mons Vesulus, Monte Yiso the —
called Gharybdis, opposite to Scylla, on the Italian mountain, as we have seen, which gives origin to the
side. These were the two dangers of ancient navi- Po. 2. Thence to the modern Mt. Cenis were AJ2:)es
gators, between which it was thought so difficult to Gottiae, including Mt. Gcncvre. This portion of thu
steer, that in avoiding the one it was hardly possible chain took its name from a Gallic chief who had
not to fall a prey to the other. Hence came the early made his peace with Augustus, and assisted
liim in siil)duing the Alpine tribes whose names are from Naples, are the ruins of three beautiful temples, of
enumerated on the triumphal arch erected at Susa. the simplest Doric order, and of great antiquity. At
3. Tlie Alpes Graiae extended from Mt. Cenis to Narnia, are the remains of a bridge built by Augustus.
Mt. Blanc. There is strong ground for,- believing On the road from Naples to Puzzuoli is the Crypta
that the pass of the little St. Bernard, which is in Neapolitana, Grotto of Pausilippo, a gallery or tunnel
this portion of the Alps, was that by which Hanni- through a hill, 2323 feet in length, described by Se-
bal effected his march over the Alps. 4. From Mt. neca, and of unknown antiquity.
Blanc to St. Gothard (Adillas) were the Alpes Pen- The most remarkable ancient remains and localities
nlnae v. Sumniae, the central and highest of the are in Rome itself. (Map 10.) To begin with the
whole range. Then follow eastward Alpes Bhaeti- seven hills, viz. : the Capitoline, Palatine, Aventine,
cae, Carnicae, Jidiae, whose respective limits it is Caelian, Esquiline, Viminal, and Quirinal. 1. On
not easy to define, till they reach the Sinus Flanati- the Capitol were the temples of Jupiter Feretrius
cus, the gulf of Quarnero. and Jupiter Capitolinus, and the Tahularium, or
Of this huge mountain chain, Adrda (St. Gothard) register-office. 2. The Palatine, on which Rome was
may be regarded as the centre or nucleus; for though originally built, (thence called Boma Quadrata, from
not the loftiest summit, Mt. Blanc being higher, it

the form of that hill,) was afterwards almost entirely
occupies, with its surrounding group of mountains, covered with the pjalace of Augustus and the Temple
the most elevated ground of the whole range, as of Apollo, with the library attached to it : of all
plainly appears from the circumstance that the rivers which nothing remains but a few substructions. 8.
which rise there flow towards every point of the The Aventine, the seat of the robber Cacus, and long
compass. held unlucky from the fate of Remus, contained after-
The chief lines of Roman road in Italy were :

Temple of Diana, built by Servius TuUius,
wârds the
YiA Appia, {regina viarum,) leading at first from the Temple of Juno, vowed by Camillus at Veii,
Rome and continued onwards to Brundii-
to Capua, whence the statue of the goddess was brought, and
sium, the great high road to Greece Yia Flaminia, :
the Temple of Bona Dea, consecrated by the vestal
by Ocricidum to Ariminum: Via Aurelia, along Claudia : on the east slope of this hill were the Baths
the coast of Etruria to Pisae ; continued afterwards of Caracalla, the ruins of which still remain. 4.
to Savona, and at last to Arelute, Aries Via Aemi- : On the Caelian, called also Querquetulanus, stood
LiA, first from Ariminum, to Bononia, then through the palace of the Laterani family, presented to the
Placentia to Mediolamim, Verona, Patavium, and Church by Constantine, and now called the church
Aquileia: ViA^ Cassia, through Etruria, between of St.John Lateran: near which stood the statue
the Aurelia and Flaminia : Via Valeria, through of Marcus Aurelius, since removed to the Capitol.
the country of the Sabini, Aequi, and 3Iarsi, into Here also is the remnant of a noble portico, supposed
that of Pcligni: Via Latina, through Tusculum, to be part of the Curia Hostilia. Between the Pa-
Anagnia, Vena/rum, and Tednum Sidicini to Ca- latine, Esquiline, and Caelian, lies the amphitheatre
silinum, where it joined the Via Appia. of Vespasian, called the Coliseum. 5. On the Es-
Italy so abounds in antiquities, that a few only quiline, the baths and palace of Titus, among the
of the most remarkable can be added here to those ruins of which was found the famous statue of Lao-
already mentioned. At Capua, Caslnum, Puteuli, cJon, and the mansion and gardens of Maecenas, on
and Verona, are ruins of amphitheatres that of the :

what was once a burying-ground. 6. To the east of
last-named was built to accommodate 30,000 specta- the Viminal Hill, which, from the levelling and filling
tors, and has suffered so little from time as to have up, it is more diflScult to trace than any of the rest,
been used on several public occasions in modern stood the baths of Diocletian : still farther eastward,
times. It is 1416 feet in circumference: the Coli- beyond the Agger of Tarquinius, was the Praetorian
seum at Rome is 1Y19. Numberless ancient remains Camp. *l. On the Quirinal Hill, now Monte Cavallo,
have been uncovered and dug up at Herculaneum and stood the temple of the deified Romulus, Sallust's
Pompeii, two towns on the Bay of Naples, which house and gardens, which extended over the Pincian
were overwhelmed in an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, hill or Collis Hortulorum, the Campus Sceleratus,
a. b. 7 9, the former by a stream of lava, the latter by and baths of Constantine.
a shower of hot ashes. At Paestum, twenty leagues These seven hills were all on the left bank of the
20 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,
Tiber : on the right or Etruriau side were the Jani- Other remarkable places in Rome were,
culum and Mons Vaticanus. 1. Forum Romanum, the great centre of business,
Between the Quirinal and Capitoline was Trajan's commercial and political, lying between the Capito-
Forum, in the centre of which stands the Columna line and Palatine hills. Here stood, 1. the temple
Trajana, representing his Dacian conquests. of Jupiter Stator, of which three pillars still remain-
The Campus was a plain inclosed by a
May^tiiis ing are supposed to be part : 2. the Temple of Con-
bend of the Tiber, and bounded by the Capitoline cord, where the Senate usually met : 3. the Temple
and Quirinal hills. It was originally used as a place of Jupiter Tonans, or rather of Saturn, at the foot
of exercise and for the meetings of the people, but of the Clivus Capitolinus: 4. the triumphal arch of
towards the end of the republic it began to be oc- Septimius Severus, still pretty entire : near which was
cupied with buildings, and was enclosed by the Em- the llilliariiim Aureum (umbilicus Romae) : and, 5.
peror Aurelian within the walls. Amongst those the Comitium. The Via Sacra led from the Forum
buildings were, 1. The mausoleum of Augustus, the towards the Coliseum
first distinguished tenant of which was young Mar- 2. Cij'cus Maximus, between the Capitoline and
cellus, son of Augustus' sister Octavia, and heir of Aventine, for the exhibition of chariot races, and
the empire, whose premature death is so pathetically other contests of strength and agility
lamented by Yirgil : 2. The Antonine pillar : 3. 3. Velnbrum, the low ground between the Pala-
Sei^ta Julia, or Ovilia, inclosures for the people to tine and the river
vote in — rude and wattled with twigs, like
at first, 4. The bridges over the Tiber in Rome, seven in
s/jeep-hurdles ; when the people had no

aftei'wards, number Pons Sublicius, called afterwards, when
:
free voice, made of marble 4. The Temple of Mi- : built of stone, Aemilius; Fabricius and Ceslius
nerva, built by Pompey out of the spoils of thirty leading to and from Insula Tiberina, the island of Aes-
years' successful war 5. The Pantheon, Eotonda,
: culapius ;
Palatinus or Senatorius, now Ponte Rotto ;
the best preserved of all the ancient temples : 6. Vaticanus or Triumjihalis ; these five are more or
Circus Agonalis: Pompey's theatre, whence were
1. less destroyed ; now Ponte di Sisto
Janicidensis, ;
visible the Janiculum and 3Io7is Vatica.nus, on the and Aelius, by Adrian to give access to his
built
Tuscan side of the Tiber. The latter hill was added magnificent mausoleum, now the bridge and castle of
to modern Rome by the popes, and contains the church St. Angelo.
and dome of St. Peter, and the Vatican library.
MACEDONIA, TIIRACIA, ILLYRICUM, AND THE PRO-

VINCES ON THE MIDDLE AND LOWER DANUBE.-
(MAP 7.)
Between Italy and the Danube lay the countries affluent of the Inn, and the Murus, which flows into
of Rhaetia, Noricum, Pannonia, Illijricum. the Dravo in Pannonia. Its principal cities were
Rhaetia occupied the Central Alps, together with Lauriacum, (Lorch,) a Roman naval station on the
their northern and southern valleys, from the sources Danube, luvavum, (Salzburg,) Noreia, (Iêumarch,)
of the Rhone to those of the Dravus (Drave) and near the Mur, and Celeia, (Cilli,) near the Save.
Plams (Piave). Rhaetia comprehended, therefore, This country was famous for its iron, and for the skill
the Grisons and great part of the Tyrol, besides some of the inhabitants in working it.
Italian valleys. The people seem to have been of East of Noricum, lying along the Danube to the
Celtic origin. mouth of the Save, was Pannonia, first reduced to a
Noricum extended fromthe Inn to the line of Roman province by Tiberius, and subsequently di-
hills which abut upon the Danube above Vienna, vided into Superior or "Western, and Inferior or
called by the Romans 3Ions Cetius, a prolongation Eastern Pannonia. It occupied a part of Hungary
of the Alpes Noricae, or Styrian Alps and from ;

and Croatia. 3Ions Pannonius (Bakonyer Wald)
the Danube to the Carniau Alps and the river Savus was the principal mountain range. The Danube,
(Save). It was watered by the luvavus, (Salza,) an with its tributaries, the Dravus (Drave) and Savus
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY 21
(Save), \vcre the most important rivers. We should was Sarmizegetusa, now Gradisca, the ancient resi-
not omit to mention two great lakes in this country, dence of the Dacian kings.
Peiso Lacus (the ISTeusiecllcr See) and Volcea Falus South-east of Illyricum was Macedonia, situated
(Lake Balaton) between the countries just enumerated and Greece
In Pannonia Superior was Vindohona (Vienna) ;
proper, and participating in the nature of both.
but its chief city was Garnuntum, (Altenburg,) near Macedonia was bounded on the south by Thessalia,
the modern Presburg, but on the right bank of the on the east by Thracia, from which it was separated
river. Roman fortresses on the Danube were Arra- by the river Nestus, on the north by Moesia and
bona (Raah) and Acincum (Ofen or Buda). On Dardania, on the west by the Adriatic the Aegean ;
the opposite side of the river here, lay Contra Acin- bounded it on the south-east, running up into two
cum (Pesth). Siscia stood upon the Save, near the great gulfs, the Sinus Strijnionicus and Thermaicus,
confines of Illyricum and lower down, on the same
; between which were the peninsulas of Acte, Sitlionia,
stream, Sirmium, a place of great celebrity and im- and PalUne. Near the Thessalian frontier and the
portance in the latter ages of the Roman empire. sea is Mons Pierius, and in the peninsula of Acte,
South of Pannonia, bounded on the west by the Mons Athos.
Adriatic and on the east bj Moesia, lay Illyricum, The chief rivers were the Haliacmon and Axius,
occupied by various tribes. The Dinaric Alps, (Yardar,) flowing into the Thermaic gulf; the Stry-
under the names of ML Albanus and Bebii Monies, mon, into the gulf which bears its name and the ;
formed the principal range. The Colopis (Kulpa) Nestus, which falls Aegean.
into the
and Drinus (Drino), tributaries of the Save and Of cities, we have to mention Pydna, where Per-
the Naro (Narenta), are the chief rivers. In Dal- seus was baffled in his last effort against the Romans,
niatia was Salona, near the modern Spalatro, the B.C. 168. Farther north, on a lake fifteen miles
birthplace and retreat of Diocletian and below it ;
from the sea, was Pella, the capital of Macedon,
Epidaurus, or old Ragusa. Below Epidaurus are where Philip, the father of Alexander, resided.
Scodra and Lissus; the former was called Scutari, Pursuing again the line of coast, we come to Thes-
salonica, at the head of the Sinus Thermaicus. It
the latter Alcssio.
Moesia bounded on the west by Pannonia and
is
was to the Christians of that city that St. Paul ad-
Illyricum on the south, it was divided from Mace-
;
dressed his two epistles to the Thessalonians. Near
the mouth of the Strymon we find Stageirus or Sta-
donia and Thrace by Mt. Scordus and Haemus, the
geira, the birthplace of Aristotle. In the country
ranges of Gliubotin and the Balkan on the east, it ;
between the rivers Strymon and Nestus, at some

reaches to the Euxine and on the north, to the
;
Danube —
thus occupying the present Servia and distance from the sea, was the battle-field of Philippi.
Bulgaria. In Moesia Superior the principal river On crossing the Nestus, we find ourselves in
was the Margus (Morava). At the confluence of Thracia, a country the coast of which extended
the Danube and Save was Singidunum, now Bel- from the Nestus along the shores of the Aegean, the
grade. Somewhat lower down the river was a ridge Hellespont, the Propontis, the Thracian Bosporus,
of rocks, forming a cataract in the Danube the spot — and the Euxine sea, as far north as Mt. Haemus,
at which the river was reputed to change its name which was its northern boundary.
from Danubias, above, to Ister, below. A little Along the seaboard, from the Nestus eastward, we
above this spot was the famous stone bridge of come upon Abdera, the inhabitants of which formed,
on account of their alleged stupidity, the laughing-
Trajan. Below it is Ratiaria, the ancient metropo-
lis of Dacia, and the station of a fleet upon the Danube. stock of antiquity ; it was the birthplace of Demo-
Naissus, (Nissa,) the birthplace of critus.
In the interior is
Constantino the Great and south-east is Sardica,

;
Farther east, we reach the mouth of Hebrus, con-
the metropolis of Dacia, and celebrated for a Chris- nected with the myth of Orpheus.
tian council. East of the river Ciabrus was Moe- Next comes the Thracian peninsula called Gherso-
nesus, on the eastern side of which is the strait named
sia Inferior.
North of the Danube was the vast province of Eellesp>ontus. The Hellespont widens into the sea-
DxVciA, Ijounded l^y this river on one side and by the lake called Propontis, and at the side of Byzan-
Carpathian mountains on the other. Its chief city tium, it contracts again into that which was called
22 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
the Thracian Bosp^rrus, (Strait of Constantinople, under the name of the Symplegades. (Thracian
Map 26,) which, after keeping the two continents Bosporus, Map 26.)
narrowly asunder, opens out again into Pontus Among the Greek colonies on the shore of the
Euxlnus (the Euxine or Black sea). At the northern Euxine, belonging to Thrace, we mention Balmy
extremity of the strait are some rocky islets, known clessus and Apollonia.
GRAECIA.-(MAPS 15, IG, 17, 18, 19.)
The name Graecia was not used by the Greeks runs from N. to S., till it terminates at the bluff
themselves. They called themselves, generally, Hel- promontory of Taenurum, (Matapan,) the southern
lenes, and their country Hellas. From this generic point of Greece, where Virgil places one of the
name, the Macedonians and Epirotes were jealously approaches to the infernal regions 5. Stymphfdus, :
excluded it was with some hesitation that the Acar-

; a mountain, town, and lake, where dwelt the vora-
nanians, Aetolians, and Thessalians, were included cious birds Stymp)lialldes, that fed on human flesh,
under it, though among these last lay the original the destruction of which was one of the twelve labors
seat of the little tribe of Hellenes, from whom it was of Hercules : 6. Erymanthus, the haunt of the boar,
actually derived. Homer mentions the Hellenes once to destroy which was another of the prescribed tasks
only, and then as a specific tribe of Greeks ;
when of Hercules.
he speaks of the Greeks collectively, he calls them The chief Rivers

of Peloponnesus were the two
Achaei, (Lat. Achivi,) Danai, and Argaei, (Lat. following: Alpheius, by much the largest and
1.
Argivi,) names which also belong properly to par- longest. On its right bank, not a great way from
ticular tribes. the embouchure, was the town of Pisa, and near it,
Taking Greece in its most extended sense, including the plain of Olympia, where the most famous of the
all the northern semi-Greek countries, we may com- Greek games were celebrated the first month of every
pare it to a triangle, having the mountain chain of fifth year —a period of time which was called an
Hacmus for its base, the coast lines of the Aegean Olympiad, and formed the basis of Greek chrono-
and Ionian seas for its sides, and Cape Taenurum, logy. Here also was the sacred grove Altis, planted
(Matapan,) the southern extremity of the Pelopon- by Hercules, and adorned with the renowned statue
nesus, for its apex. This triangular space is nearly of Jupiter by Phidias. The Alpheius, in its course,
bisected by the chain of Pindus and its adjuncts, disappears under ground for a time, which gave rise
which constitute the water-shed of the whole country, to the fiction of the river-god making his way under
separating the rivers on the eastern side, which flow the sea to meet his Arethusa in the Sicilian island
into the Aegean, from those on the western, which Ortygia. The Alpheius is joined, on the right side,
flow into the Ionian sea. by the Helisson, on which was Ilegalopolis, birth-
place of the historian Polybius and of Philopoemcn,
PELOPONNESUS — MOREA. (mAP 18.) '
the last of the Greeks ;' and by the Ladon. Among
The leaf-shaped peninsula so called is almost en- the mountains where Alpheius rises, was Ilantineia,
tirely covered with mountainous elevations and the (Map 26,) the scene of the second great victory of
well-watered valleys between them. This is particu- the Theban Epaminondas over the Lacedaemonians,
larly the case with the central region, Arcadia, and of his death :
which, on this account, was assigned to the god of 2. The other river of note was the Eurdfas. It
shepherds, and is identified in our language with rises not far from the Alpheius, on the opposite slope
images of pastoral life and rural simplicity. of the water-shed, and flows through a basin bounded
Among Mountains, the most noted were, 1.
the on the W. by on the E. by Mts. Parnon
Tiiygetus,
CylUne, reputed by ancients and moderns to be the and Zarax. On its banks was the city of Sparta
highest of them all, and fabled to have been the V. Lacedaemon, the great rival of Athens, not in
birthplace of Mercury 2. Lycaeus, and, 3. 3Iae-
: arts, but in arms.
ndlus, both favorite haunts of Pan : 4. Tliygeius, The other localities in the Peloponnesus worth
the resort of Spartan maidens, a range of mountains noting will be best learned in connection with the
now called, from its five peaks, Pentedactylon, which six little departments —
five maritime and one inland
— into which it was divided, viz. : L Aciiaia, bounded temple of Minerva Suuias, the pillars of which
on the N. hy Sinus Corinthidcus, (Gulf of Lepanto,) still standing give name to the modern Cape
and including Connthia and Sicyonia; 2. Elis 3. ; Colonne.
Messenia; 4. Laconia ; 5. Argolis; and, 6. Ar- 2. In Boeotia the low country was proverbial for
cadia. its thick atmosphere and the pingue ingenium of its
1. In Achaia, on the Isthmus, was Gorinthus. It inhabitants ;
but the mountains Cithaeron and Heli-
had a port on each side of the Isthmus, Lechaeum con, with its fountain Hippocrene, and the hills which
on the Corinthian gulf, and Genchrme on the Saro- enclose the plain, were all of a character so opposite,
nic —hence the epithet bima7-is. The Citadel was on that, under the general name of Aonia, they were
the summit of a rock called Acrocorinthus, whence celebrated by the poets as the favorite haunts of the
sprang the fountain Pirtne. Muses, who were hence called Aonldes, Aoniae puel-
2. In Elis, besides Pisa and Olympia, on the
lae, and Heliconides v. Heliconiacles. In Boeotia
AJpheius, was Pjlus, one of three towns of that name were the towns of Tiiebae, the capital, birthplace of
which claimed to be the city of Nestor, the sage of Epaminondas and Pindar ; south of it, Plataeae,
the Iliad. (MxVP 26,) where the confederated Greeks defeated
3. In Messenia, in the basin of the stream Pami- the Persians under Mardonius and ie»c/ra, (Map ;
sus, was Messnie and its citadel Ithdme, called by 26,) where Epaminondas gained his first victory over
Philip of Macedon one of the 'horns of the Pelo- the Lacedaemonians, A. u. On the narrow
c. 383.
ponnesus, '
Acrocorinthus being the other. Eurqnis, which separates Boeotia from
strait called
4. On the Laconian coast were the two promon- Euboea, was Aulis, where the Grecian fleet destined
tories, TaemTrum, already mentioned, and Malca, or for Troy was detained by contrary winds, till Aga-
Malt-a, a cape dangerous to mariners. memnon consented to the required sacrifice of his
5. In Argolis were Argos v. Argi, a favorite city daughter Iphigenla.
of Juno, and Mycenae, the city of Agamemnon, 3. Of Phocis, the remarkable features were, 1.
Tiryns, the reputed birthplace of Hercules, Lerna The fountain-head and early course of the Gephissits,
and its marsh, the abode of the many-headed Hydra, (major,) whose lower basin formed the northern por-
which was one of the twelve labors of Hercules
it tion of Boeotia
2. Mt. Parnassus, sacred to
:
to destroy, and Neviea, the haunt of the Ncmean Apollo. Between the two peaks was /ohs Gastalius,
lion, the killing of which was another of those labors. and farther down, on the Pleistus, of which the Cas-
6. In the inland Arcadia, besides the places men- talian spring is a feeder, stood the Temple of Apollo,
tioned above, was the town Tegea. Gleitor with its and in it the Tripod of the Pythia, and the Delphic
fountain, said to render those who drank of it averse Oracle.
to wine. 4. Aetolia wâs famous in early Greek story as
graecia propria. — (map 16.)

the country ravaged by the Caledonian boar, which
was slain at last by Meleager. AchelOus, the long-
The isthmus of Corinth connects Pelo2:)onnesus est and largest of Grecian rivers, and fabled by the
with Greece proper, the notable localities of which poets to have been the first created, forms the boun-
will be best indicated by referring each to the ancient dary between Aetolia and
division, as well as to the river, where there is one, 5. Acarnania, (Map a district which
15,) lies
on which it Vt'as situated. These divisions were between Acheluus and the Ambracian the gulf. At
Attica, Megaris, Boeotia, Phocis, Doris, Locris, entrance of this gulf, near the promontory Actium,
Aetolia, and Acarnania. the naval battle was fought between Augustus and
1.In Attica stood Athenae, with her Acropolis Marc Antony, which secured to the former the un-
and its Parthenon, and her triple harbor (Peiraeus, disputed sovereignty of the Roman world, b. c. 31.
Munychia, and PhaUrum) ; Eleusis ; the plain of Between the Ambracian gulf and the Acroce-
6.
Marathon, memorable for the defeat of the Persians, raunian promontory lay the extensive region oi'
a. u. c. 261, (Map 26) Mt. Pentelicus, (Mendeli,)
; Epirus, famed for its breed both of horses and of
which furnished marble for the building of the watch-dogs, — the latter called Molossian, from Mo-
Parthenon; the silver-mines of Laurium; and the lossis, a district of Epirus, — and more famous
still
southern promontory Sunium, crowned with the for the most ancient of all the Greek oracles, DodOna.
Having now reached tkc western limits of Greece, died ; Aeglna, once the
rival of Athens at sea and ;
we return eastward to the Aegean shore, and find in front of the harbor of Athens, Saltlonis, off the
(lying to the N. of Greece proper, and separated east end of which the fleet of Xerxes was defeated
from it by Mt. Oeia, which is an offset from the by the Athenians, b. c. 480. In continental Greece
Pindus chain) the country called by the ancients were the Sinus Malidcus, (Zeitoun) Pagasaeus, ;
(Volo,) so called from the town Pagusae; and along

THESSALIA. (mAP 15.) the coast of Macedonia, Sinus Thermaicus, (Salo-
Physically considered, Thessalia is made up of nichi,) Toronaicus, Singitlcus, and Strymonicus.
the basin of the river Feneius. It is a territory The most noted islands pertaining to Greece are :
containing 4000 square miles of surface, and is sin- I. In the Ionian sea — 1. Gorcyra, (Corfu,) thought
gular in being encompassed on all the four sides, to be the Homeric Scheria, the island of the Phaea-
even the side facing the by ranges of mountains
sea, ;
cians, where lived the suitors of Penelope 2. Bhnca, :
on the west by Pindus; on the north by Monies the home of Ulysses : 3. Zacynthus, (Zante,) a colony
Gainbunii and M. Pier us ; on the south by M. Othrys ; from which is said to have peopled and given name
and on the east and north-east by Pelion, Ossa, and to Saguntum : 4. Off the west coast of Peloponne-
Olympus, the three hills by the piling of which, one sus the rocks called Stropiliades, (Strivali,) the haunts
upon the other, the fabled giants attempted to scale of the harpies. To the south of the Laconian pro-
the heavens. To the continuity of this mountain-chain montory Malea, was Cytlura, an island sacred to
there is but one interruption —a rent in the rocky Yenus still farther south is Creta, with the cities
:
barrier between Olympus and Ossa, and through it of Cnossus, the capital of King Minos, Gortyna,
the single main river of Thessaly proper finds its way and Cydonia, all three famed for archery. Of its
to the Aegean. This outlet of the Peneius bore the mountains, Ida was the loftiest, and on Dicte Jupi-
name of Tempe, a valley which in some places is so ter was said to have been reared, and fed upon honey
narrow as barely to allow the river to pass between and the milk of the goat Amalthea. The sea around
the opposite cliifs. the island was called Creticum.
On one of the tributaries of the Peneius called II. Of the islands lying to the east of Greece and
Apidilnus, where it is joined by its feeder En'qoeus, in the Aegean sea, we shall name first those worthy
lies the field where the battle of Pharsalus was fought of mention which are situated to the north of the
between Caesar and Pompey, A. tj. c. 105. On the 38th parallel of latitude. They are,
Peneius itself, below the point where the Ajjidlnus Euhoea, an island stretching 150 miles along
1.
falls into it, stood Larissa, which some descri))e as the coast of Boeotia and Attica, and approaching so
the city of Achilles ; but that honor belongs rather near the continent in the channel called Eurlp)us,
to another Laiîssa, not within the limits of the great that a bridge is said to have been at one time thrown
basin, but in that south-eastern portion of Thessaly across. On this channel was the chief city of the
called PhthiOtis, the country of the DoUpes and the island, Ghalcis, opposite to Aulis in Boeotia. In
Myrmidones. doubling Gaphareus, a promontory at the south-east
Owingto the deep indentations, numerous projec- extremity of Euboea, the Grecian fleet on its return
tions,and great irregularity of the line of coast, the from Troy was overtaken by a storm, which partly
headlands and bays make an important feature of the destroyed and partly dispersed it
geography of Greece. 2. Saniothrclce, where the Corybantcs practised the
Of the former, Taenarum, Ilalea, Sunium, and rites and mysteries of Cybele :
CapliCireus, have been already mentioned; to which 3. Lemnos, an island sacred to Yulcan :
may be added jrroni. Rhium (south) and Anti?^rhium 4. Tenedos, an island in sight of Troy
(north), which nearly block up the entrance of the 5. Directly south is Lesbos, birthplace of Aloaeus
Sinus Corinthiacus ; AraxAis, the north-west point and Sappho, the two great lyric poets of Greece :
of Peloponnesus Chelonates, the farthest west and

; ,
6. Ghios,one of the seven places which
(Scio,)
AcrUas in Messcnia. contended for the honor of giving birth to Homer.
The bays and gulfs connected with Peloponnesus Ghios was also noted for its wdnes.
were Sinus Corinthiacus, Messeniacus, Laconi- The numerous islets in the Aegean, in latitudes
cus, ArrjoUcus, and Saromcus: in the last of these lower than 38°, are generally classed under two de-
were the islands of Calauria, where Demosthenes nominations, Gyclndes and Sporddes.
1. The CrcLADES, a group which cluster round includes a great part of Doris and Boeotia. The
Delos —
that floating island which Neptune fixed river, low and spongy ground, spreads
arriving at
with his trident as a resting-place for Latona to give out into the lake Copciis, now Topolias, whose waters
birth to Apollo and his twin-sister Diana. find their way to the Aegean sea by subterranean
Of this group the most noted, after Delos, were, passages :
1. Paros, famed for its statuary marble, and the 5. The Basin of the Alpheius, in the Peloponnesus,
birthplace of Phidias, the sculptor who made the though the course of the river is westward, may be
noblest use of it enumerated as a fifth. The Alpheius, rising on the
2. Ceos, off the promontory of Sunium, birthplace confines of Laconia, collects in its course all the
of the elegiac poet Simonides : streams produced on the interior summits and sides
3. South of Delos, Naxos, an island that figures in of the. mountain chain that encircles Arcadia.
the history of Bacchus and Ariadne : The basins on the west side of Pindus are longer
II. The scattered islets to the east and south-east and narrower, and, owing to the position of the moun-
of the Cyclades were called from that circumstance tain ridges, extend generally in a north-east and south-
Sporades. They extended as far E. as Icaria, which west direction. In Greece proper are the Basins of
took its name, as did the sea around it, from the fabled the Achelous and Evenusj those farther to the north
fate of Icarus, the son of Daedalus, and as far S. E. are less memorable.
as Carpathos, (Scarpanto,) which in like manner gave The Mountains of Greece are almost entirely lime -
to the watersround it the name of Garpatliium Pela- stone, which assumes the shape, in some places, of
giis. Between Icaria and the continent was Samos, long, sharp, continuous ridges ; in others, of round
birthplace of Pythagoras, and a favorite island of craggy summits, with strata highly inclined. It is
Juno. to this physical conformation of the soil and surface
of Greece that she owes many of her natural features
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON GREECE. and — such
peculiarities as, the numerous caverns,
The chain of Pindus, of which we have already fountains, katabothra, or under-ground river coursse,
spoken as dividing the waters that fall into the Ae- hot springs, stalactitic incrustations, and gaseous ex-
gean from those that fall into the Ionian sea, has halations, which, among a people of lively fancy and
numerous lateral branches, which on the east side abounding with traditionary story, served to nourish,
go off nearly at right angles, like ribs from the spine if they did not give birth to, much of the popular
such are the mountains of Argolis, of Attica, and superstition and beautiful mythology of the Greeks.
those which form the northern and southern bounda- The height of the principal mountains has not been
ries of Thessaly ; while on the west side these offsets accurately ascertained. Orbelus, now Argentaro, is
are disposed in ridges nearly parallel to Pindus itself. covered with perpetual snow, and must therefore,
The lateral branches which are on the east side of being in the latitude of 42°, have at least 8000 feet
PiNBUS inclose a great number of basins, the most of perpendicular elevation. The range of Pindus is
remarkable of which are as follows, beginning from considerably lower, probably from five to six thousand
the north : feet at the highest. Mount Athos rises to the height
1. The Basin of the Strymon, including the Mace- of 4350 English feet.
donian plain of Serres, distinguished by the fertility The Rivers of Greece, with the exception of those
of its soil and the abundance of its products, par- that form the basins enumerated, and some of their
ticularly of cotton : tributaries, are of short course, and often little more
2. The Basin of the Peneius, forming the country than winter torrents, (xft^naij'ôL,) whose channels arc
of Thessaly. Being nearly circular, and not open- dry in summer. Such, for example, is the famed
ing wide to the sea, like most other basins, it has Ilissus at Athens.
every appearance of having once been a great lake, A distinguishing feature of Graecia Propria and
whose waters were by the
at last discharged, either Peloponnesus, and one which had a considerable in-
sudden disruption, or by the gradual wearing down, fluence in the first moulding of its political condition,
of the narrow ravine called the Yale of Tempe : is the frequent occurrence of rich plains, overlooked
3. The valley of the Sperchius, inclosed by the and commanded by abrupt insulated rocks rising in
mountain ranges of Othrys and Oeta : the middle or at one end of them, and bounded at
4. The Basin of the northern Cephissus, which no great distance by mountains. These plains and
4
2G SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRATHY
natural fortresses, presenting facilities for subsist- the spot where the contest between Minerva and Nep-
and retreat, attracted population, and
ence, defence, tune was supposed to have taken place, the Pandro-
encouraged the forming of small independent com- seion, in honor of Pandrosos, daughter of Cecrops.
munities. Such were Thebes, Argos, Messene, and On the plain below the Acropolis, the Temple of
Corinth. Theseus, Theseion; and near it, the comparatively
Antiquities. — Some curious specimens of the co- modern arch of Hadrian, and the Temple of Jupi-
lossal architecture called Cyclopean, much more an- ter Olympius, Ohjmpieion, begun by Pisistratus,
cient than the classical times of Greece, still remain and dedicated 100 years after by the Emperor
at Mycenae, Argos, Tiryus, etc. : it is rude in its Hadrian.
form and gigantic and probably
in its dimensions, In the city of Athens and its suburbs, (Map It,)
the work of the same people, who have left still more the most remarkable points were — the Areopagus,
numerous and striking examples of it in Italy. Of the Pnijx, where the assemblies of the people were
the classical age, the remains are principally temples, Ceramwus, including
held, the theatre of Bacchus, the
and the most remarkable of these are in and about the Agora or Forum, Prytaneum, the Schools, viz.,
Athens. On the Acropolis are still to be found the the Lyceum of Aristotle, the Academia of Plato,
ruins of the Propylaea, the Parthenon, or Temple the portico called Sroa Hoixar;, in Latin, Poecile,
of ]Miuerva, that of Victory, the united Temples of where Zeno the Stoic taught, and Cynosarges, fre-
Neptune, Erechtheus, and Minerva Polias, built on quented by Antisthenes and the Cynics.
ASIA MINOR.-(MAP 20.)

The country which we call Asia Minor was called taken by Lucullus, and birthplace of Diogenes the
by the ancients Asia simply, and has now the name Cynic
of Anatolia. Surrounded on three sides by the sea, Carambis, a promontory opposite to another in the
it has something of the character of a peninsula. It Crimea called CriuTnetopon, (ram's forehead,) at the
is bounded on the north by the Pontus Euxinus distance of 150 miles across the Euxine
—
;
(Euxine or Black Sea) and the Propontis on the ; HeracUa, surnamed Pontica to distinguish it
west by the Aegean and on the south by the Me-
; from numerous cities of similar name in the ancient
diteiTanean. On the east, it is separated from the world —
chief town of the Mariandyni, and said,
main continent of Asia by the river Euphrates and like the others, to have been founded by Hercules
the range of the Taurus. The mouth of the Sangarius v. Sagaris, which
Commencing in the north-east, we find the follow- rises in Mt. Dindymon ;
ing towns and localities of interest All these localities are in the provinces of Asia
The town Trapezus -untis, a Greek settlement of Minor called Pontus, Paphlagonia, and Bithyyiia.
great antiquity, which, under the modern form of The other maritime provinces of the peninsula are
Trebizond, was a place of considerable note during six in number. Of these, three are on the Asiatic
the Eastern Empire shore of the Aegean, viz. : \. Mysia, including Phry-
Ceriisus, whence Lucullus transplanted the tree gia Minor and the Troad (Map 26); 2. Lydia r.
which bears its name in Latin (cherry) ;
Maeonia, including Ionia, which was the seaboard of
The mouth of the river Therniodon, whose basin Lydia, and thickly planted with Greek colonies ; and,
and town, Themisc^ra, were assigned as the dwelling- 3. Caria, including the district of Doris. The other
place of the fabled race of female warriors called three are on the Mediterranean. 1. Lycia ; 2. Pam-
Amazons ;
PHYLIA, including Pisidia and Isauria; and, 3. Ci-
The river Halys,eastern boundary of the Lydian LiciA. In all these six provinces, there are localities
kingdom of Croesus, the crossing of which proved with whose names and positions every student ought
fatal to him in his contest with Cyi'us, king of to be made familiar. For example :
Persia L In Mysia, it is sufficient to name Troja or

SinOpe, on a peninsula that juts into the sea, said Ilion, situated on an eminence between the Simois
to have been as old as the Argonautic expedition, at and Scamander. The city was overlooked by Mt.
one time capital of the kingdom of Pontus, till Ida, and itself overlooked the plain of Trov. Here
SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, 2T
also was the river Granicus, ou whose banks Alex- rounding the Prom. Sacrum, we find Moas Chi-
ander the Great gained his first victory over Darius, maera.
B. c. 324, (Map 26). 5. In Pamphylia, the only point of interest is the
In Lydia flowed the river Hermus, famed for the
2. town Phaselis.
gold found in the sand of its channel near it was : 6. CiLiciA extends from the eastern limit of Pam-
the site of Sardis, at the foot of Mt. Tmolus, the phylia to the Sinus Isslcus and Mt. Amdnus, and
capital of Croesus, king of Lydia. little way S.A has the mountain chain of Taurus for its northern
of the Ilermus was Smyrna, on the Meles, one of boundary. The western portion of Cilicia is rough
the cities wiiich contended for being the birthplace and and was thence called Tracheia: the
hilly,
of Homer. Among the twelve cities that formed the eastern, being more level and fertile, was called
Ionian league, besides Smyrna, were Teas, birthplace Pedias. On the coast of the latter, as we approach
of Anacreon, and Ephesuti, birthplace of the weeping the river Cydnus, we pass through Soli. We then
l)hilosopher Heraclltus, and of the painter Parrha- come to the Cydnus, by ascending which we arrive at
sius. It was situated at the mouth of the Caystrus, Tarsus, the capital of the province, and the birth-
famed among the poets for its swans. Farther south place of St. Paul. The last town in Cilicia, situated
is Mt. Myclle, off which the Greeks gained a signal at the head of the Sinus Issicus, was Issus, (Map
victory over the Persians, the same day, it is said, on 26,) where Alexander gained his second great victory
which Mardonius was defeated at Plataeae. We next over the Persians, and made prisoners of war the
cross the Maeander, a river of great length, and so wife, mother, and infant son of Darius. In this
remarkable for its windings as to have furnished an neighborhood were also the Pylae Amanicae and
English word descriptive of a similar character in Pylae Syriae, narrow passes or gorges in Amdnus,
other streams. South of the Maeander, but still to the mountain range which runs north-east from the
be reckoned an Ionian city, was MilHus, from which bay of Issus till it joins Mt. Taurus. Fronting the
went most of the Greek colonies that fringed the bay of Issus is Cyprus, the favorite island of Venus,
l)order of the Euxine Sea. It was noted also for its and hence the numerous epithets applied to the god-
wool, and was the birthplace of Thales, the earliest dess which are derived from towns and temples therein
of the Greek philosophers. — such, for example, are Cypria, Paphia, Idalia,
3. On the coast of Caria stood Halicarnassus, a Amathuntia v. -thusia, and Salaminia.
city memorable as the birthplace of the great histo- The inland provinces of Asia Minor were :
rians Herodotus and Dionysius, and for the sepulchral 1. Phrygia, in the centre of which was Synndda,
monument of Mausolus, reared by his queen Artemisia. noted for its quarries of variegated marble, which
On the opposite side of the bay stood Cnidus, where was a costly article of ornamental architecture at
was a statue of Venus, reclfoned the master-work of Rome. In this province, on the confines of Caria,
Praxiteles and at the entrance of this bay, mid-way
; and not far from the sources of 3Iaeander, were also
between Halicarnassus and Cnidus, lay the island the cities of Laodicea and Colossae, the seatfe of early
Cos, birthplace of the famous physician and medical Christian churches, and Celaenae, where mythologi-
writer Hippocrates, and of Apelles, the most cele- cal history places the scene of the flaying of Marsyas
brated of Grecian painters. Cos was noted also for by Apollo :
its wines, and for the manufacture of fine cloth. Off 2. Galatia V. Gallograecia, (both terms alluding
the coast of Caria is another island much larger and to the fact of the invasionand settling there of a body
more noted than Cos, viz., Rhodes, Rhodes, in the of Gallic emigrants,) comprehended the upper por-
capital of which, of the same name, was the brazen tions of the river-basins of Halys and Sangarius,
statue of the sun, called Colossus, *70 culnts high, and the cities of Pesslnus, Ancyra, (Angora,) and
which bestrode the entrance of the harbor. Gordium. 1. The first of these towns, situated at
4. Moving eastward, along the Carian shore, we the foot of Mt. Dindymon, was noted for the worship
enter Lycia, and pass under the wooded Cragus, one of Cybele. 2. At Ancyra, a temple was erected to
of the extremities of Mt. Taurus, and a favorite Augustus during his lifetime. 3. Gordium, before
resort of Diana. Having crossed the Xanthus, we the invasion of the Gauls, was the capital of Phry-
arrive at Patara, the winter residence, according to gia, —
the city of Gordius, the father of Midas, and —
the poets, of Apollo, as Delos was his favorite famous for the story of the Gordian knot
dwelling-place in summer. Farther east, after 3. In Cappadocia, the point of greatest interest
is Mt. Ay^gaeus, with llazuca, the capital of tlie pro- branch called Amdnus to the south-west, and skirts
vince, at the foot of it the course of that river, of which it alters the direc-
4. West was the province of Ly-

of Cappadocia tion. Another branch of Taurus runs more directly
CAONiA, with its capital Iconium, the scene of the E., bounding to the N. the maritime provinces of
labors of St. Paul and Barnabas, as recorded in the Pamphylia and Cilicia. The northern chain connected
Acts of the Apostles : with Antitaurus, and running W. parallel with the
5. To the N. E. of Cappadocia lay Armenia Black Sea, is more broken and scattered than Taurus,
miaoy% in which Pompey founded a city which he and has not therefore been distinguished by a general
called Nicopulis, in memory of a decisive victory he appellation, but it may be traced westward in the
gained there in the Mithridatic war. successive ranges of Paryadres, Olgassys, the two
Physical Aspects. — The mountain range called Olympi and Ida. The central plateau, comprehend-
Amdnus forms the S. E. boundary of Asia Minor, ing the four inland provinces already mentioned, is
separating from Syria, in like manner as the Eii-

it distinguished by a number of lakes without issue,
phrCites and part of Mt. Taurus separate it on the most of them salt, and of rivulets that never reach
N. E. from Armenia major. The Asiatic peninsula the sea — facts which attest the general levelness of
of which we have done little more than trace the sea- the surface. That part of Phrygia called anciently
board of low rich land that skirts the shores of the Katakecaumene, (t. e. combusta,) abounds in appear-
Euxine, Propoutis, Aegean, and Mediterranean seas ances of scorching and sterility, which Strabo con-
— exhibits a central belt of elevated land, abutting siders as indications of frequent earthquakes and
on mountain ranges, which slope downward to the volcanic eruptions.
respective seas that form its northern and southern Antiquities. —Although Asia Minor, especially the
boundary. The southern chain is so marked and coast of the Aegean, was in ancient times the seat
uninterrupted, that it was early designated by a of many noble cities, adorned with splendid monu-
general name. All ancient geographers agree in ments of art, time and barbarism have either entirely
calling it Taurus but some trace it eastward from
; destroyed even the ruins, or left them in such shape-
Cape TrogiJium and Mt. Mycale on the Aegean less, and mutilated masses, as to convey
scattered,
while Strabo, whose authority is high in what con- but little information. Not only are there no re-
cerns this peninsula, of which he was himself a mains of the famous Temple of Diana at Ephesus,
native, makes it commence from a precipitous and but the very site of the town is disputed. The exist-
lofty ridge which runs northward from Prom. Sacrum ence of former civilization is attested by fragments,
and Mt. Climax in Lycia. Thence making a sweep curious and interesting indeed, but not singly of im-
to the E., and taking, in one part of its course, the portance enough to be enumerated in so general an
name of Antitaurus, it proceeds in a N. E. direction outline as this.
until, as it approaches the Euphrates, it sends off the
PALAESTINA.-(MAP 21.)
Palaestina, Phoenicia, and Judaea, were parts point, the Ilermon of Holy Writ, and the high ground
of what was, in classical times, called Syria, the tract adjoining, may be traced the sources of the three
of land which forms the eastern boundary of the principal, and indeed only rivers, the Orontes,
Mediterranean, between Asia Minor and Aegypt. Leontes, and Jorddnes.
The physical characteristic of this country is an 1. The Orontes, (see Map 20,) after flowing north-
almost continuous range of mountains, stretching wards during the greater portion of its course, makes
from north to south in a direction parallel to the a bend to the west, traversing a wide valley between
eastern shore of the Mediterranean, and nowhere far 3Io7is Pierius on the north (the termination of
distant from it. Though it assumes different local Amdnus) and 3Ions Cassius on the south (the coj?
appellations, the chain may be called by the general mencement of Libdnus). On the left bank, twenty iX
name of Libdnus, (the Lebanon of Scripture,) and miles from the mouth, stood Antiocheia, long the
the highest part of the range is where it diverges into capital of Syria, and celebrated for the luxury of its
branches, Libdnus and Antilibanus. inhabitants.

t'vo To that
2. The Leontes, rising at tlie point of divergence proach the mouth of the Leontes, in Sidon, and soon
of Lihdnus and Antilihanus, flows south through a after crossing it, in Tyros, both of which cities are in
widening basin, enclosed between these two ranges, Phoenicia. They were the earliest, most enterprising,
which, from its physical aspect, was called Coele-Syria. and wealthiest of all ancient states. Nearly on the
3. Jo7'ddnes, the Jordan, springing from Mt. Her- same parallel of latitude as Sidon, but considerably to
mon, near Faneas, afterwards Gaesarca Fhilippi, the east beyond the chain of Antilibdnus, was Da-
flows almost due south, forming in its course succes- mascus. Farther south, on the coast, was the town
sively, L the Lake Saviochonltis ; 2. the Lake Tibe- calledAccho in Scripture, afterwards Flolemais, and
7ias, known also in the New Testament as the Sea
'
the modern St. Jean d'Acre.
of Tiberias,' 'Galilee,' or Gennesaret, on which
'
' The last memorable point in Phoenicia is Carme-
was situated the city of Tiberias (now Tabarieh), so lus M., soon after passing which we enter Palaes-
named by Herod Antipas in honor of Tiberius Cae- TINA, and reach the town and port of Gaesarm, so
sar ;
and, 3. the Lacus Asphali'ites, or Dead Sea, a named in honor of Augustus, more anciently Turris
bituminous lake without issue, in which the Jordan Stratonis, the capital of Samaria under the Romans :
is lost. The banks of this lake are the lowest inha- south-eastward we find Sehasie, the old Samaria;
bited land known, being 1312 feet below the level of and returning to the coast, we pass successively
the Mediterranean. Joppa and Ascalon, places of note during the Cru-
About half-way between the head of the Dead Sea sades. The last point of classical interest near the
and the Mediterranean, on the brook Kedron, stood coast was Gaza, which had a port on the sea.
Hierosolyma, Jerusalem, (see plan Map 21,) the
metropolis of Palestine, northeast of which is Je-
richo. To the east of the Jordan, in the valley of The connection of Palestine with Sacred History
not coming within the scope of the present sketch,
the Jabbok, were Gerasa and Philadelphia.
no allusion has been made to the innumerable points
Proceeding from the north along the coast, and of interest which it presents in relation to the Scrip-
passing Berytus, (Beirut,) — a Roman colony in the tures —
a subject too important to be treated in so
reign of Augustus, — we find ourselves, as we ap- limited a space.
ASSYEIA.- (MAP 22.)

With regard to the vast continent of Asia, which the left side of the Araxes, and overlooked by Mt.
stretches eastward beyond that peninsular portion of Ararat on the right, was the capital Artaxdta.
it that we have been examining, it was so imperfectly 2. In Mesopotamia, whose name indicates the
known to the ancients in the brighter periods of their nature of a country formed by the alluvial deposits
literary history, that but few notices of it are re- of the two large rivers that enclose it on either side,
quisite. The great basins EuphrCdcs and

of the were Garrhae, memorable for the defeat and death
Tigris, embracing part of Armenia and of Media, of Crassus, and Nislbis, on the tributary Mygdonius,
and the whole of Mesopotamia, Assyria, Susiana, a frontier city of Imperial Rome.
and BABYLONLi, are important in themselves, and 3. Assyria is the left side of the Basin of the
contain points of considerable interest. Both these Tigris during the latter part of its course. On the
rivers rise in Armenia, the Euphrates in Abus, and river itself stood Ninus, Nineveh, the metropolis of
the Tigris in Niphutes, the two eastern terminations the Assyrian Empire.' The site and vicinity of this
of the range of Taurus and Antitaurus ; and after a ancient city have been the scene of recent excava-
course, the Euphrates of 1530 miles, the Tigris of tions and discoveries, which promise to throw light
1000, having run nearly parallel to each other, upon the early records of our race. A little east-
they unite their waters and fall into the Sinus Per- ward were Gaugamcla and Arbela, the scene of the
sicus. battle with Alexander which sealed the fate of Da-
1. Armenia major was chiefly composed of the rius and of the Persian monarchy.
Basin of the Araxes, a river which rises in Anti- 4. Babylonia and Chaldaea occupied the lower
taurus, a few miles from one of the sources of the part of the Basin of the Euphrates down to its junc-
Euphrates, and after joining the Gyrus, which is the onward to its mouth in the
tion with the Tigris, and
northern boundary of Armenia, they flow with united Sinus Persicus. The most noted localities were the
stream into the Mare Gaspiuni v. HyrcJnum. On following on the Euphrates, and bisected by it.
:
30 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,
Babylon, one of the most renowned among the cities that defeat, began the retreat of the Ten Thousand
of remote antiquity. In the latest period of its an- Greeks, described by Xenophon. (Map 26.)
nals, itwas the scene of the death of Alexander the The Basin of the Clioasjyes, a tributary of the Eu-
Great. Farther up the river was the plain of Cunaxa, phrates, was the country called Susiana, from its
where the younger Cyrus was defeated and slain by his capital SusA, on the river itself.
brother Artaxerxes; and whence, in consequence of East of Assyria is Media.
AFRICA.- (MAP 23.)

The northern coast of Africa extends westward dicus, which prepared the way for Marius to finish
about 2000 miles, from the frontiers of Egypt to the the war and carry Jugurtha prisoner to Rome. The
Pillars of Hercules, that is, from long. 25° east, to last western division of this African coast was Mau-
6° west bounded on the north by the Mediterranean
:
ritania, the kingdom of Bocchus and of Juba;
on the south by the deserts of Libya and Sahara, and bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, on the W.
by the mountain range of Atlas. Mauritania Tin- by the Atlantic, and on the S. by the lofty range of
gitana stretches further to the southwest, beyond the Mt. Atlas, which protects it from the encroachments
Pillars of Hercules, to where the Atlas M. approaches of the ocean of sand that lies beyond. As we ap-
the Atlantic Ocean. proach the Atlantic, we come in sight of Ahyla
As we advance westward from Alexandria, we (Rock of Ceuta) and Calpe (Rock of Gibraltar), the
arrive at Paraetoniuyn, the frontier town of Egypt, two Pillars of Hercules, on opposite sides of the
two degrees south of which is the most famed of the
Fretum Herculeum.
oa.ses which rise like islands, at rare intervals, out
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON NORTHERN AFRICA.
of the ocean of arid sand that stretches across the
The two most remarkable features of this country
continent of Africa. was the Temple
In this oasis
are, the Great Desert, and the mountain range of
of Jupiter Ammon, which Alexander the Great went
to consult. Returning to the coast, we meet with
Atlas. The former, the largest continuity of barren
surface in the known world, extends, under different
nothing of classical interest except the Catahathmus,
names, from the shores of the Atlantic to the banks
or great declivity, which Sallnst improperly describes
of the Nile, interrupted only by a few oases.
as the boundary between Egypt and Africa, till we
Cyrme The mountain range of Atlas, which is the north-
reach Cijrme. In the latter days of Greece,
ern boundary of the desert called Sahara or Zaara,
was a flourishing colony, where art and philosophy
were cultivated but at the present day not a vestige
;
stretches from Fezzan to the Atlantic. It rises in
of it remains. Farther along, Berenice is mentioned successive tei-races from the most northern, which
as a town near which were the Gardens of the Hes- does not exceed 580 or 600 yards in height, to the
perules; but Yirgil places them in Mauritania. farthest south, which, if it be covered with perpetual
This brings us successively to the shallows and whirl- snow in lat. 32°, as some travellers affirm, cannot be
pools called Syrtes, major and minor. Near the less than 11,000 feet high. The lower elevations are
Syrtis minor was the Lake Tritdnis, obscurely con- calcareous ; and among them was found the Numi-
nected with the mythological history of Minerva, who dian or Gaetulian marble, an article of luxury in
is often called Tritonia Yirgo. great request among the Romans. The successive
From this pointcommences a region of great natu- gradations are connected by transverse branches run-
ral fertility, which was long the 'granary' of Rome, ning north and south, among which are plains and
and rich in historical recollections. First, we have valleys, watered by streams without issue, and con-
Africa propria, the proper domain of Carthago, stituting the 'Country of Dates.' Atlas extends
(Carchedon,) the great rival of Rome; and twenty- eastward from the Atlantic to the Regio Syj'tica,
seven miles west, on the Bagrddas, was Utlca, where forming a bulwark against the moving sands of the
the second Cato, rather than submit to Caesar, put a southern desert.
period to his life, and hence he is distinguished from The streams that descend from the northern side
Cato Major by the epithet Uticencis. In the interior of Atlas water that belt of land, from 60 to 160 miles
is Zama, where the elder Scipio defeated Hannibal. broad, which was long the granary of the Roman
We then enter Numidia, the country of Jugurtha, empire, and is now the country of Tunis, Algiers,
and the scene of the first exploits of Mctcllus Numi- and Morocco.
AEGYPTUS.-(MAP 24.)
Egypt is the north-east portion of the great penin- rated into different channels, by
all of which its waters
sular continent of Africa, situated between the found their way to the sea. Of these channels the
Tropic of Cancer (23° 30') and 31° 30' N. latitude, ancients enumerated seven the most noted are the
:
and between 30° and 35° E. longitude. two extreme ones, the Ostium Canopicum W. and
There is perhaps no part of the world, out of Pelusidcum E. These two diverging branches, with
Italy and Greece, to which allusion is more frequently- the sea-coast line between them, form the sides and
made by the poets and orators of antiquity than to base of the triangular space Delta, so called from its
Egypt but no ancient writer who
; is not a professed resemblance to the capital form of that letter in the
geographer goes much into detail, or mentions more Greek alphabet; and by these two channels alone
than one or two of its towns and localities. The the water of the Nile is now discharged. Twelve
singular nature of the country, the immemorial exist- miles west from the Canopic embouchure was Alex-
ence of the pyramids, the dim traditions of a very andria, so named after Alexander the Great, who
remote antiquity, the absence of rain, the mighty founded it on his way back from the Oasis and Tem-
cataracts and periodical inundations of the river, ple of Jupiter Ammon — a great city in ancient
and, above all, the unexplored and, as the ancients times, as it is now under the same name. (Map 26.)
thought, inexplorable fountain-head of the Nile — all The annual overflow of the and the deposit
Nile,
combined to throw a charm of sublimity and interest by this of a rich stratum of earthy matter, was the
over the whole. chief cause of the great fertility of Egypt. There
Of the towns so thickly planted on the banks of were artificial canals, sluices, and a large receptacle
the Nile, we only mention Memphis, on the left bank called Lake Moeris, for the distribution of the water.
of the Nile, with the pyramids in its immediate neigh- Arsinoe was the capital of the richest portion of
borhood. Fifteen miles farther down, the Nile sepa- Egypt, and near it was the celebrated Lahyrinth.
GERMANIA.-(MAP 25.)
GER\nNTA, in the most extended sense of the (Ems,) Visurgis, (Weser,) Viadrus, (Oder,) and
term, reached from the Alps to the North and Baltic Vistula, (Weichsel). The Albis, (Elbe,) rising in the
Seas, and from the Rhine to the Vistula. Yiewed Sudeti Montes, and receiving the Sala or Saale on
physically, this vast parallelogram may be divided the left, divided ancient Germany north of the
into two nearly equal portions — of which the south- Danube into two nearly equal portions, east and
ernmost comprises the great valley of the Danube, west.
and the other is watered by the rivers which flow The chief political divisions of Germania north of
into the northern seas. We
have spoken already of theDanube were these of the tribes adjacent to the
:
the tribes between the Danube and the Alps, and Danube, the principal were the Quadi, the May^co-
consider here only the other part. manni, and the Hermunduri. All these, together
Of mountains, we find, besides the Alps, the Jura, with the Suevi, (who formerly lived in the eastern
Mt. Abnuha, or the Black Forest, the 3Iontes Sudeti, parts of Germany — in later times, in the south-west-
or Riesengebirge, and the Carpates M. From the ern,) arecomprised under the general name of Iler-
Jura to the Carpathians, that is, from the Rhine miones. The Istaevones inhabited the western re-
to the sources of the Yistula, this northern range gions bordering on the Rhine, and the Ingaevones
was covered in ancient times by a vast forest, occupied the low countries from the mouth of that
under the general name of the Silva Hercynia, Cimbric Chersonesus. The Lygii seem
river to the
which, according to Caesar, extended sixty days' to have been a considerable people, between the
journey in length. Its breadth was, in some parts, Yiadrus and the Yistula.
nine days' journey. From its northern flanks Between the Rhine and the North Sea we find the
issued the waters of the Moenus (Main) and Nicer Frisii: their country was intersected by a canal
(Neckar), which fall into the Rhine — of the Amisia, made by Drusus, which carried a portion of the waters
90 SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY
of tlio Rhine into Lacus Flevo (now Zuyder
the the old tribes of these regions. Behind the Sicambri,
Zee). The channel is now the YsseL
of Drusus about the sources of the Yisurgis, lay the Cliatti,
North-west of the Frisii were the Ohauci : beyond (Hessians,) a tribe of the Hermiones.
the mouth of the Elbe were the Angli, Saxones, and Passing eastward from the valley of the Upper
—
Cimhri the two first of whom crossed over in a later Rhine, we come to the Hermunduri east of them,
:
time into Britain. South of the Chauci were the on the bank of the Danube, were the Narisci, about
Angrivarii and Cherusci, who, under Arminius, Ratisbon : north-east of these, the Boii, or Boio-
overthrew Yarns and his three legions in the ySilva hemi, in Bohemia, whose country was seized by the
Teutobergiensis, near the sources of the Lippe and Marcomanni. North-east of them were the Osi,
Ems. Gothini, and Buri, in Silesia north-west of whom
:
Ascending the Rhine from the coast of the Frisii, were the Marsigni, and farther to the north-west,
we arrive at the Bructeri, on the Yssel, and the the Semnones.
3Iarsi, on the Lippe. The Usipetes and Tenctheri Among the Lygian tribes between the Yiadrus and
Vistula, we mention the Arii, Helvecones, 3Ianinii,
were driven across the Rhine by more powerful neigh-
Elisii, and Naliarvali.
bors. On the Luppia, (Lippe,) the Rura, (Ruhr,)
and Signs, (Sieg,) lived the Sicambri. The llat- On the shores of the Baltic, and to the south of it,
tiaci lay between the Sieg and the Ifoenus, (Main,)

we find —
Yandal tribes as the Varini, Rugii, Lemo-
vii, Reiidigni, and the Langobardi.
and occupied the 3Ions Taunus. Southward from
hence, the district between the Rhine, the Main, and
The Baltic Sea was known to the Romans as Sinus
the Upper Danube, was called by the Romans Agri Coddnus, or Majê Suevicum. Tacitus mentions the
JDecumCdes, from the tithe which they had to pay to Sidones and Sitones (in Sweden and Norway). All
theRomans. In this region we find afterward the the country east of the Yistula was comprised under
Alemanni, which was probably only a new league of the name of Sarmatia.
"-•v.. ^^.
'•'...-^^^ '^
iJ-*-iî^. f'T' '--. * "\>i,-..H
flfl
"
>-'^"ii,'- "pah
A ir
'""«<.,.\'L- 1
" •'t;"HuA'/si"''';i;
2* -^».V<»"A<3!.
i ^'
^.A"'^:' S ^
»v
i
'"""tr.^
T ---•:' /--^V
.,;^'
Ir'"
4^ xa£Fj:ja£OiVLJLii^'(i)jiii i
THK GHKAT. if
WITH THE ADJOINING REGIONS
Van* or AleDandir.. BoutlOMy <*• tiif finipirr
Jtul.Klrtf.hi,, . m.»«^>iir,l .»-Z../.

I
<-.'
1
II
< 1
*
I
.,„7,.V**"-' '""*'"•' < /••.
I it', A 1 :i
I'dCUTHERK I'ARI^
A
ra/W****"""""*-^--
17.
-V
fl^^s:- t
." 4s
:^
/" "-^ ,.* V-'
'vtvC-^
'i
y^
;v„/...W/*'
•"' • '-
20.
. 4
»:
nil, M''^' "•""*'"' It /,„.
INDEX.
The nhhreviafii)]! P. is used for Fluvius — or Ins. for Insula — M. for Mons — P. for Portus — Pr. or Prom, for Promontorium
I.
S. for Sinus — n. for Near — r. for Ruins — G. for Gulf— B. for Cay — for Formerly. far.
Ifames of Countries, Districts, etc., are distinguished Capitals — Names of Tribes or People by an Asterisk
bi/ The 3fodern prefijêd.
Names are in Italics. The note of interrogation attached to a name signifies that the site is uncertain.
The latitudes are in all cases North, unless otherwise distinguished : the longitudes. East of the meridian of Greenwich, excepting
where the letter W. (West) is attached. In the case of Hirers, the latitude and longitude given is that of the place where the nana
happens to be written on the Map.
NAMKS. LAT. LONG. MAP, NAME.S. LAT.

Abacncnuin, Tripi ,38°.!' 16°. 5' 12 Acanthus, Dulopolis, or
Abae, r. n. Exarkho 38.34 22.55 16 Bubassus
Aballaba, Watch-cross... 51.57 2.49 w 5 Acanthus, or Acanthon,
Abassus 38.58 31.2 20 Dashoor
«Abastani 31.30 72.30 3 Acanthus, Erisso..
Abbaitis 39.15 29.10 20 ACARNANIA
Abdera, vl6ra 3(5.44 3.1 w 7 Acatucci
Abdera 40.5fi 24.59 19 Accad, Akerkoof...
Abel-betb-maachah,J.6i7 33.19 35.34 21 Accho, or Ace, aft. Ptole-
Abella, ^ceZ^rt 40.57 14.35 13 mais, St. Jean cl'Acre
Abcllinum, ^™/^n)o 40.54 14.48 9 Acci (Julia Gemella),
Abelterium, En-a 39.3 8.15 w 7 Guadix el- Viejo...
Abia, )i. Mandinia 36.58 22.9 18 Accipifrum I,, S. Pie-
Abila(of Lysanias),Aê6- tro ,
iy Abel, n. Es-Sook... 33.42 36.7 21 Ace, or Accho, aft. Ptole-

Abi'la? Yebla 32.42 35.54 21 inais, jSV. Jean d'Acre.
Abile.ne 33.40 36.10 21 Acelum, Asolo
&.hnuha.^l., Uluck Forest 48.15 8.0 25 Aceronia, Brienxa
Aboccis, or Abuncis, 7^- Acerrae, Acerra
s.imboul 22.20 31.36 Acerrae, Gherra
Abodiacum, Epfach 47.55 10.54 Acesiues, Asines, orOno-
AboUa? Avola 36.55 15.7 balas F., Cantara....
A bone? Sea Mills, n. Acesines F., Chenaub.
Bristol 51.28 2.37 w ACHAIA.
Alioniteichos, aft. lono- Acharnae
ixilis, Incboli 41.57 33.46 Achates F. ? Canitello...
Aliravannus F 64.54 4.49 w Achelous F., As2}ro23o-
Adrkttkse 39.45 28.20 tamo
*Abrinoatui 48.40 1.0 w Acheron F., Suli
Abrostola? 39.1 31.50 Acherontia, Acercnza...
Ab.sorus, or Apsorrus? Acherusia Palus
Osero 44.42 14.24 Acherusias Prom., Baba
AbsyrtMes Ins., Cherso Burun
& Los»ini 44.40 14.25 Achilleius Portus, Port
Abuncis, or Abuceis, I^)- Vathy ,
samboul 22.20 31.36 Achillis I., or Leuce, Fi-

Abus M., Ak Dagh 39.30 41.40 donisi, or Serjjenl's I..
Abus F., Humber 53.35 0.0 Achmetha (Ecbatana),
Ahnsinn, .Vetistadt 48.49 11.47 Humadan
Abydos, Arabat el-Mat- Acholla, El-Aliah
foon 26.13 31.59 Achzib(Eodippa),£'2-2i'6
Abydos, Aidos 40.11 26.25 Acidava
Abyla, CeK«a 35.54 5.18 w Acila, or Ocelis? Ghela
Abyla M., Pr. of Oeuta 35.54 5.17 W AciLiSENE, or AnaitTca
Acacesium 37.23 22.4 Aoimiucum, Alt. Salan-
Academia, vl/L'i<//(i'Hu'o... 37.59 23.43 kemen
AcalandrusF..6V(;a)irfro 39.58 16.34 . AcinasisF.? TscharukSa
Acalandrus F. ? Salan- Acineum, or Aquineum,
dreUa 40.26 16.20 Alt-Bndn
Ai-anias Prom., C. Ar- Acinipo, Honda la Viiji
nauti 35.7 32.16 Aciris F., Agri
Acauipsis F. (Apsarus?) Acis F., Jnci
Joruk Sa 41.0 41.46 Acithius F.? Birgi
5
0°Al'w
NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAT
Agrlgen'um, or Aera-
gas, Gin/r„ti 37°.16 13°.35'
Agriniuni ? 38.48 21.29
Agrippias, or Anthe-
don? 31.27 34.25
Agrippina, or Coloiiia
Agrippinensis, Co-
loijiie 50.56 0.57
Agryle(Upperaiid Low-
er) ? B. at foot of
Hi/mettits 37.57 23.44
Aguntum, Innkhen 4G.i4 12.18
Agylla, aft. Caere, Ccr-
vetri 42.1 12.3
Agyrium, S. Filijqjo
d'Anjiro 37.38 14.32
Ai? 31.54 35.16
*Aii 10.0 77.0
Ajalon, Yalo 31.51 35.2
Alaba, or Allava? 37.27 13.12
Alabanda, Arab Hisfiar 37.36 27.57
Alabastra, or Alabas-
tron-polis? 28.21 31.7
Alabus F., Lo Cantaro,
or 2Ioli,idlo 37.15 15.5
Alaesa, or Halesa, n.
Tusa 37.57 14.14
Alaesus, or Halesus, F.,
Pettinco 37.55 14.16
Alugon'ia,? Zarnata 36.55 22.12
Alalcomenae (Boeotia),
Sidinar! 38.22 22.59
Alalcomenae (in Ith-
aca)? 38.22 20.41
Alalia, or Aleria, Aleria 42.7
Alalis, Abn Ilerarah 35.50
Alander F 39.20
«Alani 42.0
Alanton, Lete 42.50
Alatriuni, or Alctrium,
Alatvi 41.46
Alauna, Ki<;r 56.10
Alauna, Aleaunie, n.
Valu(jiic8 49.31
Alauniuin 43.53
Alaunus F.? Alne 55.24
Alaunus F., Axe 50.43
Aiazon F., Alascu 41.40
Alba, Abla 37.14
Alba? 42.50
AlbaF., Ter 42.0
Alba Fucentia, or Fu-
centis, Colle di Albe.. 42.4 13.26
Alba Helvioruiu, Aps,
or Alps 44. .33
Alba Longa 41.46
Alba Pumpeia,^/6« 44.41
Albana, JJvrbend 42.5
*Albani
Albaxia 41.30
Albauiae or Caspiae Py-
lae, Pu»» of Uerbend 42.0
AlbaQUS F., Sidmoiir.,,. 41.28
Albanus L., La(/o di
Alhano 41.45
Albanus ^l.,M<mte Cava 41.45
Albanus, or Albius M.., 44.30
Albianum, Kufntein 47.35
«-Albici 43.50
Albiga, Alby 43.57
Albinia F., Albcyna 42.34
Albion
Albis F., Elbe 5,3.20
Albium Intemelium,
Vintimiglia 43.45
Albium Ingaunum, Al-
beiifja 44.4
Albius, or Albanus M... 44.30
Albona, .A/io;ia 45.5
Albonica, Ptterla da
Durocd 41.7
Albucella (Arbucale, or
Arbacala)? 41.46
N.VMT5S. I.AT. LONG. MAI'.
Aiiililiiiirciuin, Mavro-
/>l,!/i>,^l 38°.17'
AiiiiiliicU'in, or Aiuplii-
I'lU'.a, /)h,i<U,i ns.38
Am I'll 11,0011 1 A 39.4
Ain]ihiiiiiilla 35.21
Aiiipliiprigus Prom. ? 0.
IHaiico 39.21
Ain|p|iii)olis, Neohhono 40.48
Aiii|ilii.ssa, Sulona 38. .'12
Am|iliitr(3po, Mctropieta 37.47
Amiiliitus F 37.10
Ani|>lirysus F 39.10
Aiiipsiiga F., Wadij cl-
Kcbir 3G.45
Ain.'janctus Lacus, Le
Mo/cte 40.59
Aniyclao 41.10
Ainyclae,yl(/io» KyrUiki 37.2
Ainyrus F 39.34
Amyrus? Kastri 39.34
Amy/.on 37.34
Anabiicis (or Autoina-
hi.\?). 30.10
Anactorium 38.54
Aiiiiea, Anicar 37.47
Aiiiij^nia, An(t(/ii! 41.40
Aiuii^yrus, Van' 37.50
AnaitIca, or Acii-tsKNE 39.20
Analiba, Ilcrhcmih 39.31
Aiiainis P., Ibraliiiii 27.10
®Atianes 44.50
AiiTipho I. and Town,
AiKifi 30.22
Aiiiiplilystiis, Anavi/so..
37.43
Aiiapns F. (Acarnania) 38.35
Aiiaims F., A)i(i])o, or
Finnic di Sortiiio 37.5
Anas F., Giwdiaiia 38.27
Anassus F., Revunchi... 40.0
Ana.stati(>))olis, Dam... ;17J0
Aiiatlu), Aniifih 34.30
Anatis F. ? Wadt/ Uoia-
cr-bcgh 33.10
Anaua L. (or Ascania?)
Ij. t)f Charddl-, or
Hidlji Toiiz Ghictil... 37.53
Anauiiiiiiu, Xoii 10.18
Anazarbus, Ain Zarbtt.. 37.18
*Ancalites 51.20
Anchesmus M. (Ijyca-
bettiKs), Hill of St.
(Icnrge 37.59
Ancliialo? Mowid n.
Kurndnwar 30.48
Anehirihis, Alnuluu 42.34
Anfhisa ^l., Armenia... 37.42
A noon Pr., V. Ttlialti... 41.22
Ancona, Ancoua 43.37
Ancyra ....". 39.11
Ancyra, Aiii/ara 39.50
Ancyron-iiolis ? 29.9
Amhihi\iii,Enhi AndKvtd 37.56
Andaoa? Vidleyo/Liiyh-
man 34.38
And-Mua, El iniho-kantro 37.1
Andceavi, An(/cr« 47.28
Andeniatunum, Langres 47.51
Anderida? Pevensey.... 50.49
Anderitum, Antcrrieu.v 44.50
*Andcs, or Andecavi... 47.30
Andes, PietuUt 45.7
Androtiiuu 43.43
Andriaee, Andnd-i 30.13
Andrius F 39.52
AndropoHs 30.37
Andro.5, Pidncopulis 37.49
Andros I., Andro 37.50
Anemo ¥.,Lnim>nc 44.10
Anenioreia ? 38.27
Anpuiiiriuin. Aumnonf.. 36.1
Anpielo? Papn Amjhe-
htki 37.58
NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAI NAMCS. I. AT. LONG. MAI'
Apf^ni fons, or Patavl- Aquila iiiiijor, u. Te-
iiiie Aciuao, liayid tonan 35°.37' 5°.17'w
d'Ali'dio t5°.22' 11°.1G' 8 Aquila minor, Caatillejo 35.45
Apc.-tana? 27.5 53.2 3 A(iuilaria, Aioari'i/eJi37.4
Apj) aria, Tuhmi 43.55 26.14 14 A([uilcia, Aqu'deia 45.46
Api'ii Foruiu, Foru A([uilein, Lict'sa 43.41
App!o 41.28 13.1 11 Aquilonia, Lacedogna... 41.4
Appiola? n. f'uiite dctlc Aquincuni, or Acincuin,
Sh;;j/,e 41.47 12.36 11 Alt-Buda 47.30
Api'iis, or Apri, Aimid- Aquinum, Aquaria 41.16
jih 40..54 27.11 14 AquTnuni, Aquino 41.30
Aprusa F., yl-(«« 44.2 12.38 8 *A(iuitruii 44.0
Ap-arus F. (Acampsis?) Aquitania 45.0
.Jnn.k S,i 41.0 41.46 20 Ar of Moab, or Rab-
SAp.-îh.e 4.3.0 41.10 22 bath-raoab (Areopo-
•s-Apsintliii 40.50 26.30 14 lis,) Rabha 31.22
ApMis v., Ohe.rvesta 40.50 19.35 14 Ara August!, or Lugdu-
Apta Julia, vl;)^ 4.3.52 5.25 6 ncnsis 45.46
Aptera, Pnlcolcnslro 35.27 24.7 19 Ara Jani, Riano 42.7
*Apuani? 44.27 10.0 8 Ara Ubiorum, Godes-
Apl-lia 41.0 16.0 9 berg 50.40
Apiiluin (ColoniaNova), Arabia 25.0
KarUhnnj 46.5 23.35 11 Arabia Deserta 32.0
Aqua Cnib'ra, Mnrrnna 41.53 12.32 U Arabia Felix, Yemen.. 17.0
Aqua Viva, 46.21
J/"/e(yc 16.11 14 Arabia Petraea 29.0
Aqua Viva,.4cj«ai!H'cr.. 42.18 12.25 11 Arabiao Emporium, or
Aquae, lierza-Pahvika 44.27 22.30 14 Adane, Aden 12.46
Aquae, Baaden 48.1 16.11 14 Arabicus S., or Mare
Aquae Albiilae 41.59 12.44 H Bubrum, Red h'ca.... 20.0
Aquae Apollinares,Zf«(/- *Arabii 36.30
ni di Sli'jliano 42.11 12.1 U Arribis F., Purali 25.40
Aquae Augustae, orTar- Arabi.s.su.s, Hawschin.,.. 38.7
bellicae, /;ax 43.43 1.2 w 6 Arabrica, or lerabriga,
Aquae Bali.'^.sae? 45.33 17.20 14 Alcnquer 39.2
Aquae Bilbitanorum, Arace, Deheaneh 37.40
Alhnma 41.20 1.54 w 7 Araceli, Huarte Araquil 42.53
Aquae Borbonis, Bour- Arachnacus M., .Arna... 37.39
hunne-lca-lhiiiis 47.57 5.45 6 ARAcnosiA 32.0
Aquae Bormonis, Bonr- Araoliotos, Urghundanb 32.12
boii I'Archumbanll.... 46.36 3.2 6 Arachthus or Arcthon
Aquae Cacretanae, Bag- F., Arta .39.20
indiS'ipo 42.4 11.59 11 Aracillurn, Aradi/loa.... 43.3
Aquae Caiidac, n. Chift- Aracyntbus M., Zygoa.. 38.30
lik Khan 37.27 34.46 20 Anid, Tdl Arad 31.19
Aquae Calidae, Ham- Aradus(Arvad),A'(iacZ/. 34.50
mam Meriyah 36.25 2.22 23 Ariidus I., Maharag 26.14
Aquae Calidae, Ham- Arao He.speri, or Solia,
mam FEiif, n. Tiniis.. 36.42 10.18 23 S. Lnvar la Mayor... 37.24
Aquae Calidae, Vichi/... 46.7 3.25 6 Arno Mutiae, Monte
Aquae Cclenae, Caldas Mnalnn 42.7
de liii/ 42.34 8.38 w 7 Arac Pbilenorum 30.20
Aquae Convcnarum, Arae Sestianae? C. Vil-
Bagnirea de Bif/orre 43.4 0.9 6 lano 43.8
Acjuae Ferentinac, n. Aracgenus, Argentan... 48.44
isaii Jiocca 41.47 12.41 11 Aragus Y., Aragua 42.20
Aquae Flaviae, C/iai-e«.. 41.55 7.30 w 7 Aram Naharaim, or
Aquae Gratianae, Aiu:.. 45.42 5.54 6 Padan Aram (Meso-
Aquae Mattiacae, Wies- potamia), Al .Tezirch 36.0
baden 50.5 8.15 25 Arandi, or Aranni, Ou-
A((uae Ncapolitanae, n. rique 37.41
Snrdara 39.37 8.47 9 Arane? 39.1
Aciuae Neri, iV"en» 46.16 2.40 Aranni, or Arandi, Ou-
Aquae Nisineii, Bour- rique 37.41
bon V And 40.37 3.46 6 Aruphen, Rajjua 38.1
Aquae Originis? 42.10 8.27 w 7 Arar, or Sauconna F.,
Aquae Passeris, Ba- S<ir,ne 46.20
cucco 42.27 12.3 8 Ararat M., Agridogh... 39.41
Aquae Pisanae, Bagni Ararus F. ? (Alutas),
di Piaa 43.46 10.26 8 AhUa 44.30
Aquae Populoniae 42.58 10.38 8 Ararus F.? Sercth 46.30
Aquae Querquennae?... 42.12 8.12 w 7 Arasaxa, Sereaek 38.42
Aquae Segeste, Fer- Arauraca 39.55
rierea 48.2 2.35 6 Arauriii F., Herault 43.40
Aquae Segcte? 45.25 4.18 6 Arausio, Orange 44.8
Aquae Sextiae, Aix 43.32 5.27 6 ••"Aravisci 47.30
Aquae Statiellae, Acqui 44.40 8.27 8 Araxa, Oren 36.45
Aquae Soils, .Ba<^ 51.23 2.21 w 5 Araxene 39.15
Aquae Tacapitanae, El- Araxes F., Araa 39.15
Hammat-d-Khaba 33.50 9.45 23 Araxcs F., Bendamir... 29.40
Aqiiiie Vetuloniae, Ve- Araxes F. (of Xeno-
tidia 43.6 10..33 8 plion), Khabonr 35.17
Aquae Vocoiiiae, Caldas Araxus Prom., C. Kulo-
(/I. Gerona) 41.53 2.51 7 gria 38.13
NAMES. I-AT. LONG. map.
Argida? 3'J°.4S' 27°. 32'
Argilas 40.45 23.44
Arginusae Ins 39.0 26.49
Argithea, Knisoro 39.25 21.26
Argob (Gaulonitis),
Jaidan 32.54 35.45
Argolicus S., G. of
Xanplia 37.20 23.0
ArgOlis 37.40
Argos, Aryos 37.38
Argos Ainphilochicum,
Xeohhori 38.55
Argos Oresticum? 40.33
Argyra , 38.18
'Argyrini 40.7
Argyrippa,orArpi,^;-jja 41.31
Aria a.... 35.0
Ariaca, Concan 18.0
Aria\a 32.30
Ariaspae? 31.0
Ariassus 36.55
Aricia, Lariccia 41.43
Ariconiutn, Weston, n.
Ross 51.55
Arigaeum? 2âwugee, or
Naaghi 34.47
*Arii, or Harii 61.0
Arimathaea? Eamleh... 31.55
Ariiuazes (Rock of)?
Koheetun, n. Derhend 38.59
Aritninutn, lihnini 44.4
Ariininus F., JIarecchia 44.0
Arindela, Ghurtindel..,. 30.47
Ariulica? Arc-8ou8-
Cicon 47.3
Ariolica, between lioure
and La Cartelas, n.
St. Just en Chevalet... 45.54
Aiisbe 40.10
Aristera 1 37.26
ArislonsLUiae, n. Kamari 38.5
Aritiura Praetorium,
Benevente 38.58
Arlape, or Arelate?
Moelk 48.13
Armauria, Tapadevi, or
Amavir 40.6
Armasa, Pallass 39.0
ATVQ.enQ,Artaschin 41.12
Armenia 40.0
Armenia Minor 40.0
Armeniae Pylae, Ger-
(jen Kalah-ai 37.58
Armenium, Jfat/ula39.27
Arminia F., Fiore 42.25
Armorica 48.20
Armutria, Motrit 44.32
Arna, Civitella d'Arno.. 43.8
Arnae 40.27
Arne (Cierium), Jfuta-
ranga 39.23
Arnon (River), Wady
Mojib 31.29
Annus F., Anio 43.40
Aro F., Arone 42.0 ,
Aroanius M., Khelnws,. 37.58

Aroanius, or Oibius, F.. 37.57
Aroanius F 37.54
Aroanius F., Katzana... 37.52
Arocha F., Crocchio 39.0
Aroer, Ararah 31.13
Aroer, Ara'ir 31.29
Aroer, Aii-eh 32.1
Aromata Prom. (Notu
Keras?) C. Gerdo/oon
(Guardafni) 11.41
Arosis, or Oroatis F.
'
Tab
(Zarotis), 30.20
Arpi,or Argyrippa,^rpa 41.31
Arpinuiu, Arpino 41.39
Arraba? Koriuond 47.0
Arrabo F., llaab 47.18
Arraboua, Ruuh 47.41
NAMES. LAT. I.OXG.
Astura, Torre di Astura 41°.23'
Astura F., C'onca 41.30
Astura F., Edu 41.15
*Astures 43.0
Asturica Augusta, Îs-
toyga 42.28
Astycus F., Vrtxviiitza... 41.40
Astypalaea I., Astropu-
laea, or Stamjxilia.... 36.35
Astypalaea Pr 37.43
Astyra 40.1
Astyra? 39.36
Atabyris M., Atairo, or
Attayard 36.12
Atabyrium, or Itaby-
rium (Mt. Tabor),
Jchel et-Toor 32.42
*Atacini 43.0
Atagis F., Eisnch 46.47
Atalante I., Talanta.... 38.39
Atarbeehis? 30.21
Atarneus, Dikili Keui.. 39.4
Ataroth, Ataru 32.1
Atax F., Aude 43.14
Atella, S. Jfxria di
Atella 40.58
Aternum, Pexcara 42.27
Aternus F., Pescara 42.14
Ateste, Este 45.13
Athamania 39.24
Athanagia? Agrnmiint.. 41.47
Athenae, Athena
{Athiiia) 37.58
Athenae (Pontus),Ao')(a 41.9
Athenaeum, n. Apano
Porta 39.27
Athenaeum? 36.31
Athenas Teiohos, Psa-
tho Pyrgo 38.19
Athenopolis ? Nap)oide.. 43.32
AthSi'is F., Adtge 45.15
Athmonum, Marusi 38.4
Athos M., Agion Oros,
or Monte Santo 40.10
Athribis, Tell Atrib 30.30
Athyras F 41.0
Atiliana, Cnhada 42.22
Atina, Atena 40.27
Atintania 40.15
Atlanticura, Externum,
or Magnum Mare, or
Oceanus Hesperius,
Atlantic Ocean 40.0
Atlas Minor? C.Blanco
(Xorth) 33.9
Atlas Mons, or Dyrin,
Jtt. AHax 31.20
Atrax, Sidhiro-peliko... 39.39
»Atrebates 50.20
«Atrebatii 51.30
Atiin, or Iladria, Adria 45.3
Atropatene, or Media
Minor 37.0
*.\ttaeeni
*Attacotti 56.10
Attacum, Ateea 41.24
Attaleia, Adala 38.36
Attaleia, Adalia 31.53
Attea, Ayasma 39.13
Attegua, Teirt 37.6
Attelebusa I., Jiaschat
Ada 36.47
Atte.ne 25.0
Atteva, or Attoba, Osbe,
or Doshi 20.30
AttTca 38.0
Attoba, or Atteva, Osbe,
or Doshi 20.30
Atiiria 36.30
Aturia F.? Oria 43.10
Aturis F., Adour 43.44
Audum Pr. ? C. Carbon,
or Has Mctzukoid) 36.46
NAMES. LAT. LONG.
Bnetis F., Guadalquivir 38°.0'
B.-ietulo, Cantle nf Mon-
fjrit 41.30
Baetulo F., Besoa 41..30
Baeturia 38.40
Bag.-icuni, Bavuy 50.18
Bagis, or Bage, Sirghie 39.34
Bagi.»ara? Jtas Arubak 25.14
B.agistana, Barjhistan,
or Heeitun 34.16
Eagra'la, or Bagradas
F. (Macaras), Mejer-
dah 30.22
Bagradas F., Nahon 27.45
Bagual-as»F;.\e 39.45
Baiae, B'liae 40.49
Baiae, Bayan 36.45
*Baiocasses 49.10
Balanea, Baneas 35.11
Balbura, Katara 36.56
Baleares Insulae, or
Gymnegiae, Majorca,
d'c 37.30
Balearicurn Mare 40.0
Balearis Major, or Co-
luioba, Majorca 39.30
Balearis Minor, or Nura,
Minorca 40.0
Baleiiura, or Valetiutn.. 40.33
Balotnus, Raa Sliemaul
Bunder 25.12
B:i.l.S!i, Tavira .^57.
BiiUio, Bo/ja 41.55

B.ilyra F., Mnvrozumono 37.] 5
Balz."inum, Boizrn 46.31
Bambyce, or Hierapo-
li.=, Membidj, or Bam-
houj 36.32
Banasa (Valentia)? J/a-
•i">ô. 3416
Bandusiae Fon.s, Fon-
tana Grande 40.52
Bantia, Bnuzi 40.50
Bilhyras F 40.8
]i.ir;ice I., I'eiiinHula of
Cuteh 23.0
Barbalissus, Kulaat
fi"''li 35.59
B:irbana F., Morauha... 42.30
Barbaria, or Azavia,
A/''"' 5.0
B.irbariana, ,S'. Martin
de Berherana 42.12
]i:irbaricus S., or Mare
Azanium 0.0
Barbarium Prom., G.
Enpichel 38.24
Barbesilla F., Guadiaro 36.30
Barbesiila, r. on It.
Guadiaro 36.18
Barbosthenes M ,37.2
liarbyse.s F 41.10
B;irca, ElMedinnh 32.31
Barcino, Barcelona 41.22
]!ardiTate, Bra 44.42
Barduli, Barletta 41.19
Barca, Vera 37.13
Bargasa? Port Giovu... 37. .3
B>argylia 37.12
Bargylictes S., orlasius,
Mendelyah
G. of 37.15
Bargylus Mons, Jehel
NuHairiyeh 35.15
Baria ? hharta 37.46
Baris, or Veretum, S.
Maria di Vereto 39.52
Barium, Bari 4].g
Barna? Gwadel 25.10
Barygaza, Baroche 21.42
B.irygazenus S., G. if
(Umhay 21.0
Bir/.a, lierozeh ,3(5 l
B.u iulo, (j'frijii-
37. JS
NAMES. LAT. LONO. MAP
Bilirax? Bicne 4y°.32' 3°.37'
*15ibroci 51.20 1.0 w
]!i^la, Blidd 3l>.29 2.49
Ditlaiuui, AltciniKirkt... 48.0 12.32
liidis ? & Giuvaniii di
Bibino 37.5 15.2
I'ieniia, or Biennus,
Viano>i 35.3 25.28
]$ienum 35.16 23.31
«lJis;errU)iic\-= 43.10 0.10 w
]Ji-estae, anhclht 43.5 17.40
J\\\\n\\»,C<ilat«i/iidVieja 41.25 1.35 w
Bilotlia F., Bilik- 3(5.20 39.0
Bilitio, lidlhizona 40.13 8.58
Bilhunis F., FiUyas 41.7 32.0
Bingium, Bliiyeii 49.57 7.55
Bioia? Porto Pino 38.57 8.35
Biroe 44.52 28.3
Birtha, Biichjik 37.2 38.0
Birtha? Tekrect 34.36 43.40
BiSALTiA 40.50 23.30
Bisantlie, aft. llhaedes-
tus, Podonto 10.,')9 27.31
Biscnrgis, Bcrnis 41.18 0.2G
Bisto'nis Lacus, L. Buit-
roH 41.4 25.8
BiTiiVNiA 41.20 33.0
Bithynimn, aft. Claiulio-
|.u"lis? Bol! 40. )2 31.47
Bitter Lake 30.17 32.20
Biturgia, on liicev Am-
hra 4:1.32 11.30
Bitiiriges, Bourges 47.5 2.25
«Biturigcs-Cubi 47.0 1.40
*Bituriges-Vivisei 45.0 0.50 w
Bizya, VizH 41.36 27.44
Black Mouutains, Jcbcl
Soud,xn 29.0 15.0
Black Mountains 29.0 34.40
Blaknk? 41.20 33.40
Blan.la, ///«)i(.s- 41.40 2.50
Blanda, Murntcu 39.56 15.44
Blancliana 45.56 23.25
I'.landona? Vranu 43.58 15.34,
Blandus 39.24 37.8
Blariaciun, likrick 51.21 0.7
Blatum Bulgium, Mid-
dleh,/ 55.5 3.13 w
Blaudus ? 7yo/((r 39.33 28.36
Blaundus, Suleimanli/... 38.24 29.22
Blavia, B/ni/c 45.7 0.39 w
Blendiinn? ^'«ii(a»(/fr.. 43.10 3.43 w
Blcra, Bicdn 42.18 12.1
incsimm, Moninoiitli 51.49 2.42w
Bletisa, Lcdcximi 41.17 6.2 w
Boaetes F., Vant 44.12 9.48
Boagrius F 38.45 22.41
Boaiia, Toro 38.52 8.23
Bocanuiii? Morocco 31.40 7.37 w
Bodoria (or Bodotria),
Aesluarium, Firth of
Forth 56.0 3.0 w
«Bodi(.ntici 44.10 0.10
Bodotria. (or Bodoria),
Aest., Firth of Forth 56.0 ;{.0 w
Bocae? .
36.31 23.2
BokatTi'k 36.30 23.5
Bocaticus S., Viitika
Bay 36.30 23.2
Bocbe 39.29 22.50
Boebeis L., Karla 39.30 22.41
BoEoTiA 38.20 23.15
*Boii 44.20 11.6
«Boii 46.40 3.30
«Boii, nft. Marcomanni 49.30 14.30
Boii, BowjvH 44.35 0.46 w
Boioduruin, Innntadt.... 48.34 13.29
BoioiiK.MTM, Bohemia... 49.40 14.30
Boium, r. 11. J\f(irio-
Inio, 38.39 22.29
Bola. P<,li 41,53 12.55
Bola.\, Vo/nnlz,i 37.38 21.33
U< Ibo li., B'Kikia 40.10 23.25
(J
NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP names. LAT. long. map.
Burrium (Bullacum ?), Caesaromjigus, aft. Bel-
Ualc 51°.42'2°.53'W lovaci, Bcanvais 49°. 27' 2°. 4'
Burtudizus? ^sA-ii?«ia 41.30 27.1 Caesaromagus, n, Wid-
Busiris, Ahousir 29.54 31.10 ford 51.43 0.26
Busiris (Delta), Abou- Caesena, Cesenn 44.10
sir 30.56 31.11 Caete I._, S. Theodoro... 36.32
ButbriJtum, n. Butrinto 40.44 20.2 Caetobrix, or Catobriga,
Buthrotus F., iVonto... 38.18 16.17 Setubal .38..30
Buto? 30.54 30.50 Caicinus F., Amcndoha 37.57
Butrium? 44.29 12.12 Caieus F., Bukhir
TiwtwA, Bndua 42.14 18.51 Tchai 39.5
Butuntum, i?i(o)iro 41.7 16.41 Caieta, Gaeta 41.12
Buxentum, or Pysus, Caietanus S., G. of
PoUcastro 40.1 15.32 Gaeta 41.14
Buzaras M 35.30 5.0 «-Calabri 40.30
Bylazora, Veleaa, or Calacte, or Cale Acta,
Velasso 41.35 21.50 Caronia 37.59
Byllis ? Gradista, or. Caladunum? 41.10
Graditza 40.33 19.36 Calagum, Coulomniiera,, 48.48
Byrsa 36.52 10.18 Calagurris, St. Martory 43.9
Bythias 41.5 29.1 Calagurris Fibularia?
Byzacium 35.30 10.20 Loarre 42.20
Byzantium, aft. Con- Calagurris Nassica, Ca-
stantinopolis, Stam- Inkorra 42.15
hoxd, or Constantino- Calama ? 25.20
ple 41.1 28.58 14 Calama, Knlat el Wad.. 34.57
Calamae, Kalami 37.3
C.
Calamou, Kalamun 32.47
Cabalia 37.0 29.40 Calamyde 35.15
Cabellio, Cavaillon 43.50 5.3 Calanthea, Erdemlu 36.36
Cabillonum, Chalons- Calasarna, Campana.... 39.25
sur-Saone 46.47 4.51 Calatia (Campana), Ga-
Cabris? 25.25 63.35 lazze 41.3
Caburro, Cavor 44.47 7.23 Calatia (Samnii), Cai-
Cabusa? 30.40 30.57 azzo 41.11
Cabyle, or Calybe ? Kar- Calauri""a I., Poro 37.31
nahat 42.40 26.52 Calbis F. ? Doloman
Cacha1e.s F 38.35 22.40 Tchai 36.50
Cacyparis F., Cassibili.. 36.58 15.5 Calcaria, Tadeaster 53.53
Cacyruni, Cassaro 37.5 14.57 Calcaria 43.29
Cadi, Ghedlz 39.5 29.35 Cale, Oporto 41.9
Cadmus M., Baha Cale Aote, or Calacte,
Dogh 37.10 29.0 Caronia 37.59
*Cadurci 41.27 1.2S Cale Acte 38.23
»Cadusii 37.10 49.0 Caledonia, Scotland... 57.0
Cadyanda? 36.43 29.17 Calentes Aquae, Chandes
Caecina F., Cecinn 43.22 10.40 Aigues 44.52
Caecinum, Satriano 38.43 16.30 Caleorsissa 39.40
Caecinus F., j4«c//i«ê... 38.44 16.30 Cales, Calvi 41.12
Caena? Monte Allegro.. ."7.22 13.20 Cales, or Calex F.? 41.8
Caenae? 35.25 43.16 •'Calotes, or Caleti 49.40 ,
Caenepolis, or Taeua- ••Calingae 19.0

rum, Kypariso 36.27 22.27 Calingon Prom. ? Ca-
Caenina, Clano 42.2 12.48 lingapatnam Pt 18.14 ,
Caenopolis, êHe(//K/c-m.. 32.41 21.25 Callas F 38.55

Caenys Prom., Punta Callatis, or Callatia,
del Pczzo 38.41 15.40 Kustalia 43.41
Caepionis Turris, 6%)'- Calleva Atrebatum, Sil-
piona 36.40 6.25 w chester 51.22
Caere, for. Agylla, Calliarus, Plain of. 38.39
Cervetri 42.1 12.3 Callichorus, Sungiddaik 41.28
Caeretanus, Vaccina..,, 42.2 12.4 Callidromum ;. 38.45
Caesar's Bridge 60.25 7.30 Callidromus M 38.45
Caesar's 'Wall 46.10 6.0 Calliene, Kalliannee 19.15
Caesaraugusta, for. Sal- Callifae, Calvisi 41.19
duba, Saragossa 41.46 0.54 w Calliga ? Coolloo, n.
Caesarea I., Jersey 49.14 2.10 w Knttack 20.26
Caesarea, for. lol, Sher- Callinioum, or Nice-
sheU 36.37 2.12 pborium, Rahka 35.56
Caesarea, for. Mazaca, Callinilsa Pr., P. Porno 35.11
Kaimrii/eh 38.43 39.15 Callipolis, Gallipoli 40.2
Caesarea-Philippi, or Callipolis, Gallipoli 40.24
Paneas, Baniaa 33.16 35.42 Callipolis? n. ilascali.. 37.42
Caesarea, or Tingis, Callipus F., Sado 38.20
Tangier 35.47 5.43 ^ Callirhiie (Hot Springs),
Caesarea (for. Turris In Wadi/ZurkaMni/n 31.39
Stratonis), Kaisari- Callirhoe, or Edessa
2/«^ 32.32 34.54 (UroftheChaldees?),
Caesariana, Nagij Var-
Urfah 37.10
«ony..^ 46.59 17.45 Cnllis, Car/li 43.32
Caesariana, Casalnora.. 40.12 15.35 Calliste J., or Tliera,
Caesarodununi, aft. Tu- Santnrin 36.25
loiics, Tours 47.23 0.12 Calliilralia, J/cmct 42.0
NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP, NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
Canobus, or Canopus? i Car!)ntonus F., Cha-
r. n. Ahouklr .">1°.22' ?,0°.5' 24 rcnte 45°.45' 0°.30' W
Canouium, n. A'c/rcilon 51. oO 0.12 5 Carasa, Garln 4."i.20 1.2 w
Canopii' Month (of Nile), Caravi, MaUcn 41.59 1.25 w
Mad! eh Jlonth 31.21 30.7 24 Carbantia (Ad Mcdias) ?
sCantabri 43.15 4.30 w 7 Cabiano 45.6 8.25
Cantanus, r. n. Kha- Carbantorigum, Kirk-
droa 35.15 23.40 19 cudbright 54.50 4.1 w
Canthariuni Prom., C. Carbia, Alghero 40.33 8.16
Knfabnxls 37.44 26.36 19 Carcaso, Carcassonne... 43.13 2.21
Canthi S., G. of Cutch.. 22.30 70.0 3 Carcathiocerta, Khar-
*Cantii 51.10 0.45 5 poot 38.42 39.18
Cantilia, Chmitelle. ...... 46.15 3.10 6 Careavium, Almodovar
Cantu'M, A'eiit 51.10 0.40 6 del Cainj)o 38.48 4.30 w
Canlium Prom., North Carchedon, or Carthago,
Foreland 51.23 1.26 5 r. n. El-Mersa 36.52 10.18
Canusium, Cnnosa 41.12 16.4 9 Cardamyle, Kardamili 38.32 26.5
Capara, Ventas de Ca- Cardamyle, Skardha-
pann 40.10 6.5 W 7 muta 36.54 22.15
Caparcotia, Kefr Rood 32.2" 35.14 21 Cardia, Caridia 40.32 26.45
Capena, S. Ma'rfiiio 42.12 12.32 11 ••'Carduchi, or Cordueni 37.15 43.0
Capenas F. ? Grammi- Careiae, Galera 42.3 12.16
chia .^ 42.13 12.32 11 Carenitis 39.43 41.0
Capernaum ? Khan Min- Carentomagus ? Ville-
yeh 32.54 35.33 21 franche 44.22 2.2
Caphar-dagon, Bcit- Caresene 40.0 27.10
dejnn 32.0 34.51 21 CaresusF 39.55 27.15
Caphareus Prom., G. Carta 37.15 28.30
Doro, or Xy/ofago.... 38.9 24.35 15 Carine, Kirrind 34.19 46.28
Cnphnrsaba (Antipa- Carissa 40.24 35.30
tris), A'e/r Saba 32.13 34.59 21 Caristum, Carosio 44.39 8.46
Caphyae 39.45 22.17 18 Carraalas F., Churma
Capidava? 44.24 28.3 14 Su 38.15 36.40
Capitiura, Cajn'zzl 37.49 14.28 12 Carmana, Kermaun 29.50 56.28
Capitolias? 32.44 35.59 21 Carmania 30.0 68.0
Capitoniana? Chiesa di Carmel, KurmuJ 31.27 35.10
Oapella 37.24 14.44 12 Carmelus M., Jebel Mar
Capitulum, II Piylio.... 41.49 13.7 H Ellas 32.50 35.0
Cappadocia 38.20 36.0 20 Carmo, Carinona 37.28 5.33 w
Cappadox F.? KalicUi- Carnasium, or Oechalia 37.16 22.2
su 39.20 34.0 20 *Carni 46.12 14.0
Capraria (or Casperia) Caruion F., Xej-iVZa 37-17 22.8
I.? Fortaventura 28.30 14.0 W 2 Carnuntum, r. n. Hain-
Capraria I.? (?omera.... 28.10 17.50 w 2 berg 48.9 16.58
Capraria, or Aegilon I., Carnutes, Chartres 48.26 1.29
Cajyraja 43.2 9.50 8 "Carnutes 48.0 1.30
Capraria I., Cabrera.... 39.5 2.55 7 Carocotinum, Harjleur.. 49.30 0.11
Caprasia, Tarsia 39.35 16.16 9 Carpasia, Carpas 35.39 34.29
Capreae, C(»jari' 40.33 14.13 13 Carpates Mons, Carpa-
Caprus F., Little Zab.... 35.30 43.48 22 thian M. 48.0 24.36
Caprus I., Kafkana, or Carpatbium Mare 36.0 27.0
Libiada 40.37 23.49 15 Carpathos I., Scar-
Capsa, Ghafsah 34.15 8.54 23 panto 35.40 27.10
Capua, Santa 3Iaria di *Carpetani 40.0 3.30 w
Capua 41.6 14.14 13 «Carpi 49.40 2.3.0
Caput Anae, Oaa la Carpis, Kurbcs 36.45 10..33

Jlontiel 39.0 2.50 w 7 Carrea Potentia, Chicri 45.1 7.49
Caput Thyrsi, Ornne... 40.19 9.22 9 Carrhae (Haran?),iôr-
Caput Vada (or Bra- ran 36.52 39.2
cbodes Pr.), 0. Ka- Carruca? 36.55 4.54 w
pondiah 35.10 11.10 23 Carsngis, Bagdetsehor... 39.58 39.21
Caput Vada, r. on C. Carseoli, Civita, n. Car-
Kapoudiah 35.10 11.10 23 soli 42.6 13.1
*Caraeates 49.45 8.0' 6 Carsulae, Car soli 42.40 12.32
«Caraceni 41.45 14.10 9 Carsum? 44.31 28.5
Carae, Carinena 41.25 1.8 w 7 Carteia, or Calpe, El-
Caralis, Oaglinri 39.13 9.7 9 Rocadillo, n. San
Caralitanum Pr.( Pliny), Roque 36.13 5.23
C.Corbonarn 39.6 9.31 9 Cartenna, Tennez 36.30 1.20
Caralitanum Pr. (Pto- Cartennus F., Wady
lemy), C. S. Elias.... 39.11 9.9 9 Tennez 36.28 1.20
Caralitanus S., G. of Carthaea, Port Polais... 37.33 24.21
Cafijiari 39.5 9.15 9 Carthaginiensis S., G.
Caralitis L., L. of Bey- of Tunis .^. 37.0 10.30
xhehr 37.45 31.45 20 Carthago (or Carche-
Caralitis L., S'urt don), r. 11. El-3Iersa 36.52 10.18
Ghienl 37.5 29.55 20 Carthago Nova, Carta-
Carallia, KktcU 37.55 31.45 20 gena ... • 37.36 0.56 w
Carambis Prom., C. Cartilis ? Dahmousse.... 36.34
Kerembeh 42.1 33.14 20 Carula 37.32
Carana, or Thcodosio- Cartisa, Gersch 41.48
polis, Erzcronm 39.55 41.19 22 CarvancasM.? 46.25
Caranicum, Guiterli 43.10 7.51 w 7 Caryae 37.50
N AMI'S. I. AT. I,ON«. »
Castra I'yirlii? OhIk-

„,;/; .io°.io'
Castra Trajana 4t.l8
Ca-IiiiiiiiMimn, Marhio.. 41.47
Castruin Cuplia? IIohii
Kaifa 37.4.3
Castrutn InuL? 41.32
Castrura Minervae, Cas-
tro 40.0
Castrmn Novum, Tarre
di Chiaruccia 42.2
Castrum Novum, Ginlia
nova 42.45
Castrum Truentinum,
Porto d'Ascoli 42.55
Castulo, V'izlonn 3.S.1
Casuaria, Cesarleux 45.47
Casuentus F., Uuaieiito.. 40.34
Casystcs? Port Latzata,
or E;/ri/lar 38.15
Cataljatliinus Major,
Akiil,itk el-Kebir 31.30
Catabathmus Minor,
Akiibnh es-Sotiyhair.. 31.0
Catacecaumknk 38.35
Cataea I., A'eish, or
Kenn 2fi.32
*Catalauni 4S.50
Cataonia 38.0
Cataract (of Nile),
Greater, Wudij Haifa 21.58
Cararact (of Nile),
Little 24.0
Cataractonium, Catte-
rick Brid'jf. 54.23
Catarrhactcs F., <S'ucZ-
Kuro, or Zuzzitra 35.2

*Cathaei 30.30
Catina, or Catana, Ca-
tania 37.27
Catobriga, or Cactobrix,
Sciuhal. 38.30
*Cntti, or Chatti ,50.45
*Catli<,'ara ? Canton 23.10
Caturiges, liar-le-Duc... 4S.45
*Caturiges 44.40
Catusiacum, Cliaoitm.... 40.42
*Catycuehlani 52.0
Cauca, Coca 41.14
Caucana? Porto Lonrjo-
bardo 36.46
Caucasa Prom.? G.
Aniiata 38.16
Cauca.siae Pylae, Paaa
of Daricl 42.44
Caucasus M 42.30
*Cauci, or Chauei 53.20
*Caueone8 41.25
Caudiuni ? 41.3
Caulon ? 38.27
CaunuH ? 30.50
Caus? Sarincna 41.46
Caus 37.43
Causoiinao, AncaHter.,., 53.0
*Cavarc8 44.30
Caviclum, Almunccar... 30.45
Caystri Pedion ? 38.40
Caystrus F., Kuchouk
Mendere...., 38.
Cea, or Ccos, I., Zea..., 37.35
Ceba, Ceva 44.14
Ccbrone, r. n. liara-
niitiich 39.49
Cebrus, or Ciainbrus F.,
Zibru, or Zibrilzn 43.30
Cebrus, or Cibrus, Zibru
PaJanha 43.47
Cecandros I., Biiaheah.. 26.48
Cecilionicum? 40.38
Cecrypbaleia I., Kyra.. 37.42
Ccdris F., Cedriiio 40.18
Celadussae 1°°., Melada,
«£•'
44.15
NAMns. LAT. I.OVO. M Al- NAMKS. I.AT. 1. 0x0. MAP. NAMES. I.AT. T.OXn. MAP.
Cliannlrus F. (Mosso- Chrysos F., Xinjl Trhai 3S°.2S' 27°.35' 19 Cisamus, Kimmos 35».30' 23°.40'
nia) 37°.15' 22°.0' ls Chrvsorrboas F., ll'tn/;/ Ci.^sa I., Pofô 44.28 15.0
Cliarax (Kir of Moab), /?»)•(.(/./ .".
33.38 36.15 21 CissiA 32.6 48.20
Kvruk- ni.15 35.1G 21 Cbydas F., /'((rmHo 38.1 14.32 12 Cisterna Neronis, Cis-
Cliarax-spa^Tiii ? J/o- Chytri 38.47 22.28 20 tcrna 41.35 12.53
hiimmeidh 30.23 4rS.15 Chytrus, Ki/thrca 35.15 33.30 20 Cistbcne 39.26 26.53
Charicloiiii Prom., C. dc Ciatnbrus, or Cobrus F., Ciib.acron M., Elatia.... 38.11 23.15
Giitn 3G.I3 2.11 w Zibrn, or Zibritza 43.30 23.25 14 Citium,A7ii7i 34.49 33.36
Charuiamle? 33.29 42.58 Ciiinus S., G. of Jfoii- Cium, Ifirsihora 44.40 28.0
Ciiarybdis 38.11 15.35 dania 40.25 29.0 20 Chx!:, Kendik 40.25 29.12
sChasuarii 51.30 8.0 Cibrdae, ». VinJcorze 45.16 18.53 14 Cladeus F 33.10 21.39
*Cliatraiiiotitae, Count Cibianum, Ucnnan-itadt 45.48 24.7 l'^ Claiubete 44.27 15.44
of Ihubamnut Ifi.O 50.0 Cibru.'', or Cebrus, Zihru Clanis F.. Chiana 42.58 12.0
»C'liatti. or Catti 50.45 10.0 Palanka 43.47 23.30 H Clanius F., Lo,,no 41.2 14.G
»Chauei, or Cauci 53.20 9.0 Cibyra, Cliorsmn, or Claropctia, or Lampetia,
Chobar F. (or Chabo- llorzoom 37.12 29.31 20 Amantrn 39.12 10.3
ras), Khah;,n- 36.30 40.30 Cibyra 36.43 31.40 20 Chu-ns, ZilUh 38.0 27.14
Cheiuiarrhiis F..... 37.35 22.40 Cicae 1°'., /. de Bayona, Clastidium. Canter/gio... 45.1 9.7
Cheimerium Prom., C. or Cies 42.10 8.53 w 7 Clatcrna, Qnadernn 41.27 11.32
Vnrhtoi 39.20 20.18 Ciciliann 38.33 8.42 w 7 Claudanum? Orhrida... 41.11 20.47
Chtluloniae 1"., Cde- »Cieones 41.5 25.10 14 Claudias. Alisrhin 38.25 38.65
dnni, or Shclidan 36.9 30.26 Cievncthus I., Paha Claudiopolis, Moot 36.36 33.18
Clielonates Proiu., V. frikcri 39.9 23.5 15 Claudiopolis, for. Bithy-
Tor,Hxe 3r.54 21.7 Cidamis? Ghadami» 30.40 10.25 2 nium? Boli 40.42 31.47
Chelydoria M., JIavrun Cierium (Arue), Mata- Claudus, or Claude, I.,
Oros 38. 2 22.26 raiiga 39.23 22.3 15 Gozo 34.51 24.6
Cliemiiiis, Eklnin'm 26.32 31.45 Cierus, or Prusias, Clansala F., Khiri, or
Cliersoiio^ns, Capo Teu- IM-nb, or Fsici Boyh 40.50 31.21 20 Ihino.si 42.10 19.58
Ind.,..^ ._. 3S.52 8.37 »Cilbirini 38.8 28.20 19 Clauscntum, Bittern, 11.
Chersoiu'ius, Kliersouc- Cilernum, Waheick Southampton 50.55 1.22 w

xos .....^ 35.17 25.21 Chcslers 55.2 0.8 W 5 Claustra llouiana, >i.
ClIEnSONKSUsCl.MURfCA, CiT.iciA (Pebias, or Fn.jliano 41.21 12.59

Jutland.... 57.0 9.0 Campe.'jtkis) 37.0 35.30 20 Clavenna, Chiavenna... 46.18 9.24
Cbersoucsus Magna, CiuciA (Tracheia) 36.30 33.30 20 Clazomenac, Eelisnian.. 38.23 26.48
lias et-Tijn 32.35 23.12 Cilieonncsus I., Hoirat Cleides I., A7K/f« 35.42 34.37
Chersonesus Pr. (Aeto- h'aiih Adassi 41.5 37.44 20 Clcitor 37.54 22.7
lia), Point Bakaii.... 38.17 21.31 Ciliza, A7W* 36.43 37.9 20 Clconae ( JIaocdonia)... 40.12 24.14
Chersonesus Pr. (Creta), Cilia 39.35 27.0 19 Cleonao (Peloponne-
G. Keronisi 35.27 23.32 Cillae, Kialik 42.3 25.25 U sus), Menes 37.49 22.47
Chersonesus Pr. (Eu- Cilniana, Entepona 30.26 6.7 W 7 Clconae (Phocis) 38.37 22.55
boea), C. Ohtonia 38.31 24.12 Cimarus (or Corycus) Cleopatris, or Arsinoe... 30.3 32..'!4
Cherso.nesus RnoDio- Vr., C. Buso 35.37 2.3.35 19 Clousis F.. f/(i>»o 45..30 10.25
HUM ...^ 36.40 28.10 -sCimbri 55.0 9.0 25 Climax. Txchideh 41.56 33.4
CnEusoNKSus (Thua- Cinibrianae? Venzjirim.. 47.6 17.58 14 Climberris, aft. Ausei,
cica) 40.20 26.30 Cimbroruin Prom., The Aueh 4.3.39 0.35
«Cherusci 51.30 11.30 Skan-p 57.43 in. 10 2 Cliternia, Licchiano 41.55 15.17
Chiraaera, Kinicra 40.4 19.46 CiMiATKXE 41.0 31.0 20 Clituiuni Tcniplutn and
Chiiuacra M., Yanar... 36.26 30.29 Cinunus Lacus, Lngo di F., la Vene 42.61 12.48
Chinalai)h F., Slicllif... 35.52 1.0 Vico 42.20 12.10 11 Clodiana? 41.8 19.52
Chios, Kaatro, or K)i 10.. 38.22 26.9 Cinunus M., Monte di Clodinnus F., Fluvia.... 42.10 2.40
Chios I., A7i/o, or Ac/o.. 38.25 26.0 Viterbo 42.41 12.8 11 Clota Aostuarium, Firth
Cliliat? ,l/,7(/<(f 38.46 42.5 -Cimmcrii 1 ofCh/di' 65.50 4.56 w
Clu)asi)es F. (Ariana), Ciniolos, Dasknlio 36.47 24.34 19 Chiana; S. Elpidio 43.14 13.41
Hirer of Ghiznee 34.0 08.50 Ciinolos I., Kimolo, or Clunia. r. n. CornHa del
Clioaspes F. (Susiana), Arqentiera 36.48 24.35 19 Condr 41.43 3.20 w
Kerhhah 33.0 47.35 Cinaros I., A7»i«ro 36.58 26.18 19 Clu.«!na Pains 43.20 11.51
Choatras M 37. 30 44.30 Cinga F.. Cinca 42.15 0.12 7 Clusium. Chiusi 43.4 11.58
Cboba? lionjai/ah, or Cinirilia? Civifn lie- Cluso F., Chissonc, or
Bnntjie 36.16 5.9 tcn</n 42.12 13.42 8 Chiaone 44.66 7.14
Chobus, or Cohibus F., CinKiîluni. Cingoli 43.23 1.3.13 8 Clvpea, or Aspis, A'0/4-
C/iopisa 42.20 41.50 Ciniuni, .SV»f'» 39.39 3.3 7 'bia 36.60 11.8
Chocrailcs I"^, S. I'ietro Cînnaiuomifera Uegio... 10.0 50.0 2 Clypca. or Aspis Prom.
e S. I'nido 40.26 17.8 Cinnifina. 67»)-o»a 42.12 2..^8 7 (Taidiytis), Boa el-
Choerins F 36.57 22 12 Cinolis, A7»o/» 40.57 34.14 20 Mclhr 36.52 11.9
Oboes F.? Alixlntng 35.IO 70.15 Cinvps, or Cinvpbus F., Clysma ? TcH Kol-
Cholle? Ain el-Koom... 35.IO 38.44 iVad,/ Khahan 32.30 14.24 23 zoum 29.58 32.30
Chollidac, Groltn of the Cinyrs'(tu>vn) 32.:j0 14.24 23 Cncniidcs 38.46 22.48
Nfimplfi, u. Vari 37.52 23.48 Ciroacum Pr., Moute Ciicmides Prom., C.
Choiua? 36.34 20.51 Circello 41.12 13.4 11 Vroino 38.46 22.49
*Chorasmii 42.0 57.0 Circeii, San Felice, on Cncmis M 38.40 22.45
Chorazin, Gerazi 32.57 35.34 Monte Circello 41.12 13.5 11 Cnidus, r. u. C. Krio.... 36.41 27.21
Cliorienes, Fortress of? Circes Temphini 41.12 13.3 11 Cnopia? 38.23 23.28
Hinmr, or Shadmnn.. 38.10 69.0 Cirpesiuni(C'archi'mish), Cnossus, Mokro Tcikho 35.20 25.10
Cborsa, A'«r» 40.37 43.9 Kcrki>.i,,eh 35.9 40.30 22 Cobucla, Pt«oa(/o)-cs 35.16 4.15 w
Chorseus F., Nahr Ko- Circus F.'? 38.34 23..39 16 Cocala? 25.25 66.0
radje, or El-Belka.... 32.40 35.0 Cirpbi.<! M., Sonwlesi.... 38.20 22.36 16 Cocciura, or Rhigodu-
CHOuziiNE 40.30 43.10 Cirpi Mansio? Vise- num, Bibvhextcr 5.3.49 2.31 w
Chrysa I.. G^<»r(/e/o 34.51 25.41 grad 47.48 19.0 14 Cnclilearia, Porto Saba-
Chrysas F., Uiltaino.... 37.31 14.40 Cirrha, Mngnia 38.26 22.26 16 tino 40.48 9.40
Chryso 39.35 26.56 Cirta, aft. Constantina, Cocintbnm Prom., C.
Clirysr. or Sniinlhium.. 30.38 26.10 Conxtantinch 36.19 6.35 23 Stllo 38.29 16.37
C!irvsoc-ora.'« II. 1 28.58 Cirtisa 45.15 18.38 14 Cocintum, StUo 38.32 16.30
Cbrysoi'O'is, i^cutari.... 41.0 29.1 Cisamus, Kahyen 35.26 24.12 19 «Cocosraes 44.0 1.0 w
(45)
LONG. MAP. NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
NAMES. I.AT.
Cocussus, or Cucusus, Concobar, Kangawar... 34°. 26' 48°.0' 22 I
Gog^y,, "S°.7' SC°.15' Concordia, Concordia,

20.34 11. Porto Gruaro 45. 4o 12.51
Cocytus F., Vuvo :i0.17
CoUanus S., Kattegat.... 57.0 11.0 Concordia? n. Weissen-
38.35 21.10 hurg 49.3 7.59
Cocla
Coklk-Syria, El-Iiu- Concordia Julia, or
kaa, <{^c 34.15 36.10 Nertobrigii, Valera
Coelia, Cegl!e 41.4 10.52 la Vieja 30.15 6.29 W
CoL-Uanum, St!'/l!ano ... 40.25 16.12 Con date, Kinderton, n.
Coeliuin, Ce,/lie 40.39 17.32 MiddUwich 53.12 2.26 w

Cocnyra? Kynirn 40.50 24.47 Condate, Conde 48.57 0.59 w
Cocquosa, Cauisique 43.59 1.9 W Condate 45.5 .3.32
Coeus F. (Balyra), .V«»- Condate, Seynnel 45.58 5.48

roziimono 37.15 21.54 Condate, Jlontereau 48.23 2.67
Co^'ainusF 38.28 28.20 Condate, Cognac 45.41 0.19 w
C(.lubu.«, or Chobus, F., 42.15 41.35 Condate, Cosne 47.25 2.57
Coidza. (Cyiza), Choiibnr 25.16 60.40 Condate, aft. Redones,
Colania, /.a«a/-^- 55.41 3.48 W lieniiea 48.7 1.40 w
«-Colchi 40.60 39.40 Condercum, Benwell
Colchis 42.0 42.0 Hill 5-L59 1.40 w
Coliacuin Proin Condivicnum, aft. Nam-
Colcbicus S. netes, Nantea 47.13 1.32 w
Colias Pr., Trixpyryi.... 37.56 23.42 *Condrusi 50.25 5.10
Collatia, OuU<iti»<i 41.40 15.25 Conembrica, Goimhra... 40.12 8.24 w
Collatia ? Cuiitd del Confluente.s, Cohlenz 50.21 7.36
'Osa 41.54 12.42 Congavata, Stanwix 54.55 2.54 w
Collops Maguiis, or Congustus, Tusun Ujtik 38.24 33.28
Cullu, Collo 37.0 6.34 Conistorsis, or Cunis-
Collops Parvus, or Sul- torgis? .S'i7re8 37.15 8.19 w
lucu, TfirjodeUe 36.59 7.36 Conni, Tschallceni 39.0 30.9
Colobona, Truhrjena.... 3G.50 6.6 w Conope, Atigelokagtro... 38.33 21.18
Colonia, Kv.leh Iliasar... 40.9 38.13 Conope, llyria, or Ly-
Colonia, or Camulodu- gimaehia L., Zyyoa,
num, Colcheoter 51.53 0.53 or AiigeloJcasfro 38.34 21.23
Colonia Agrippinensis, Conopium, Koumjas 41.29 36.8
or Agrippina, Colofjne 50.56 6.57 Conovium, Caer Rhun,
Colonia Equestriss, or n. Conway 53.13 3.50 w
Noviodunum, Ni/on... 46.23 6.15 Consabrura, Conenegra.. 39.29 ,3.40 w
Colonia Trajana, Kellii 51.48 6.10 Gonsentia, Cosenza 39.19 10.15
Colonidcs? Kaslelia 36.50 21.56 *Consorani 42.48 1.20
Colonis I.? iSjJezzia Constantina, for. Cirta,
Pnlo 37.13 23.10 Congtantineh 36.19 6.35
Colonos 38.0 23.43 Constantinopolis, for.
CoLOPKNE 39.46 36.50 Byzantium, Constan-
Colophon 38.2 27.14 tinople, or StambouL. 41.1 28.58
Colossae, r. ?i. Khonos... 37.50 29.19 *Contestani 38.30
Colta? 25.13 64.30 Conthyle? r. n. Agios
Colubraria, or Ophiusa Triada 38.5
I., Columhretea 39.54 0.45 Contosolia, Guarena.... 38.47
Colubraria I. (Ophiusa Contra Acincum (Pes-
of Strabo), Formen- smm), Pcsth 47.30
trra 38.42 , 1.25 Contra Pselcig, for. Ta-
Colnraba I., or Balearis chompso, Kobhan 23.11
M;ijor, Majorca 39.30 3.0 Contrebia, Cantabria... 42.24
Columbaria I., Palma- Contributa? 38.15
jola 42.42 10.29 Convcnae, for. Lugdu-
Columbarium Prom., num, Bertrand de
iSV.
Capo Fir/ari 40.59 9.39 Commingea 43.0

Columna, ia 6'«to)ifr..., 38.11 15.40 *Convenae 43.0
ColyergiaProm.? 37.24 22.25 Copae, To}}olia 38.29
ComUna (Cappadocia)? Copais, or Cephissis L.,
Al-Bofitan 38.6 36.56 TopoUas 38.25
Coniana Pontica, Gu- Cophas? 26.8
meneJc 40.19 36.44 Cophen F., Caboul
Comaria (Town and River 34.35
Prom.), C. Comorin... 8.4 77.37 Copiae, for. Thurii 39.40
Coniarus Portus, Go- Coprates F., JJizful 32.0
maro 39.0 20.42 Coptos, Koft 26.0
Combaristum, Comhri... 47.46 1.0 w Cora, Cora 41.38
Combreia 40.16 23.9 Coracae 39.1
Combretonium, Burgh.. 52.8 1.14 Coracesium, Alaya 36.33
Comidava? n. Nyamtz.. 47.10 26.15 Coracium 41.15
Cominium Ceritum, Ger- Coracodes Portus 40.5
reto...._ 41.16 14.33 Coralius P ,... 38.23
CoMMAGENE 37.45 38.30 Coralla Pr., C. Kereli... 41.5
Compitum Anagninum, Corassiae I., or Corseae,
Onteriaddla Fontana 41.45 13.10 Fourni, &c 37..35
Coraplutica? Trinidade 41.19 6.56 W Corax P., Kodor..^. 43.0
Coinplutum, AlcaUi de Corax M., Kiail Dagh.. 38.18
Henares 40.27 3.25 W Corax M., Vardlmai 38.40
Coinpsa, Gonzn 40.52 15.19 Corbia, Rocea Priore... 41.48
Comum, or Novum Co- CoiiniANR 33.0
mum, Como 45.43 9.6 Corbulo, Fossa of. 52.10
NA:\rES. LAT. LONG. MAP, NAMKS. LAT. LONG. MAP. NAMES. LAT. LONCI. MAP.
Co??n, or Cosa (Etru- Croeodllos ? Lalim-cl- Cybato, Wasit 32°.2' 40°.21'
i-ia), Aiixcdonia 42°. 13' 11°.19' 8 Jliniar 30°..35' 19°.54' Cvbistra? 37.30 34.7
Cossa (Lucania), Uiciti}, Croeolanum, Brotigh, n. Cyeladcs P- 37.0 25.0
n. Cassano .39. 4r) 16.18 9 Newark 53.7 0.45 w Cyclops, Rocks of the.. 37.32 15.8
*Cossaei SS-SO 40.20 22 Crocylea I.? Arkudi.... 38.33 20.43 Cydnus F., Tcrsoos
Cossxo, Bazas 44.27 0.12w 6 Cromi, Samara 37.19 22.8 Tchai 36.55 34.58
Cossyra I., Pantella- Crommyon, St. Theo- Cydonia, Canea 35.30 24.1
ria 36.47 12.0 23 dora 37.55 23.9 Cyiza (Coidza), Choii-
Ampelusia
Cote?, or Pr., Crommyon Prom., C. bar 25.16 60.40
C.Spartd 35.47 5.56 w 23 Kormakiti 35.25 32.56 Cyllenc, Glarentza 37.56 21.9
Cothon 36.51 10.18 23 Cromna 41.50 32.42 Cyllene M., .2r»/)-H< 37.55 22.25
Cotilius M., Zakkuka.... 37.28 21.54 18 Crotalus F., Corace 39.0 1 6.30 Cyme? Kounn 38.38 24.7
Cottiac, Cozzo 45.12 8.36 8 Croton, Cotrone 39.8 17.10 Cynaetha, Kalavryta... 38.2 22.7
Cottiara., Cochh} 9.58 76.19 2 Cruni, or Dionysopolis, Cynia Lacus, Anniolico 38.22 21.20
Cottiaris F.? Sl-Kiaug 24.0 110.0 2 Baljik 43.25 28.11 Cynon-polis, or Cyno-
Cotyaeum, Kutnyah 39.24 30.14 20 Cru.stumeriura, Monte polis 28.33 30.54
Cotylaeum M., Koty- llotondo 42.5 12.37 Cynortius M., Velanid-
I'aion 38.26 23.50 15 Cru.stumius F., Conca... 44.0 12.43 hia 37.37 2.3.8
Cotyora, Ordon 40.56 37.52 20 Crya 36.42 28.55 Cynoscephalae 39.25 22.31
Cragus M. (Cilicia) 36.10 32.30 20 Ctesiphon, Tauk Kes- Cynospolis 30.53 31.22
Cragus M. (Lycia^ 36.23 29.12 20 rah 33.4 44.40 Cynossoma Prom., C.
Crambusa I. (Cilicia)? Ctimene? 39.0 22.4 Alepo 36.33 28.2
Papndoula 36.7 33.35 20 Cuarius F., Khdn 39.15 22.45 Cynosiira Prom., C.
Crambu.â I. (Lycia), Cuarius F., Sofadhi- iMarathon 38.7 24.4
Uarnbasa 30.14 30.31 20 tiko 39.12 22.2 CvNuniA 37.23 22.40
Cranae I., Ilarntho- Cuccium, Schartngrad.. 45.15 19.15 Cynus, Paleojjyrgo, n.
nis! 36.44 22.35 IS Cueiilum, Cacullo 42.3 13.44 Livauati 38.42 23.3
Cranae, Macri.';, or He- Cupusus, or Coeussus, Cyjiarisseis F., Arkad-
lene I., Makronhi.... 37.41 21.7 19 Gognyu 38.7 36.15 hia 37.15 21.46
Craneia 39.17 21.10 15 Cularo, aft. Gratiano- Cyparissia, Arkadhia,
Cranii, Kranin, n. Ar- pijlis, Grenoble 4.5.11 5.43 or Cyparissia 37.15 21.40
gostoli 38.9 20.30 18 *Culicones 46.10 9.30 Cyparissia, or Asopus,
Cranon, or Crannon, Cullu, or Collops Mag- JilUra 36.41 22.51
Paha Larissa, n. nus, Collo 37.0 6..34 Cyparissia Prom., C.
Hadjilar 39.29 22.17 15 Cumae, Cuma 40.51 14.3 Arkadhia 37.13 21.36
Crassuin Prom.? Uajio Cumaeus S., B. of Fog- Cyparissius S., G. of
di Pecora 39.27 8.21 9 gia Nova 38.46 26.53 19 Arkadhia 37.25 21.30
Crastus? 37.40 13.21 12 Cumanus, Campanus, or Cyparissus? 38.27 22.36
Cratas Mons 37.45 13.15 12 Puteolanus S., B. of Cyphanta? Port of Le-
Crater, or Cainpanus S., Naples 40.40 14.10 nidhi 37.8 22.53
B. of iXrip/es 40.40 14.10 13 Cume 38.45 26.57 Cyphus M ,39.48 31.50
Crathis F., Akrata 38.4 22.15 18 Cumerium Pr., Monte Cypriae P=., Trianisi... 36.27 30.35
Crathis F., Cratt 39.30 16.14 9 Comero 43.38 13.31 Cyprus I., Cyprus 35.0 33.0
Crathis M 37.57 22.15 18 Cuiiaxa? V 33.22 43.48 Cypsela, Ipsala 40.49 26.19
Gratia, aft. Flaviopolis, Cunetio, Mildenhall 51.26 1.41 w Cyptasia, Erem Boghazi 41.56 35.9
Keredi ., 40.43 32.20 20 CuNEUS, Algarve 37.15 8.30 w Cyraunis I. (Cereina)?
Crauni Prom 36.7 33.36 20 Cuneus Aureus, Splu- liamlah 34.45 11.15
"
Cremcra F., Fonndlo.... 42.5 12.21 11 S'«" 46.33 9.17 Cyrenaica 31.0 21.30
Cremna, Ginnch 37.32 30.48 20 Cuneus Prom., C. St. Cyrene, Grennuh 32.50 21.49
Cremona, Oremona 45.8 10.2 8 Mary 36.57 7.50 w Cyresebata, or Cyropo-
Crenae, ^nnyro 38.54 21.10 15 Cunici ? Alcudia 39.60 3.9 lis? 41.12 68.15
Crenides, aft. Philippi, Cuniculariae I^""., Santa Cyretiae, Bheminiko.... 39.48 22.7
FiUli 41.4 24.22 19 Jfaria, Bassoli, (t:c,., 41.18 9.22 Cyrnos, or Corsica,
Crepsa? Cherxo 44.58 14.24 8 Cunicularium Pr., Capo Corsica 42.0 9.0
Creta I., <7a»i(/iVr 35.15 25.0 19 di Pula 38.59 9.3 Cyropolis ? IJhzc?; 37.30 49.19
Creticum iMare 30.0 25.0 19 Cunistorgis, or Conis- Cyropolis, or Cyres-
Cretopolis? 37.13 30.31 20 torsis ? Sllves 37.15 8.19 w ebata 41.12 08.15
Creusa, or Creu.sis, r. Cuppae, Columhatz 44.37 21.41 CvRRHESTicA 36.45 37.0
on Port Livadostro... 38.12 23.7 16 Cupra Maritima, Grot- Cyrrhus, Khorvs 36.48 36.59
Crimlsa, C!ro 39.23 17.5 9 tamare 43.0 13.50 Cyrtone 38.32 23.6
Crimlsa F., Fiiuiieni'ca.. 39.26 17.0 9 Cupra Montana? Ma- Cyrus, Trikala 37.59 22.28
Crimisa Prom., Capo saccio 43.27 13.9 Cyrus F. ? Prcsktaf..... 28.0 53.0
dcW Alice 39.23 17.10 Cures, Correse 42.13 12.43 Cyrus F., A'oto- 41.10 45.30
Criralsus F.? Belliei Curia, Borthivick 55.49 3.0 ^ Cytaea, Koutais 42.16 42.41
deutro 37.50 13.5 Curia, Chur, or Coire... 46.51 9.31 Cytacum 35.25 25.4
Crissa, A')-f';^«o 3S.2S 22.28 Curianum Pr., Pointe Cythora I., Cerigo 36.15 23.0
Crissaeus S., B. of Sa- d'Arcachon 44.40 1.14 w Cythera (Upper), Pa-
lona 38.23 22.27 Curias Prom., C. Gata.. 34.34 33.2 leopoli 30.15 23.5
Crithotc Prom 38.32 21.1 Curica ? Gala 37.59 6.10 w Cytherius F 31.42 21.33
Criu-Metopon Prom., Curicta T., Veglia 45.5 14.35 Cythnos, Hebraeokastro 37.26 24.26
a Kr!o 35.14 23.34 *Curiosolitae 48.20 2.30 -w Cythnos Thcrmia.... 37.25
I., 24.25
Criu-Metopon Prom., Curium, r. n. Episkopi.. 34.40 32.54 Cytinium, Gracia 38.44 22.26
a Aia 44.25 .3.3..39 Curium M 38.29 21.36 Cytis I., Perim 12.39 43.28
Crius F., Vlo;/okitiko.... 38.5 22.21 Curubis, Kiirhah 36.35 10.55 Cytorus, Kidros 41.54 32.54
Croceae, h. Levctzova... 36.52 22.35 Cusum, Peterwardein.... 45.16 19.57 Cytorus M., Kidros
Crocela? 24.50 66.57 Cutiliae, Civitd Ducale.. 42.23 12.59 Bagh 41.49 33.0
Crociatonum ? Carcn- Cutina, Aqiiana 42.17 1.3.57 Cyiicxxs, Bal Kiz 40.22 37.51
tan 49.19 1.15 TT Cyamon Pr., C. Melek.. 35.35 24.7
D.
Crocodile Lakes, Birket Cyamosorus F., Salso... 37.39 14.35
Tcmsch 30.33 32.8 Cyane Fons, La Pisma 37.2 15.10 a-Daae 40.0 56.0
Crocodilopolis, or Arsi- Cyaneae 36.16 29.53 Dabanas, Dahabaniyuh 36.34 39.2
noe. r. in Valley of Cyaneae I*"....'. 41.14 29.9 Daborath. D<-bnrieh..... ?>'i.A2 35.23
faioum 29.25 31.4 Cyuncus 42.35 41.26 Dabks, Tereklu 40.24 30.40
(.17)
NAMES. LAT. LONG. NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
Daohinabades, The Deobriga 42°.32'
Deccan 20°.0' 78°.0' Deobriga ? Miranda .... 42.44
Dacia 46.0 24.0 Deobrigula, Santa Cruz 42.35
Dadastana 40.14 31.15 Deorum Currus ? San-
Dades Prom., Point garee or Sagres J/.,.. 9.35
Driflei 34.52 33.39 Derbe? Devli 37.19
Daedala 36.45 29.2 Derbentio, Little Ches-
I)M-aseira? C. Muksa... 2b.^7 58.14 ter, n. Derby. .i 52.56
Diigduana. Tudi-nn 38.32 42.10 Derrhis Prom., C. Dre-
Daix F.,Jaik; or Ural.. 51.40 55.0 pano 39.56
Dalluntum, or Dilun- Derrhis, or Deris,Prom.,
tum? 42.49 17.46 Has el-Haif 31.9
Dai.matia 43.30 17.0 Dertona, Tortona 44.53
Dalininiuin, or Delmi- Dertosa, Torfosa 40.49
nium? Aim !sia 43.26 16.43 Derventio? Papcastle... 54.40
Damascus, Eah-Shdm... 3.3.33 36.22 Derventio, Stamford
*Damnii 56.0 3.43 w Bridge 5.3.59
^Datnnonii 50.45 4.0 yf Deva, Chester 53.12
Damnonium, or Oeri- Deva F., Deha 43.10
num Prom., The Deva F., Dee 54.54
LIznrd 49.58 5.11 \7 Dia L, Standin 35.27
Diiinuras, or Tarayras, Diablintes, Jnbleins 48.17
F., Iîihr cd-Damour 33.41 35.30 DiACOPESE 40.30
D.Tn, or Laisb, Fell el- Diacria 38.11
Kady 33.17 35.38 Dianae Stagnum, Lago
Danastris, or Tyras, F., Diana 42.8
Dniester 48.0 28.40 Dianium, Denia 38.51
Danubius, or Ister, F., Dianium Gianuti
I., 42.12
Donau, or Danube..,. 46.30 19.0 Dianium, or Artemi-
Dnnum, Doncaster 53.31 1.7 W sium, Prom., G. St.
Daphne, Beit el-Mn 36.9 36.7 3fartin 38.46
Daphne (Tabpanes, or Dibio, Dijon 47.20
Hanes), Tell Defen- Dibon, Dhiban 31.31
neh 30.52 32.3 Dieaea 40.58
T)aphmis 38.44 22.51 Dieaea Petra 41.9
Daphnu:'? 38.23 26.57 Dictamnum, or Dic-
Daradax F., Aln Ghal- tynna? 35.38
fjil 36.5 38.4 Diete M., Juktaa 35.6
Dar.anta.sia, Jfontiers de Dictynna, or Dictamr
Tarantaise 45.29 6.32 num? 35.38
Daras, or Daradus, F.? Dietyrmaeum, y4êra)io«,
Senegal 1G.20 15.0 vr or Vathy 36.42
Dardania 42.35 22.30 Didyma I., Gaidaro 37.25
Dardanus 40.5 26.23 Didyme I., Salina .^S.35
Dargamanes F. ? Koon- Didymi, Dhidhyma 37.28
dooz 36.0 68.55 Didymi, or Branchidae 37.21
Dariorigutn, aft. Veneti, Didymi S., G. of Mira-
Vunnea 47.40 2.45 w bel 35.5
Darna? 35.7 46.26 Didymoteichos, Dimo-
Darnis, Dernah 32.47 22.41 tika 41.22
DascylPum? 40.18 28.41 Digba ? Kornah 31.1
Daulis, Dhavlia 38.30 22.44 Digentia, Licenza 42.6
Dalma 41.30 15.45 Digentia F., Licenza.... 42.5
Daximonitis 40.12 36.30 Diluntum, or Dallun-
Bea, 2>;e 44.46 5.24 tum ? 42.49
Dead Sea (L. Asphal- Dimum, Mouseliou 43.40
tites), Dead Sea, or Dinaretum Prom., C.
B'lhr Lut 31.30 3.5.30 Andrea 35.41
Debeltus, Zngora 42.25 27.19 Dindymon M., Gunesch
«Deceares 43.40 6.50 I^'"J^ 39.25
Deceleia, Tatoij 38.10 23.48 Dindymon M., Murad
Deeempagi, Dlenze 48.50 6.44 Dagh 38.58
Decen-novius 41.26 13.3 Dindymus M., Kapu
Decethi, D^cize 46.50 3.25 Jjo'J^ 40.27
Decumates Agri 48.10 9.0 Dine Fons, Anavolo 37.27
Delas, or Silla, F., Di- Dinia, Digne 44.5
y"i"Ji .34.0 44.50 Dinogetia, haktchi 45.17
Delcos, Derkoa 41.18 28.40 Dio-caesarea (Scppho-
I>e\ôv\Ua? Jfillington.. 53.57 0.45 vr ris), Sefarieh 32.46
Delium, Dhilixsi 38.19 23.40 Diolcos (False Mouth
Delminiutn, or Dalmi- of Nile) 31.30
nium? AlmifDa 43.26 16.43 Diolindum, La Linde.... 44.51
Delo3 I. (Ortygia), Diomedeae 1"°., Tremiti
Delos 37.23 25.17 Js 42.7
Delphi (or Pytho), Diomedis Prom 43.30
Kasirf 38.28 22.31 Dionj'siades I"., Yanis
I
Delphinium, Deljino 38.29 26.9 \ Is, or Dhionysiadhes.. 35.20

Delphinium Portus?.... 38.17 23.51 Dionysopolis, or Cruni,
Dki.TA, Lower Egypt... 31.0
I
31.0 !
Baljik 4.3.25
»Demetae 52.0 4.0 w Dioryctus 38.50
Demetrias? 67.10 Dios Hieron
,3].
3^1
Di-mftrias, Goritza 39.23 22.59 15
I
Dioseuria?, aft. Seba.s-

DoijJrobosa? 25.14 02.8 topOli?, hkuria 42.43
1
26°.44'
21.50
5.20
9.30
28.11
KAVES. LAT. LONG. MAP, NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
Epamanduodurum, Erymander, or Eryman-
Mandem-e 47°.27' 6°.47' 6 thus, F., Hehnund.... 31°.0' 62°.0'
-SEpanterii 44.10 8.0 8 Erymanthus F., Donna 37.40 21.49
Epeiacum, Lniichester... 54.60 1.44 W 5 Erymanthus M., Kalli-
Epeium, Smenia 37.33 21.41 IS fo'ii 37.59 21.68
Ephesus, r. n. Aiasa- Erythrae (Boeotia), r.
look 37.57 27.23 19 n. Katznla 38.14 23.24
Ephialtium Prom.? C. Erythrae (Ionia), Ritri 38.24 26.30
Akroteri 35.23 27.12 ]9 Erythrae (Locris)? 38.28 23.16
Ephyra I.? Spezzia 37.15 23.8 18 Erythrae (Locri-Ozo-
Ephyre, llonasteri/ of lae)? 38.23 22.5
St. John, n. Porto Erythraea 34.58 26.5
Fanarl 39.16 20.32 15 Erythraeum Mare 15.0 60.0
Epidainnus, Dyr-
aft. Erythraeum Prom., 0.
rachiura, Durazzo 41.21 19.29 14 Langadha 34.66 26.3
Epidauria 37.38 23.7 18 Eryx, or Erycns 38.4 12.34
Epidauriis, Epidavro, Eryx Mons, Monte S.
or Pidhavro 37.38 23.10 18 Giuliano 38.4 12.35
Epidaurus, Hagusa- Esdraelon ( Jezreel), Ze-
Vecchia 42.35 18.13 14 reen 32.34
Epidaurus Limera, Pa- Eshtemoa, EH-Semna...
leollonemvasia 36.44 23.2 18 Esuris, Cnstromarin
Epidelium Prom., C. Etanna, Yenne
Kamili 36.32 23.9 18 Eteia, Settia
Êpidii 56.0 5.30 w 5 Eteonus, or Scarphe ?....
Epidium Prom., Midi Eiham, Desert of.

of Cantire 55.17 5.46 W 5 Etham, Thoum, or
Epidotium? 45.0 15.20 14 Pithom (Patumos?),
Epiphanla (Hamath), r. n. Abassieh
Hamah 35.13 36.38 20 Etis,Kyparivia
Epiiius 39.40 20.40 15 Etocetum, Wall, n.
'Ep\ta.lium,A(/ulinitza... 37.37 21.30 18 Lichfield
Epomeus M., Monte di Etonia? Aladaha
San Nicola 40.44 13.54 13 Etruria
Eporedia, Ivrea 45.28 7.51 8 *Btrusci ,
Epusum, Carignan 49.38 5.10 6 Euarchus F., Kirkget-

E<iuab6na, Coyna 38.35 9.4 W 7 schid Tchai
Equus Tuticus, S. Eleu- Euboea? Licodia
terio 41.17 15.7 9 Euboea I., Egripo, or
Erana? Filiatra 37.9 21.35 18 Negropont
Erasinus F., Kefalari... 37.36 22.42 18 Eucarpia ?
Erbessus, or Herbessus ? Eudagina
Grotte 37.14 13.41 12 *'Eudoses
Erbessus, or Herbessus ? Eudoxia, Tokat
Pantalica 37.8 15.0 12 *Euganei
Ercte, or Ercta, M., Euhydrium
3Ionte Pellegrino 38.10 13.21 12 Eulaeus, or Pasitigris
Erebantium Prom, Caô F., Knran
della Testa 41.14 9.8 9 Eulepa, Bar%ema
Erech, Irak, or Irka.... 31.27 45.40 22 Eumenia, Ishekli
ErSsus, r. H. £'resso 39.8 25.56 19 Euon.ymus I., Panaria
Eretenus F., Agno 45.20 11.23 8 Eiipalium
Eretria, New (Euboea), Eupatoria, Kozlov, or
Knstri 38.22 23.49 16 Eiqjatoria
Etretria, Old (Euboea), Eupatoria (Magnopo-
n.Vathy 38.22 23.56 16 lis)
Eretria (Thessalia), Eupliorbiuni, Emir Has-
Tzangli., 39.15 22.35 15 san Keui
Eretum? Rimane 42.7 12.41 11 Euphrates F. (Ph'rat),
Ergasteria, Kodja Gu- Euphrates, or Frat...
misch Maden 39.42 27.35 19 Eurlpus, Strait of
Ergavica, or Ergavia?.. 40.23 2.62 iv 7 Egripo
Erjîtium, S. Severe 41.42 15.23 9 Euristus
Eriboea? 40.9 21.0 15 Euroea
Ericusa I., Alicudi 38.33 14.16 9 Euromus, ?. n. lakly....
Ericusa I., Merlera 39.53 19.32 16 Europus (Syria) ?
Eridanus F. (or Padus), Europus (Thessalia)
Po 45.0 8.45 8 Eurotas F., Vasilo, or
Erigon F., Tjema 41.0 21.47 14 hi
Erineus (Achaia), Lam- Eurymedon F., Kopri
birta 38.18 21.69 18 Su
Erineus (Doris) 38.42 22.24 16 Eurymenae (Epirus)....
Erineus F., Flume di Eurymenae (Thessalia)
Avola, or Miranda... 36.65 16.7 12 •Eur.vtanes
Eriston 37.36 25.10 19 Eusene, Kuru Balar....
Eritium, Paleokastro... 39.54 22.3 15 Eutresis
Eriza, Derekeui 37.26 29.28 20 Euxinus Pontus, Black
Eriza, Erzingan 39.32 39.56 20 Sea
Ermine Street 52.60 0.36w 6 Eva, Platano
Ernodurum, St. Am- Evandria ?
^™''«« 46.59 2.8 6 Evaspla F.? Kooner
Erucium, Castel Sardo.. 40.55 8.42 9 Evenus F
Eruli (orForiili)? 42.26 13.15 9 Evenus F., Fidhari
NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
Florentia, Firenze {Flo-
yrnrc) 43°.47 11°.15'
Floriana? 47.35
Flusor F., Chienti 43.17
*Foounates 46.0
Foientum, Forenza 40.50
Forraiae, Molu di Gaeta 41.15
Forinio F., Eisaiio 45.32
Forocrea, Santa Croce.. 42.34
Fortunatae I»'., Canary
Idnnda 28.0
Foruli (or Eruli)? 42.26
Forum Allieui, Ferrara 44.50
Forum Appii, Foro
Appin 41.28
Forum Aurelii, n. Jfon-
talto, on R. Flore 42.18
Forum Cassii, Vetr(dla.. 42.21
Forum Cigurrorum ?
Puenie Bibei/ 42.25
Forum Clodii, Oriuolo.. 42.12
Forum Cornelii, Imola.. 44.22
Forum Domiti? 43.30
Forum Flaminii, S.
Giovanni pro Fiamma 43.2
Forum Fulvii, or Valen-
tinum, Valeiiza 45.1
Forum Gallorum, Castel
Franco 44.37
Forum Gallorum, Gur-
rea 42.4
Forum Julii, Cividad di
FriuU 46.5
Forum Julii, Frejus 43.26
Forum Licini? Lecco... 45.51
Forum Ligneum? 42.54
Forum Livii, Forli 44.14
Forum Novum, Buonal-
hergo 41.14
Forum Novum, For-
novo 44.42
Forum Novum, .S". Ma-
ria di Vescovio 42.22
Forum Popilii, Forlim-
popoli 44.13
Forum Segusianorum,
Feiir 45.28
Forum Sempronii, Fos-
snmhrone 43.41
Forum Trajani, Fordon-
gianua 39.59
Forum Vibii ? Castel
Fiori 44.41
Forum Voconii? Le
Canet 4.3.25
*Fosi 52.15
Fossa I., Jfaddaleita.,.. 41.14
Fossa of CorbQlo 52.10
Fossa, or Taphros,^«ra!«
of Bonifacio 41.20
Fossae Cluiliae 41.51 ,
Fossae Marianae, Foz

les Martigues 43.26
Fossae Papirianae, Via-
reggia 43.51
Fossae Philistinae 45.2
Fosse Way 51.30
Fraxlnus 37.59
Fraxinus, Villa Velha.. 39.40
Fregellae, r. n. Cepe-
rano 41.34
Fregenae, Maccarese.... 41.52
»Frentani 42.0
Frento F., Fortnre 41.40
Frigidae, Old Mnmora.. 35.56
Frigidus F 45.50
*Friniates? 44.35
«Frisii 53.0
Frusino, Frosinone 41.39
Frustemae 42.16
Fucinus L., Lngo di
Celnno, or Fncino 42.0
Fulginium, Foligno 42.58
NA^fKS. LAT. LONG. NAMES. LAT. long.
Geumania Inferior, or Grandimirum, Mnros... 42°.45' 9°.2'w
Secunda 51°.0' 6°.0' Graniacum Pr., Punta
Germ ANiA Sdperior, or Chiape 41.36 9.22 23°.9'
Prima 49.0 7.30 Granicus F., Kodscha 12.46
Geriaanicia, Marash.... 37.36 36.56 Tchai 40.15 27.12 21.31
Germanicopolis, Erme- Granis F., Khisht 29.30 51.12
nek 36.41 32.51 Granua F., Graan 48.15 19.0
Germanicopolis, or Gan- Gratianopolis, orCularo,
gra, Kankari 40.35 33.40 Grenohle 45.11 5.43
Germe 39.6 27.35 Graviscae ? Torre di
Geronthrae, Gheraki.... 36.59 22.43 Carneto 42.11 11.41
Gerontia I.? loura 39.23 24.10 Grissia, or Gerasus, F.,
Gerrha, El-Katiff. 26.33 50.3 Koros 46.52 21.0
»Gerrhaei 27.30 48.30 Grius M 37.25 27.30
Gerrum 30.57 32.34 *Grudii.... 51.18 3.30
Gerunda, Gerona 42.1 2.49 Grutnentum, n. Sapo-
Gerunium, Girone 41.45 14.54 nnra 40.7 15.53
Gesdae, Sezanne 44.58 6.45 Grumum, Grumo 41.0 16.42
Gesoriacum, aft. Beno- Gryneium 38.51 27.3
nia, Boulogne 50.44 1.36 Gudgodah ? Ain el-Ghtt-
*Getae 45.40 28.0 14 dhyan 29.51 35.5
Gibeon, ^;-Jee6 31.51 35.11 21 *Gugerni 51.40 6.10
Gichthis, or Githis, Guntia, Gnnzhnrq 48.27 10.20
Jeress 33.30 10.44 23 GuraeusF.? Lu'ndye..,. 35.0 71.62
Gigonus 40.22 22.56 15 Gyaros I.. J«m 37.37 24.43
Gigonus Pr., Panomi, Gygaea Palus, Lake of
or Apanomi Point.... 40.22 22.55 15 'Mermerch 38.37 28.5
Gilboa, Mount, Jehel Gymnesiac, or Balea-
Fukua 32.31 35.26 21 res I^"., Majorca, d'c. 39.30 3.0
Gilgal? 31.50 35.30 21 Gymnias? GwnishKha-
Gilya? Takumhrit 35.19 1.29 w 23 neh 40.24 39.28
Ginaea (En-gannins), Gyndes F. (Delas, or
Jeneen 32.28 35.20 21 Silla)? Diyalah 34.20 45.10
Gindavus, Jindaris 36.23 36.40 20 Gyrton, Tatari 39.40 22.20
Gir F 1 Gythium, n. Maratho-
Girba I. (Lotophagitis, nisi 36.46 22.34
or Meninx), Jerhah... 33.45 11.0 23
Girgiri M., Moiinfavna II.
of Tarkournah 32.20 14.0 23 Tiah\twac\im,Risingl)ttm 55.10 2.9 ^
Gischala, El-Jtsli 33.2 35.26 21 Hactara, Pozoalcon 37.38 .3.2 ^
G\ia.na,& 1 Mar gariti 39.25 20.25 15 Haditha? 32.11 35.16

Glanoventa, EUenhoro' 54.43 3.28 w 5 Hadranum, orAdranum,
Glaucus F., Lnfka 38.12 21.45 18 Adernb 37.38 14.49
Glaucus F.? Olti-su 40.30 41.45 20 Hadria, or Atria, Adria 45.3 12.3
Glaucus F., Rion 42.32 43.0 22 Hadria, or Adria, Afri.. 42.34 14.1
Glaucus S., G. of ilakri 36.40 29.0 20 Hadrian i, r. n. Edrnnos 39.52 29.1
Glemona, Gemona 46.16 13.9 8 Hadriannpolis fBithy-
Glcviim, Gloucester 51.52 2.14 w 5 nia)? Viran SJieJir... 41.8 32.27
Glisas, r. at foot of Hadrianopolis (Epirus),
Mount Siamata 38.22 23.25 16 Libokhnim 40.1 20.24
Glycys Portus, Porto Hadrianopolis fThra-
Fanari 39.14 20.31 15 cia), Adrianople 41.43 26.32
Glympia, or Glyppia, Hadrianum, Ariano 44.57 12.6
Kastro Lymhiada 37.11 22.42 18 Hadrianus, or Tartarus,
Gobaeum Pr., Pointe F., Tartaro 45.5 11.20
St. MaftJneu 48.20 4.46 w 6 Hadriatioiim (or Supe-
Gobannium, Aberga- rum) Mare, Adriatic
I'enny 51.49 3.0 W 5 Sea 44.0 14.0
Gogana, Congoon 27.48 52.10 3 Haemus M., Balkan.... 42.45 26.0
Gogarene 41.0 43.0 22 Hafa, Budduso 40.35 9.15
Golan? .32.55 35.50 21 Ha-hirothfHeroopolis)?
Gomphi, Episkojn 39.26 21.43 15 r. in Valley of the
Gonnus, or Gonni, Ly- Seven Wcl/s (Seba
kostomo 39.48 22.27 15 Biyar) 30.33 31.53
Gophna, Jafna 31.57 35.12 21 Halae 38.39 23.11
Gophnitica 32.0 35.15 21 Halae Aexonides, Allki 37.51 23.45
Gorditanum Pr., Capo Halae Araphenides, by
Falcone 40.59 8.10 9 C. Velani 37.59 24.2
Gordium, aft. Juliopolis 40.4 31.35 20 Halah, or Chala? Sar
Gordyaei M., Jebel Judi, Puli Zohab 34.32 46.8
&o 37.40 42.0 22 Hales, Heles, or Elees,
Gorgon, or Urgo I., F., Alento, or Venere 40.10 15.7
Gorrjona 43.26 9.55 8 Halesa, or Alaesa, n.
Gorneas, Karhni 40.7 44.45 22 Tusa 14.14
37.57
Gorfyna 35.5 24.56 19 Halesus (or Alaesus) F.,
Gortynius F., River of Pettineo 37.55 14.16
Dhlmitzana. 37.33 22.3 18 Halex F., ^?/ce 15.50
37.58
Gortys, n. Atzikolo 37.32 22.3 18 Haliaemon F., Indjeh
*Gothini 50.0 18.0 25 Kara-su 40.24 22.8
*Gothones 54.0 18.0 25 Haliartus, r. n. MazL... 38.21 23.6
Graecia ,38 22.0 2 Halias 37.22 23.10
Graccuris, Corella 42.7 1.54 w 7 Halicarnassus, Boo-
«Gra,ioceli 45.14 6.30 drooni 37.2 27.28
N WKS. LAT. LONG. NAMES. LAT. I.OKO.
Holene, Maoris, or Cra- Herbita? CitadcUa 37°.25' 14°.29'
nae I., Mnkronisi 37°.41' 24°.7' 19 Hereulaneam, n. Rexina 40.49 14.21
Ilelenopolis, for. Dre- Hereuleum, or Gadita-
pane 40.41 29.33 20 Dum, Fretum, Strait
Heles, Hales, or Elees, of Gibraltar 35.57 5..^0 w
F., Alento, or Vcnere 40.10 15.7 HeroHlis Arenae 31.0 20.20
*Helevctones, or Ilelve- Herculis Castra? Gran 47.48 18.45
cones 51.45 20.30 Herciilis Fanum, il/a«-
Helice 38.13 22.9 sarosa 43.52 10.20
Heliee, Ichliman 42.19 24.0 Herculis I., or Scom-
Helicon F., OUveri 38.2 15.0 braria, Escomhrera.., 37.34 0.55 w
Helicon M., Paleovouni 38.18 22.54 Herciilis I''^, Aainara... 41.5 8.15
Helieranum, Delvino.... 39.56 20.13 Herciilis Portus 38.41 20.58
Heliopolis (Baalath), Herculis Prom., Oapo
Baalbek 33.57 36.1 Spartivento 37.56 1G.3
Heliopolis (Rameses, or Herculis Prom., Hart-
Beth-sbemesli), 3Ia- land Point 51.1 4.32 vr
tarieh 30.8 31.20 Herculis Templum ? n.
*Helisii, or Elisii 51.30 17.0 C. Roche 36.19 6.8 w
Helisson F 37.58 22.40 Hercyna Fons 38.26 22.52
Helisson F., Davia 37.27 22.13 Hercynia Silva 50.40 15.0
Helium Ostium, Jlouth Herdonia, Ordona 41.18 15.37
of jVeiise, or Jfaas.... 51.57 4.10 Hermaeum Prom., Capo
Heilana,-^yZ)Vum 43.55 11.2 della Caccia 40.34 8.5
HcUespontus, Darda- Hermaeum Prom. ,Poi7it
velles 40.15 26.30 Placo 35.11 23.57
Helorus, or Helorum,... 36.51 15.5 Hermaeus S., G. of
Helorus F., Ahisso 36.52 15.0 Smyrna 38.40 26.40
Helos? 36.49 22.46 HerminiusMons, Sierra
*Helyecones, or Heleve- d'Estrella 40.10 8.0 w
tones 51.45 20.30 Hermione, or Hermion,
*Helvetii 47.0 7.40 Kaatri 37.23
*Helvii 44.38 4.30 Hermionicus S
Helvillum, or Suillum, Hekmionis
SiqiUo 43.20 12.45 Hermon, Mount, Jebel-
Helvinus F., Salinello... 42.47 13.55 esh-SheikJi
Henna, orEnna, Castro Hermonapsa, Platana...
Giovanni 37.33 14.17 hiermopoWs, Eshmonnein
Hephaestia (Lemnos)... 39.54 25.21 Hermopolis Parva?
Hephaestiadae, Arakli.. 38.4 23.46 Rhamanieh
Heptan6mis, Vonlani, ••Hermundiiri
or Jliddle Egypt 29.0 31.0 Hermus, r. n. Khaidari
Heraclea (Aeolis) 39.17 26.42 Hermus F., Gediz Tchai
Heraclca (Athamania).. 39.16 21.10 *Hernici
Heraclea (Cephallenia)? He5odium,i^ra)i7c 3Ioun-
Enkli 38.10 20.42 tai7i
Heraclea (Chalcidice)... 40.35 23.19 Heroopolis (Hahiroth ?),
Heraclea (Ionia) 37.31 27.33 r. i7i Valley of the
Heraclea (Lucania), Seven Wells (Seba
Policoro 40.12 16.39 Biyar)
Heraclea-Lyncestis, n. Heroopolites S., G. of
Filurinn, or Fiorina 40.50 21.27 Suez 29.0
Heraclea Minoa 37.22 13.16 Ileshbon, Ueshun 31.46
Heraclea (Pieria), Pla- Hesperides, aft. Bere-
tamoim 39.."8 22.36 nice, Benghazi 32.7
Heraclea (Pisatis),<SV/-e/( 37.40 21.34 •'Hesperii Aethiopes.... 8.0
Heraclea-Pontica, Hestiaeotis, or IIis-
Erekli 41.17 31.29 TIAEOTIS
Heraclea- Sintica, Zer- Hesudrus, or Zaradrus,
vokhori 40.54 23.30 F., Sntlej. 31.0
"Heraclea (Syria) 35.36 35.45 Iletriciilum. Lattarico... 39.28
Heraclea (frachinia)... 38.47 22.23 HiBERNiA, Ireland 53.0
Heracleius F 38.16 22.52 Hicesia L, Basiluzzo ?.. 38.39
Heracleopolis Magna, r. Hiera, Therasia, or Vul-
n. Annsich 29.10 31.8 cani I., Vulcano 38.23
Heracleopolis Parva, or Hiera, or Maritima, I.,
Heracleum ? 30.59 32.2 Maretimo 38.0
Heracleotic Mouth (of Hiera Sycaminos, Wady
Nile), Rosetta Mouth 31.29 30.27 Maharrakuh 23.4
Heracleum 35.21 25.13 Hieracon 27.16
Heracleum, or Hera- Hierapolis, Pambouk-
cleopolis Parva 30.59 32.2 Kaleh
Heracleum Prom 41.18 36.58 Hierapolis, or Bambyce,
Heraea , 37.36 21.52 3Icmbidj, or Bambouj
Heraei Monies? 37.10 15.35 Hierapytna, Hierapetra
Heraeum 37.42 22.47 Hierasus, or Porata, F.,
Heraeum Pr., C. Me- Pruth
Inngavi 38.2 22.51 Hieratis ?
Herbanum, Orvieto 42.44 12.9 Hiericus (Jericho), n.
Herhessus, or Erbessus? Er-Riha
Grotte 37.14 13.41 12 Hieromiax F., Yarvtouk,
Herbessus, or Erbessus ? or Sheriat el-3Iand-
Pantalien 37.8 15.0 12 hour
NAMES. LAT. LONH. map.
Hydra Prom., Utch-
Keucheh 38°.49' 26°-54'
Hyiiraraum, Dhramia... 35.21
Hydraotes F., Ravee.... .">1.0
Hydrea I., J7i/(/r« 37.20
Hydrus F., Idro 40.8
Hydrus, or Hydruntum,
Otraiito 40.8
Hydrussa I., Prasoo 37.50
Hyele, Elea, or Velia,
Castelamare della
Bruca 40.8
Hyettus 38.31
Hyetussa I., Gaidaro.... 37.28
Hvla, orHyda 36.43
Hylaethus F., Morno... 38.30
Hyle? Paleokastro 38.25
HyliasF.? 39.34
Hylica L., Semina, or
Livadhi 38.23
Hyllaicus Portus 39.35
»Hylli 44.0
Hyllis Peninsula ? Sa-
bioiieello 42.53
Hymettus Mons, Telo-
viini 37.58
Hypaea I., Titan43.1
Hypaipa, Tepaya 38.13
Hypanis F., B'oug 48.20
Hypanis F., Kouban.... 45.5
Hyparodes 41.8
Jiy ])a,ia,, Neopatra 38.52
Hypatus M., Samnta.... 38.23
Hyperborei (or Riphaei)
Monies, S. part of
Ural 58.0
Hyperteleatum 36.39
Hyphanteium M 38.33
Hyphasis F., Garra, or
Sutlej 30.0
HypiaM., Tschila Darjh 41.0
Hypius F., Milan Sit.... 41.0
Il^'pocremnos 38.19
Hypsas F., Bellici 37.40
Hypsas F., i»/«(/o 37.16
Hypsi? 36.41
Hypsirisma I., Kappari 36.56
Hypsus, Stemnitza 37.33
HVRCANIA 36.20
Ilyrcanum (or Caspium)
M., Caspian Sea 40.0
Hyria, Conope, or Lysi-
machia, L., Zycjos, or
Aiigelokastro 38.34
Hyria, or Uria, Oria.... 40.29
Hyrmina, Khlemutza,
or Kastro (Castel
Tornese) 37.53
Hysaees F
Hysiae (Argolis) 37.31
Hysiae (Boeotia) 38.13
Hyspriatis 40.20
Hyssus Portus, Snrme-
neh 40.57
I.
ladera, Zwrcr 44.6

lalysus, Paleo-Rhodos.. 36.24
latubo, Yemho 24.5
lainniuin Pr., St. John's
Point 54.14
lapis F 38.3
••'"lapydes 45.0
Iapygia, or Messapia 40.30
lapygiuin, or Salenti-
Dum, Prom., Capo di
Leuca 39.48
lapygum tria Prom., C.
GasteUa, G. Rizzuto,
C. della Nave 38.56
lardanus F 35.27
lasius, or Bargylietes S.,
G. of Mendebjah 37.15
NAMES. LAT. LON-a. map, NAMES. LAT. LONG. JtAP. NASIES. LAT. LO.XG. MAP.
Trine Ypsil!
I., 37°. 26' 23°. 0' 18 Jamno, or Jamna, Clu- Kanah F., Nahr el-
Iris F., Yeskil Irmak... 41.0 36.38 20 dadela 39°.59' 3°.53' Arsouf 32°.18' 34°.55'
Irrbesia I.? Pâthoitra 39.29 24.10 19 Japhi.a, Yafa 32.41 35.18 Kedesh, Kedes 33.9 35.31
Is, or Aeopolis, Bit 33.36 42.52 22 Jaruiuth, Yarmook 31.42 34.58 Kerioth, El-Knryetein.. 31.22 35.11
Isaea F., .£;,re 50.38 3.2" W 6 Jasonium Pr., C. Jason 41.7 37.39 Kersus F., Merkez Su... 36.39 36.11
Isannavatia, or Bena- Jattir, Atteer 31.21 35.5 Kidron, or Cedron, F.,
venta, Burrow Hill, Jaxartes F., Sir, or Wady er-Rahib 31.44 35.20
n. Dnventry 52.16 1.8 W Sihoon 44.0 68.25 Kir of Moab (Charax),
Isara F., Iscre 45.5 5.10 Jazer, n. Ain Hazeir.,.. 32.3 35.46 Kcral- 3L15 35.46
Isara F., Oise 49.30 2.50 Jenysus, Khan Yunus... 31.18 34.18 Kirjath-arba (Hebron),
«-rsarci 45.46 8.45 Jericho (Hiericus), n. El-Khuleel 31.33 35.9
Isarus F., /sar 48.30 12.0 Er-Riha 31.51 35.28 Kirjath-jearim, or Baa-
IsAURiA 37.30 32.30 Jerusalem, El-Koods... 31.47 35.14 lah, Kuryet el-Enab.. 31.49 35.7
Isaiirus, or Pisaurus, F., Jezreel (Esdraelon), Kishon F., Nahr Mu-
Foglia 43.47 12.30 Zereen 32.34 35.21 kutta 32.4? 35.6
Isca Damnoniorum, Jonnaria 44.7 10.25
Exeter 50.43 3.32 w Joppa, Jaffa 32.3 L.
34.45
Isca (Silurum), Caer- Jordan F., Nahr el- •Labeates 42.0 19.40
leo„ 51.37 2.57 w Kebir 32.10 35.36 Labefitis L., L. of Sku-
JschA\is', I/ch enter 51.0 2.40 W Jordan, Plain of ( Aulon, tari 42.5 19.20
Iscina, r. at Bas Benj'a- or Magnus Campus), Labicuni, Colonna 4L51 12.46
wad 30.50 IS. 10 El-Ghor 32.20 35.35 Labranda 37.25 27.50
Isinisca, Aschhach 48.5 11.55 Jotapata, Jefat 32.51 35.17 Lacedaemon, or Sparta,
Isionda 36.57 30.22 Jovia, Apathia 46.16 16.30 )(. J/istra 37.5 22.26
Isis F., Tscholoki 41.54 41.50 Jovis Urii Templum.... 41.9 29.10 ••Lacetani 42.0 1.50
Isium 29.23 31.15 Jovisura, Eggenfelden... 48.24 12.47 Laceter Pr., C. Kcjihala,
Isium i\I 21.10 36.30 Judaea 31.40 35.0 or Krokilo Pt 36.40 27.0
Ismarus .Julia, Tschai 38.38 31.5 Lachish ? 31.32 34.59
Ismenus F 38.20 23.19 Julia Augusta (for. Ae- Laoiacum, Vocklamarkt 48.0 13.51
Itômantus, or Hop- mona), Laybaeh 46.4 14.31 Laciadae? 37.59 23.43
lias, F 38.22 22.54 Julia Constantia, or Laeinium Prom., Capo
Issa, Lissa 43.4 16.10 Zilis, ArziUa 35.29 6.1 w delle Colonne, or C
Issicus S., G. of Sca7i- Julia Fidentia, Borgo Nao 39.5 17.13
deroon 36.40 35.50 S. Donino 44.53 10.6 Lacipea, Deleitosa 39.35 5.35 w
Issus? 36.56 36.8 Julia Gemella (Acci), Lacippo, Alecippe, n.
Ister (or Diinubius) F., Guadix el-Viejo 37.22 3.19 w Cusares 36.25 5.18 w
Donau, or Danube.... 44.0 26.20 Julia Gordus, Gordiz... 38.55 28.28 Lacnion M., 3Ietzuvo..,. 39.53 21.30
Isthmus, Isthmus of Co- Julia Joza, aft. Trans- Lacobriga, Lagos 37.9 8.38 w
rinth 37.57 23.0 ducta, Tari/a 36.0 5.37 w Lacobriga, Villa Laco.. 42.30 4.34 w
Isthmus (Doris) 36.47 28.5 Julia Libyca ? Puig- Laconia 37.30 22.40
Istone M.? 39.44 19.50 cerda 42.26 1.56 Laconicus S., G. of
ISTRIA, or HiSTRIA, Julia Myrtilis, Mertola 37.40 7.28 w Kolokythia 36.40 22.40
Istria 45.15 14.0 Juliacum, Jxdiers 50.56 6.21 Lacotene? Viran Shehr 38.5 38.9
Istron 35.8 25.44 Julias (Bethsaida), Et- Lacron F., Lezero
Istropolis, Kargaliuk... 44.25 28.48 Tell 32.58 35.40 Vedra 42.26 8.30 w
Istros I., T"?/ 36.40 27.10 Juliobona, Lillebonne... 49.31 0.31 Lactodorum, Towcester 62.8 0.59 w
Isurium, ^^(iiorowgr^..., 54.6 1.22 w Juliobriga, Reynosa 43.0 3.57 w Lactura, Lectoure 43.66 0.38
Isus? 38.27 23.28 Juliomagus, aft. Ande- Lacus Lausonius, Lau-
Itabyrium, or Ataby- cavi, Angers 47.28 0.33 w sanne 46.32 6.38
rium (Mt. Tabor), Juliopolis, Ibol 38.10 39.15 Lacus Prills, Logo di
Jehel et-Toor 32.42 35.25 Juliopolis, or Gordium.. 40.4 31.35 Castiglione 42.46 11.0
Italia, Italy 43.0 12.0 Julium Carnicum, Zu- Lade I 37.32 27.14
Italica, Santiponce 37.29 6.51 w gl!o... 46.27 13.3 Ladoceia 37.24 22.10
Itanum Pr. ? 0. Sala- Juncaria, Junquera 42.24 2.53 Ladon F 37.60 21.32
mon, or Salnione 35.10 26.19 Junonia I.? Patma 28.45 17.50 w Ladon F., Rufia 37.40 21.51
Itanus, Ita</nia 35.8 26.16 Junonis Fontes, Cal- Laea, or Aphrodite, I.,
Ithaca I., Ithaca 38.25 20.40 diero 45.23 11.14 Al-Hiera 32.50 22.34
Ithome, iâ»f/;v' 39.24 21.27 Junonis Laciniae Tem- Laerta 36.28 32.11
Ithoria, St. Elias 38.30 21.16 plum 39.5 17.11 •'Laevi 45.15 8.50
Itium Prom., C. Gria Junonis Pr., C. Trafal- Lagana F., Lahn 50.20 8.0
Nez 50.52 1.35 gar 36.11 6.1 TV Lagania 40.4 32.1
Itius Portus, Wisaant... 60.53 1.40 Jupiter, Temple of Lagaria, Nocara 40.6 16.27
Iton, or Itonus 39.8 22.41 (Aegina)? 37.45 23.32 Lagina, Lakina 37.21 28.18
Ituce, or Utica, Bou- Jupiter Palenius, Tem- Lagusae I"? 39.56 26.5
shater 37.9 10.2 ple of, Campo di Laii 38.21 26.0
Ituna Aest., Solway Giove 42.0 14.3 Laish, or Dan, Tell el-
Firth 54.55 3.25 w Jura(orJurassus) Mons, Kady 33.17 35.38
IrvRKY^k, El-Jeidoor.... 33.10 36.0 Mt. Jura 47.0 6.40 Lalassis 36.40 32.30
ln\\9,Zea 37.38 24.21 Justinopolis,for.Aegida, *Laletani 41.40 2.30
Ivernia, or Ierne Oaiw d'Istria 45.32 13.44 Lamate ? 44.36 17.20
Ivia, or Juvia, F., Juttah, Yutta 31.28 35.9 Lambasa, L'erba, or
Jubin 43.32 8.5 w Juvavum, Salzburg 47.48 13.4 Tezout 35.1 6.15
Isia, Lanathi 36.1 27.58 Juvia, or Ivia, F., Jubia 43.32 8.5 w Lambrus F., Lambro.... 45.20 9.21
Lametia, .S". Enfcmia... 39.3 16.14
J. K. Lametus F., Lamato..., 38.55 16.17
Jabadii, or Sabadii, I''"? Kadesh (in Paran), or Lamia, Zeitouni 38.54 22.24
Java, &c 7.0 110.0 Kadesh-barnea, Ain Laminium, Don Sancho 38.57 3.4 w
S^hhok Y., Nahr Znrka 32.14 35.50 Kades 30.34 34.28 24 Lamos, Lamas 36.34 34.17
Jabesh-gilead ? In Wady Kadesh (in Zin) ? Ain- Lamotis 36.37 34.0
Yabes 32.29 35.44 el-Weibeh 30.41 35.22 24 Lanipe, or Lappa 35.19 24.20
Ja.cca, Jaea.., 42.31 0.31 w Kaloi Limenes, Pair Lampeia M., Olonos 37.58 21.51
*Jaceetani 42.30 0.30 w Havens 34.56 24.48 Lampsacus, Lamaaki... 40.20 26.40
Jamnia, Yeb)ta 31.51 34.45 Kanab, Kana 33.15 35.18 Lamptra inferior 37.49 23.51
(55)
NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
Lamptra superior, La- 1
Lechaeum 37°.56' 22°.53'
morika 37°.52' 23°.52' 16 Lectum Pr., C. Baha.... 39.29 26.4
Lancia? Castro 42.38 5.27 W 7 Ledon? 38.37 22.38
«Langobardi 52.45 11.0 25 Ledus F., iez 4,3.40 3.52
Langobriga, &6ra^ 41.3 8.36 w 7 «Legae 42.30 46.0
Lanuvium, Civiht La- Legedia, Villehandon... 48.58 1.9 w
vinia 41..39 12.43 11 Legio (Megiddo), El-
Laodicea, Eski Hinsm:. 37.49 29.9 20 Le/jnon 32.35 35.12
Laodicea, Lat!k!i/eh 35.30 35.47 20 Legio Septima Gemina,
Laodicea (ad Libanum)? Leon 42.30 5.35 w
Jusij 34.22 36.21 20 Legiolium, Castleford... 53.43 1.20 W
Laodicea Combusta, Leibethrium M., Za-
Ladlk 38.13 32.39 20 cjara 38.20 22.57
Laodicene 34.10 36.30 20 Leipsydrium, Monastery
Lapathus, n. Rapsani... 39.54 22.29 15 of St. Nicholas 38.8 2.3.15
Lapethus, r. n. Laptn... 35.21 33.12 20 Lelantus F 38.27 23.45
Laphystium M., Gra- Lemannonius S., Loch
iiitza 38.25 22.54 16 Fyne 56.0 5.25 w
Lapidaria, li. 2r/«(« 46.38 9.26 8 Lemannus Lacus, L. of
LapTthus M., Sinenia... 37.33 21.41 18 Geneva, or Leman 46.27 6.30
Lappa, or Lampe 35.19 24.20 19 Leranos I., Lemno, or
Lapurdum? Bayonne... 43.29 1.30 W 6 Slalimeni 39.55 25.10
Laranda, Karamaii 37.11 33.23 20 Lemovices, or Augusto-
Largiana? 47.11 24.0 14 ritum, Limoges 45.50 1.16
Larinum, Lnrhio 41.48 14.53 9 •Lemovices 45.50 1.0
LarisiumM 36.45 22.34 18 ••'"Lemovii 54.0 16.0
Larissa(Acrop.ofArgos) 37.38 22.43 18 Lentulae, Virje 46.4 17.0
Larisssa (Aeolis), Bu- Leon 37.7 15.12
rnndjik 38.38 27.1 19 Leon, or Leontes, F.,
Larissa Cremaste, n. Nahr Kasimiyeh, or
Gardhiki 38.58 22.50 16 Liettani 33.51 35.30
Larissa (Ionia) 38.7 27.39 19 Leon Pr., C. ilatala 34.55 24.44
Larissa (Resen?), Nim- Leontarne 38.19 23.4
rond „.... 36.0 43.23 22 Leontini, Xeii^nit 37.16 14.59
Larissa (Syria), Kalat Leoutium. Aghios lanni 38.7 21.55
Seijar 35.17 36.33 20 Leontopolis? 30.35 31.21
Larissa (Thessalia), Lepethymnus M 39.20 26.17
Yeni-shehr, or La- Lepinus M., Monte
rissa 39.37 22.22 15 Lupone 41.35 13.5
Larissus F., Mana 38.7 21.25 IS SLepontii 46.30 8.40
Larius L., Lago di Lepreum, n. Strovitza... 37.27 21.44
Como 46.0 9.17 8 Lepsia I., Lipiso 37.18 26. 4G
Larnum F., Tordera.... 41.48 2.48 7 Lepte, or Syrias Prom.,
Larymna, r. on Port C. Indjeh 42.7 34.59
Larmes 38.32 23.16 16 Leptis Magna (or Nea-
Larymna (Upper) 38.31 23.17 16 polis), Lehdah 32.38 14.13
Las 36.43 22.30 18 Leptis Minor, r. n.
Lasea? 34.57 24.48 19 Lamta 35.40 10.52
Lasion, Lala 37.42 21.43 18 Lerina I., St. Honorut
Latera 43.33 3.54 6 {Ik de Lerins) 43.31 7.3
Lathon F 32.7 20.5 23 Lerna, J/(/Zi 37.33 22.43
«LatrnL.„...^ 41.45 12.35 11 Leron I., St. Marguerite
Latidm 41.40 13.0 9 {P. de Lerins) 43.32 7.3
Latmus M 37.25 27.50 19 Leros I., Lero 37.10 26.50
Latmus S., Akiz Tchai, Lesbos L, Mityleni 39.15 26.15
or L. Benizli 37.30 27.30 19 Lessa, Xi>i(r("o 37.37 23.3
Lato 35.14 25.37 19 Lestira M., La Lozere... 44.24 3.52
*Latobrigi 47.53 8.20 6 Letandros I., Denusa... 37.7 25.50
Latopolis, Eeneli 25.17 32.35 3 Lethaeus Fl., Deresi, or
'Lvîris. 1., Zealand 55.30 12.0 2 Trikkalino 39.33 21.54
Laumellum, Lttniello..,. 45.7 8.47 8 Letoa I tt88.8 20.25
Laiirentum, Torre Pa- Leton l.,Paximadi 35.0 24.34
terno 41.39 12.23 11 Letopolis? 29.59 30.57
Lauriacum, Enns 48.13 14.30 14 Letrini,Aiannis 37.41 21.23
Laurium M., St. Elias.. 37.42 23.59 18 Letrini Lacus 37.39 21.24
Lauron 39.8 0.8 w 7 Leuca, S. Maria di
Laus 39.4,3 15.51 9 Leuca 39.48 18.22
Laus F., Lao 39.45 15.54 9 Leucadia (or Leucas)
Laus, or Laus Pompeia, L, Santa 3Iaura 38.45 20.40
Lodi Vecehia 45.18 9.25 Leucae, Lefkes 38.34 26.52
Laus S., G. of Poli- Leucae Campi 36.45 22.52
castro 39.50 15.35 9 Leucarum, Lliochior, or
Lautiilae 41.17 13.17 1] Lloughor 51.40 4.4 w
Lavatrae, i?owes 54.32 2.0 w 5 Leucas, Kaligoni, n.
Lavinium, Pratica 41.39 12.29 11 Amaxikhi 38.48 20.42
Layinius F., Lavino 44.35 11.15 Leucas, or Leucadia, L,
Lavisco, Lannen, n, Santa Maura 38.45 20.40
Yenne 45.43 5.45 Leucas
Lebadeia, Livadhia 38.26 22.52 LeucasiaF 37.18 21.56
Lebedos 38.5 26.59 Leucasium 37.50 22.10
Iê'êna 34.55 24.54 Leucaspis Porfus, 3fak-
Lebinthos L, Levitha... 37.0 26.30 taarai 30.59 28.48
liehonah, El-Lubbdn.... 32.5 35.13 Leucate Pr., C. Ducato 38.33 20.33
NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP. NAMRS. LAT.
Litnnobriga, Pont S. Lycacus M., Dhiuforti..
Miiêiice 49°.18' 2°. 31' 6 Lycaonia
Literiium, Patria 40.56 14.1 13 Lycastus ?
Litubium (Ritubium ?), Ly castus Y^Merd Irmak
Kelorhio 44.56 9.5 Lychnidus
Livias (Beth-haran),^^*-- Lychnitis L., Goukcha,
Rameh 31.49 35.39 21 or Sevan
Lixus, Al-Araish 35.13 6.7 W 23 Lj'chnitis L., L. of
Lixus F., IT' at/y a/- ^^08 35.4 6.0 w 23 Ochrida 41.5
Locanus F.? Locano.... 38.21 16.20 9 Lycia 36.25
Locaricum? Calatafimi 37.55 12.50 12 Lycopolis, Sioitt 27.10
Locra F., Talaro 41.46 8.55 9 Lycoreia M., Liakhoitra 38.31
*Locri Epienemidii 38.42 22.45 16 Lycosura 37.23
Locri Epizepbyrii 38.15 16.15 9 Lyctus, or Lyttus 35.10
*Locri Opuutii 38.35 23.5 16 Lj'curia? Lykuria 37.51
*Locri Ozolae 38.30 22.15 15 Lycus, or Zabatus, F.,
LocRis 38.40 23.0 16 Great Zab
Logia F., Jfouth of R. Lycus F. (Bithynia),
Larjaii 54.35 5.56 w Kilij Sit
Londinium, aft. Augusta, Lycus F. (Harpasus of
London 51.31 0.6 w Xenophon ?), Joruk
Lunganus F., F. dell' Su
Aranci 38.5 15.10 12 Lycus F. (Pontus), Ger-
Longaticum, Lohitsch... 45.55 14.13 8 meili Tchai 40.17
Longianum, Luijnano... 41.47 12.54 11 Lycus F. (Syria), Nahr
Longones, Ozieri 40.35 9.0 9 el-Kelh 33.43
Lorium, Lorio 41.54 12.15 11 Lydda, aft. Diospolis,
Loryma 36.34 28.5 19 Lood 31.56
Losa, Bois de Licogas... 44.25 1.0 w Lydia 38.30
*Lotophagi Lydias F., Vistritza 40.40
Lotophagltis, or Me- • Lygii 51.40
ninx, I. (aft. Girba), Lyncestis 40.45
Jerbah 33.45 11.0 23 Lyrcea, Skala 37.42
Loucopibia? ^Vi<fton,,.. 54.53 4.27 w 5 Lyrceium M 37.45
Luca, Luccu 43.51 10.30 Lyrnatea 36.45
LucANiA 40.16 16.0 9 Lyrnessus 39.32
Lucentum, Alicante 38.22 0.27 W 7 Lysa, r. in Wddy Liis-
Luceria, Lncera 41.30 15.20 9 sdn
Lucretilis M., Monte Lysias ? Khosru Pasha
Genaro 42.5 12.50 11 Khan
Lucrinus L., Logo Lysimachiâ, Examilx..
Lucrino 40.50 14.5 13 Lysimachia, Conope, or
Lucus Angitiae, Luco... 41.57 13.29 11 Hyria, L., Zygos, or
Lucus Asturuni (Ove- Angelokastro
tum?), Ociedo 43.22 5.57 w Lystra ? Bin-hirkilissa..
Lucus August!, Luc-en-
Diois 44.33 5.26 6 M.
Lucus Augusti, Lugo... 43.1 7.36 w 7 Maarsares F.? 32.10
Lucus et Oraculuin Maearas F. (Bagradas),
Fauni, Sol/atarn 41.42 12.32 11 Mejerdah 36.22
Lucus Feroniae, Pietra Macareae? 37.24
Santa 43.57 10.14 8 Macedo.nia 41.0
Lucus Feroniae, or Fe- Macella 37.57
ronia, Felonica 42.16 12.31 11 Macestus F., Suserlu
Lucus Jovis Indigetis... 41.37 12.28 11 Tchai 39.30
Luentinum, Llanioisaf, Macota Pr., lias Mus-
Tregaron
11. 52.11 3.59 W 5 sendom 26.22
LuGDiiNENSis 48.0 0.0 4 Maehaerus ? 31.43
Lugdunum, Leyden 52.9 4.30 Macistus, Mofkitza 37.27
Lugdunum, Lyons 45.46 4.50 Macomada? 31.15
Lugdunum, aft. Conve- Macomada, or Maco-
nue, .SV. Bcrtrnnd de mades, Sidi Maha-
Commi'iiges 43.0 0.38 reas 34.31
Luguido, Jlonti 40.48 9.18 9 Macoraba, Mecca 21.25
Luguvallium, Carlisle... 54.54 2.56 w 5 Macra F., Magra 44.15
Luna, Lnni 44.4 10.1 8 Maori Campi 44.37
Lunae Portus, Gol/o di Maoris, Cranae, or He-
Spezzia 44.4 9.53 lena, I., Makronisi... 57.41
Lunarium Pr., C. Car- Macron Teichos 41.12
vodro 39,21 9.25 w 7 *Macrones 40.46
Liipiae, Lecce 40.22 18.11 9 Maotorium, -Buêra 37.11 ,
Luppia F., Lippe 51.40 7.0 25 Macynia 38.21

Lu.si, Siidhena 37.59 22.9 18 Madaura (Admedera)?
*Lusitaiii 40.0 8.20 w 7 Ayedrah 35.30
LusiTANiA 39.0 8.0 w 7 Madian, n. Mnkna-. 28.23
Lussunum, Foldvar 46.49 18.57 14 Madrenae, Muderli 40.28
Lutetia, Pari>< 48.52 2.20 Madytus, JlJaitos 40.11
Luteva, or Forum Ne- Maeander F., Mendere
ronis, Lod^ve 43.45 3.19 Su 37.46
Luxia. F., Odiel 37.25 6.48 w 7 Maenalus M 37.34
Lycabettus M. (or An- Maenoba, Velez Malaga 30.47
ehesmus), Hill of St. Macnnba F., Velez 37.0
George 37.59 23.15 I
17 Maeonia 38.45
s
NAMKS. LAT. LONG. MAP.
NAMES. I-AT. I.OfJr,.
Mantua, Mantua 45°.9' 10°.49' Marone:i, Campo Ma-

31.25 .35.11 rano 41°.50' 14°.36'
Maon, Ma'ui
66.55 Mariinea, Mnrona 40.53 25.30
Maraeanda, Stniiarcand .39.56
32.57 Marpessa, Mt. Eliax 37.3 25.10
Marah? A!,i Iluwarah.. 29.23
Marandara 39.11 36.9 Marrubiuin, or Marru-
Maratha 37.32 21.58 viura, S. Benedetto.... 41.59 13..36
Marathesium, Skata *Marrucini 42.15 14.10

Nuova 37.52 27.17 *Marsi 41.54 13.30
Marathon, Vrana 38.7 23.57 «Marsi 52.10 7.40
Marathon, Plain of 38.13 23.58 *Marsigni 51.0 15.30
MsiTa.t\iyxa,n. A!nel-Hije 34.48 35.58 Marsyas F., Tachinar
Marathus, Sidhiro-Kaf- Tchai 37.36 28.0
l-hio 38.22 22.42 Marta F., Marta 42.20 11.50
Marcelliana, La Sala... 40.23 15.35 Marthula, Vitzeh 41.16 41.18
Marcianopolis? 43.15 27.29 Martia (Pons Nartiae)?
Marcina, VIetri 40.39 14.43 Monteceda 42.58 7.46 w
Marcomagu.s, J/arnini/cn 50.34 6.32 Martilus S., G. of Ki-
Maroomanni, for. Boii 49.30 14.30 aamoa 35.35 23.50
«Mardi 36.20 51.0 Martyropijlis, Meiafa-
]\Iare Aogaeuin, Archi- rakin 38.11 40.47
pelago 38.0 25.30 Marus P., March, or
Mare Atlantlcum, or 3Iorava 48.30 17.0
E.\ternum, Atlantic Masada, Sehheh 31.20 35.25
Ocean 40.0 20.0 W Mascas F 34.25 41.5
Mare Azanium, or S. Masciaeum, Schwaz 47.21 11.44
Barbarlcus 0.0 50.0 Masclianae, Karanaebes 45.24 22.17
Mare Carp.athium 36.0 27.0 •Masaesyli
Mare Caspium Hyr-
(or Mases? St. Dimitrias... 37.25 23.9
canuui), Caspian Sea 42.0 60.0 Masius M., Jehcl Toor,
Mare Creticum 36.0 25.0 &e 37.34 41.0
Mare Erythraeum, In- Massa Veternensis,
dian Ocean 15.0 CO.O 3Ia8sa 43.2 10.53
Mare Germanieum, or *Massae.«!ylii 36.0
Oceanus (iermanicus, Massaga? Hiiahtnagar.. 34.17
German Ocean 55.0 5.0 Massagetae 43.0
Mare Iladriaticum, or Massicus Mens, Mt.
Superum, Adriatic Mnaaico 41.10
Sea 44.0 14.0 Massienus S 37.20
Mare Internum, Medi- Massilia, Blarseillea 43.17
terranean Sea 35.0 20.0 Mastaura, JA(«^nfro 37.69
Mare Myrtoum 37.20 24.0 Mastusia Prom., C.
Mare Pigrum (Oceanus Helles 40.3
Septentrionalis) 66.30 5.0 Matalia 34.58
Mare Suevicum, Baltic Mateola, Matera 40.39
Sea 56.0 18.0 Maternum, Farneae 42.30
Mare Thracium 40.0 25.0 Maternum, Maderno.... 45.38
Mare Tyrrhenum, or Mathia (or Tematbia)
Inferum 40.0 14.0 M., Lykodhimo 36.55
Marea, or Palaemaria, Matiene 35.0
El-Rashcat 30.56 30.3 Matilica, Matelica 43.15
Mareotis L 31.10 30.0 Matinum Littus, J/<///-
Maresha (Mari-^sa) 31.35 .34.55 nata 41.43
Margana? Pijyfjo 37.40 21.27 Matisco, Macon 46.19
MarglIna 38.0 62.0 Matium 35.23
Margidunum, n. Euat Matrinura 42.31
Bridgeford 52.58 0.58 w Matrlnus F., Pioniba... 42.31
Margus 44.40 21.8 Matrona F., Marne 49.0
Margus F., Moorghauh.. 37.0 62.25 *Mattiaci 50.15
Margus P., J/orora 44.0 21.15 Mattiacum ? Marburg... 50.49
Mariaba, 31areh 15.45 45.40 Mattium? Mctz 61.12
Mariana, Alcuhillaa 38.58 3.32 w Matusarum, Ponte do
*Mariandyni 41.0 31.0 Soro 39.15
Marianae Fossae, Foz *Matycetae
lea Martiguea 43.26 4.57 Mauritania Caesa-
Marianunj? 41.35 8.48 RiENsis 36.0
Marianum, Blarano 45.45 13.10 Mauritania TiNGiTANA 33.0
Marianus M., Sierra *Maureusii
Morena 38.20 5.0 w Maximianopolis 32.34
Maride, Mardin 37.20 40.38 Ma.xula, Aradis 36.45
Maridunura (or Muridu- Mazaca, aft. Caesarea,
num), Caermarthen... 51.51 4.19 w Kaiaarii/eh 38.43
Marinianae 45.46 18.0 Mazara, Mesara 38.33
Marissa (Mareshah) 31.35 34.55 Mazai-a, or Mazaras, F.,
Mari.sus F., Ilaroa 46.4 22.0 Fiume di 3fazzara.... 37.45
Maritima, or Hiera, I., Mazaras P.? Goorkan... 37.10
Mnretimo 38.0 12.1 Mazaruin, 3hizzara 37.40
Marius, Kato Mari 37.1 22.51 Mearus F., 3Iero 43.15
Marmara ? r. n. Tchan- Mecyberna, Jlolivo-
deer 36.47 30.30 pyrgo 40.17
Marmarica 31.30 24.0 Mcdeba, Mndeha 31.43
*Marmaridae Medeon, Dheafina 38.24
Marmarium, Marmari... 38.4 24.18 Medeon, n. Katuna 38.47
MaronGa, Marrah 35.41 36.43 Media 35.40
NAMES. LAT. LONG. NAMES. LAT. LONG. I.AT. LONG. MAP.
Mellaria, Hinojosa (de Mctapontum, Torre a
Cordoba) 38°.25' 5°.4' Mare 40°.21' 16°.46'
Mellisurgis, McUisuryus 40. .S7 23.12 MetarisAest., r/teirosA 53.0 0.20
Melodunum, JA'/«« 48. .31 2.40 Mctaurum, Gioja 38.25 15.56
Melos, iViVo .36.42 24.29 Metaurus P., jilarro 38.25 15.66
Melos I., J/(7" 36.40 24.30 Metaurus F., Ifetauro... 43.50 13.1
Melotis 40.7 20.48 MetiJlis? 31.15 30.32
Melphes F., Molpa 40.5 15.7 McteWlimm, JfedcUin... 38.64 5.57 W
Mel.ûs F., iVarcea 43.17 6.30 w Methana, or Methone,
Melta, Lo/tcha 43.12 24.49 3/effalo Khorio 37.35 23.21
Memnonis Tumulus 40.18 27.35 Methone, or Mothone,
Memphis, Metrahemuj... 29.52 31.15 Mothoni 36.49 21.43
Menae, J/i'»eo 37.14 14.41 Methone (Pieria), Elef-
Menapia, Porthmawr, n. thcro-khnri 40.25 22.-34
St. David' 61.54 5.17W Methone (Thessalia).... 39.20 23.5
Menapia, Wexford 52.21 6.27 w Methurides I''^, lievi-
«Menapii 51.25 4.30 touza, &c 37.68 22.24
Menaria I., J/e?o?-o 43.34 10.12 Methydrium, n. Nem-
Mende, n. C. Posidhi... 39.68 23.22 nitza 37.38 22.11
Mendes? 31.4 31.33 Methymna 35.30 23.43
Mendesian Mouth (of Methymna, 3IoUvo 39.22 26.11
Nile), IJihe Month 31.20 31.50 Metropolis (Acarnania),
Mendiculeia? Alcolea... 41.42 0.5 Lygovitzi 38.38 21.14
Menclaus Portus 31.54 24.56 Metropolis (Amphilo-
Menesthei Portus, Har- chia) 38.58 21.11
bor of Cadiz 36.34 6.20 w Metropolis(Ionia), Yeni-
Meninx, or LotophagT- keui 38.5 27.22
tis, I. (aft. Girba), Metropolis (Phrygia)?
Jerbah 33.45 11.0 Dmihan Avshrn 39.13 30.30
Menlascus F., Bidassoa 43.15 1.40 w Metropolis (Thessalia),
Menneianae, Bodeijruje 45.25 17.12 Palcokastro 39.18 21.47
MenobaF 37.25 6.5 w Mettis, J/e^z 49.7 6.10
Mentesa Bastia, S. Mevania, Bevagna 42.56 12.38
Tome 38.6 3.20 w Mevaniola, Ga'leatn 44.0 11.56
Mentonomon S Miacum, Torre Lodnnea 40.35 3.55 w
Menuthias I., Zanzibar 6.0 39.18 Michmasb, 3fti/chma8... 31.63 35.17
Mercurii Pr., C. Bon.... 37.5 11.4 Midaium, Harab Ewren 39.30 31.2
Mergablum, Conil 36.17 6.4 w Midea 37.36 22.52
Mergana? 37.46 13.31 Mideia 38.25 22.51
Merinum, S. Merino 41.54 16.6 »Midianites 28.30 34.20
Merobrica,orMirobriga? Miletopolis, 3Iualitach.. 40.12 28.22
Santiago de Cacem... 38.3 8.44 W Miletopolitis L., L.
Meroe ? El-Bekrauwi- 3fanii/as 40.10 28.0
yah 16.60 33.42 Miletus, Palatia 37.32 27.18
Meroe 1 16.0 35.0 Miletus (Creta), 3Hlata 35.17 25.35
Mcrom, Waters of (Sa- Miletus F 35.16 25.36
mochonitis L.), Bahr MilTchus F., Ilivcr of
el-Honle 3.3.5 35.38 Sykena 38.16 21.44
Merula F., Arosia 44.4 8.0 MiLYAS 36.50 30.10
Mesambria 40.51 25.42 Milyas, 3IilU 37.23 30.43
Mesambria, Bushire 29.0 60.47 Mimas M., Kara Bour-
Mesanites S., Khor nou DcHjh 38.39 26.30
Abdullah 29.55 48.15 Mina? in Wady 3Iina.. 35.42 0.30
Mese I., Porêros 43.0 6.24 Minariacum? Merville.. 60.39 2.37
Mesembria, Missivri 42.40 27.45 Mincius F., 3Iincio 46.20 10.44
Mesene 33.55 44.0 Minervae Pr., Campa-
»Mesiates 46.17 9.7 nella Point 40..34 14.20
Mesobatene 33.30 46.45 Minervium, 3Iancrbio... 45.21 10.10
Mesochorion? 40.27 17.27 Minio F., 3fi(/none 42.12 11.60
Mesogaea.. 38.0 23.55 Minius, or Baenis, F.,
MesSla 37.4 22.0 3£inho 42.0 8.36 w
Mesopotamia, Al-Jezi- MinnodUnum, Jlondon.. 46.41 6.49
rch 36.0 41.0 Minoa (Amorgos), Ta
Mesplla (Ninus), Nebbi Katapola 36.50 25.53
Yunua 36.21 4.3.11 Minoa (Creta) 35.30 24.11
Messa, 3[ezapo 36.33 22.23 Minoa (Creta) ? Castel
Messana, Messina 38.11 15.34 Jlirabel/o 35.11 25.44
Messapia, or Iapygia 40.30 17.40 Minoa (Laconia), 3Io-
Messapia, 3fcsngne 40.33 17.50 nemvaaia 36.41 23.3
Messapium M., Ktypa.. 38.26 23.30 Minoa (Siphnos) 36.59 24.41
Me.'^sene 37.10 21.66 Minthe M., Alvena 37.30 21.46
Messenia 37.8 21.50 Minturnae 41.15 13.45
Messeniacus S. (Asi- Mirobriga, Pitebla de
iiaeus S.), G. of Kala- Alcoser 38.43 5.5 w
mata 36.45 22.5 Mirobriga,orMerobrica ?
Messogis M., Keatane Santiago de Cacem... 38.3 8.44 w
Darjh, &c 38.0 28.0 Misenum Pr., G. 3Iiseno 40.47 14.5
Mestri.ina? 47vl0 17.2 Misio F., 3ruscone 43.26 13.30
Mesyla 36.21 43.11 Misus F., Miao 4.3.36 13.0
Metagonites (or Meta- Mizpeh, Neby Sanuveel 31.49 35.10
gnnium) Pr 35.15 2.45 w Mnemium Pr., Rai
Metalla, hjlesias 39.19 8.32 Roway, or G. Calmez 21.0 37.12
Metapa? 38.36 21.31 Mnizus, Tlyasc/t 40.2 32.30
8°.40'w
NAMKS. LAT. LONG. MAP
Niclum ? Hit Salamel.. iiO°.20'
Nii'oiaeJia, for. Olbia,
hmhi 40.48
Nicopolis (Aegyptus)... 31.14
Nicopolis (Epirus), Pa-
leo-prevena 39.0
Nicopolis (Pontus), En-
deres 39.57
Nicopolis 41.6
Nicopolis (Thracia), Ni-
kiypoli 41.7
Nicopolis ad latrum,
NUcip 43.20
Nicopolis (ad Istrutn),
NiL-opol 43.45
Nicotera, Nicotera 38.32
Nidum, Neath 51.40
Nigama, Neiiapatam..., 10.43
Niger F., JoUba 13.0
Nigira? Timbuctoo 17.22
*Nigritae 14.0
Nileus F.? 38..S3
Nilopolis 29.7
Nilus F.,Nile 21.20
Nineveh, Nehhi Yuniia,
Koui/ftiijik, &c 36.21
Ninus(MespilaofXeno-
phon), or Nineveh,
Nebhi Yumis 36.21
Niphates M., Ali-Dagh,
d-c 38.30
Nisaea, Nissn 37.50
Nisiiea, r. n. S. NiJcolao 37.59
Nisaean Plains 34.0
Nisibis, or Antiochia
Mygdonia, Nwibin... 37.1
Nisyros? 35.42
Nisyros I., Nisero 36.35
Nithine? 30.49
*Nithones, or Vithones 52.50
«Nitiobriges 44.30
Nivaria, Majfidos 41.27
Nivaria I., Teiieriffe 28.15
Nivernuin, Nevers 46.58
Noae, Noara 37.58
Noega, (rijui) 43.35
Nola, iVola 40.55
Nomentum, Mentana... 42.4
Nona'cris, Solo 38.1
Norba, Cnnrersauo 40.57
Norba, Norma 41.34
Norb.a Caesarea, Alcan-
tara 39.41
Noreia? Neumarkt 47.4
NoRiCDM 47.30
Notium Prom., Mizen
Head 51.26
Nova, Dobra 44.36
Nova Sparsa 35.43
Novae, Gonrabeli 43.39
Novana, Novi 42.59
*Novantae 55.15
Novantum Chersonesus 54.50
Novantuin Pr., Midi of
Galloway 54.38
Novaria, Novara 45.27
Novesium, Neusa 51.11
Noviodunum, Karhtadt 45.30
Noviodunum ? Neuvy
sur Baranjon 47.19
Noviodunum Toidtcha 45.10
?
Noviodunum, aft. Dia-

blintes, Jubleins 48.17
Noviodunum, aft. Ni-
vernum, Nevers 46.58
Noviodunum, aft. Au-
gusta Suessionum,
Soiesons 49.24
Noviodunum, or Colonia
Nyon
Equestris, 46.23
Noviomagus ? Holwood
Hill, n. Kextn,i 51.21
Noviomagus, Neumaijeii 49.53
NAMES. LAT. LONG. NAMES. LAT. LONG. map.
Olives, Mount of, Jehel Opus Prom 38°. 19 22°. 32'
Toor 31°.47' .35°.15' Ora? „ 34.12 7^2.23
Olizon 39.7 23.14 Orbalisene 40.0 38.25

Ollius F., Ofjlio 45.55 10.14 Orbelus M 41.16 23.40
Ohaems 'E.'f Zar/ara..., 38.20 23.4 Orcades I''^, Orkneyif
Olraiae Pr., C. Olmia... 38.4 22.58 Islands 59.0 3.0 w
Olmones? 38.28 23.6 Orcas, or Tarvedum, Pr.,
Oloctodariza 40.2 38.49 Dunnet Head 58.41 3.24 w
Olophyxus, Khilandari 40.20 24.8 Orcboe, 3[ogehjer 30.47 46.4
Olpae, Arapi 38.57 21.9 Orebomenus (Arcadia),
Olpae (Locris) 38.26 22.12 KalpaM 37.44 22.19
OltisF., Zo( 44.40 2.30 Orebomenus (Boeotia),
Olurus, Xylo-lzaetro 38.4 22.38 r. n. Skripu 38.29 22.59
Olus ? Porto di Spina Orcistus,Alekiam Jaila 39.14
Lonqa 35.16 25.44 Ordessus, or Ardiscus,
Olvmpene ,.,. 39.45 29.0 F., Arjisch 44.23
Olyuipia 37.38 21.38 *Ordovices 52.48
Olympus, Tschiraly 36.24 30.30 Ordymnus M 39.14
Olympus M. (Bithynia), Orestis 40.31
Khcshish Daijh 40.0 29.20 Orestium, Marmaria.... 37.23
Olympus M. (Cyprus), ••Oretani 38.30
'Ofos Troados 34.56 32.52 Oretbus F., Oreto 38.6
Olvinpus M. (Ionia), Oretum 38.50
'M„fi Darjh 38.22 27.22 Oreus (Histiaea), Oreos 38.57
Olympus M. (or Ormi- Orexis M 37.51
nium), Ala Darjh 40.20 32.0 Orgia, Organya 42.13
Olympus M. (Thessalia), Orgus F., Oreo 45.25
Uicha 40.5 22.21 Oricum, or Oricus,
Olynthus, Agia Ilaria, Erikho 40.22
or Aio Jfamaa 40.16 23.21 Orippo, Alcala de Gxia-
*Omanitae, Omatm 23.30 67.0 dai'ra 37.16
Omh\, Koom Ombo 24.28 32.59 *Oritae 26.0
Ouiirras F. (Euphra- Oriundus F., Boyana... 41.50
tes?), 3Inrad Tchai.. 38.50 40.30 Oriza? Es-Sukhneh 34.44
Omphalium 35.13 25.6 Orminium M. (Olym-
Omphalium? 39.56 20.28 pus), Ala Dagh 40.20
On, or Onion? (Vicus Orneae 37.47
Judaeorum), Tell el- Ornitbopolis ? Adldn... 33.24
Yehud 30.22 31.28 Oroanda? Arxoan 37.14
Oneeium? 37.41 21.52 Oroatis, or Arosis, F.,
Oiichesmus, Santa Qua- Tab 30.20
rnnta 39.53 20.2 Orobiae, Rovies 38.48
Onchestus 38.21 23.9 »Orobii 45.55
OnchestusF 39.33 22.31 Orobis, or Orbis, F., Orb 43.30
OnciaM 37.52 22.56 Orolaunum, Arlon 49.40
Oneum? 43.29 16.39 Orontes F., Nahr El-
OnisiaL? 35.11 26.18 Ahay 35.50
OmAm, Huelba 37.15 6.50 w Orontes M., Ehound 34.45
Onobalas F. (Aceslnes, Oropus, Oropo 38.17
or Asines), Cantara... 37.50 15.10 Orospcda Mons, Sierra
OnochonusF.? 39.23 22.6 Alcaraz,&c 39.0
On this L., L. of Boh- Orra, or Uria Locrorum,
liori 38.21 21.35 Palazzi 38.8
Onugnatlius I., Cervt, Orsene 39.20
or Elafonisi 36.28 22.58 Orthopagum, or Thu-
Onuphis? Mit Ghamr... 30.44 31.14 rium, M 38.28
••Ophionenses 38.37 22.0 Orthosia? 34.38
Ophir? 13.20 45.0 Ortona, Ortona 42.21
Opliius, 0/.., 40.59 40.19 Ortopula, S. 3farco 44.16
Ophiusa, or Colubraria Ortospana? Caubool 34.28
I. (of Strabo), For- Ortygia, Siraetisa 37.3
mentera 38.42 1.25 Ortygia I. (or Delos),
Ophiusa, or Colubraria,, Jbelos 37.23
I.,Columhretes 39.54 0.45 Orvium Prom., C. Sil-
Ophiussa I., A/sia 40.30 27.30 leiro 42.5
Ophrynium 40.1 26.21 Oryx, or Halus, n. Pod-
Opinum, Oppido 40.44 15.59 hogora 37.46
Opis? 34.10 43.52 OsaF., Osa 42.32
Opitergium, Oderzo 45.47 12.31 Osaea ? Bocca dello
Opizus? 42.2 25.32 Stagno 39.49
Oplonti, Torre dell' Osea, or Vesca, JSuesea 42.9
Annnneiata 40.45 14.27 Oscela, Domo d'Osaolo.. 46.7
Opone, Zfo/oon 10.26 51.18 Oscelis, Orihuela 38.8
OppTdum Novum, M- Oscineium, j)/o!(^ni d' Eb-
Kadurah 36.9 2.9 cinjot , 44.13
Oppidum Novum, iVaye 43.11 0.16 w *Osi 49.30
Optatiana, Szamosujvar, *Osismii 48.20
or Armcnienstadt 47.1 23.50 Osmus F., Osma 43.0
OxiuniWKa. ,Mt.Khlomo, Osopum, Osojw 46.15
&c 38.35 23.0 O.SROENE 37.20
Opus (Elis), n. Skiadha 37.52 21.41 Ossa M.,Kisiiovo 39.48
Opus (Locris), Kardhe- Osset 37.25
nitsa 38.30 23.4 16 Ossonoba, Faro 36.59
NAMES. LAT. LONG. map, NAMES. LAT. LONO.
Palma, Palma 39°.35' 2°.39' 7 Pardua, iilano 42<'.4S'
Palmaria I., Palmarola 40.56 12.52 9 Parembole, Dehod 23.55
Palmyra(Tadmor), Tad- Parcntium, Parenzo 45.14
mor 34.18 38.14 *Paricanii? 27.35
Palmyrene 34.40 38.30 Parietina, 3Iostaza 35.8
Pains MaeOtis, Sea of Parietini? 39.24
Azov 46.0 37.0 »Parisii 54.0
Palus Stentoris, G. of *Parisii 48.42
Enos 40.43 26.5 Pariura M 36.50
Palus Tritonis, Al-Sib- Parium, Kamares 40.25
hnh 33.30 8.45 Parma, Parma 44.48
Pambotis L., L. of Parma F., Parma 44.40
lanina 39.50 21.0 Parnassus? Koj Hissar 38.52
PaniTsus F. (Messenia), Parnassus M., Range of
Ph-natza 37.6 22.0 LiahJioura 38.34
Paiiiisus F. (Thessalia), Parnes M., Nozia 38.11
Bliuri, or Pilluri 39.27 21.50 Parnon M., Malevo, or
Pampiiylia 37.0 31.0 Kani 37.17
Panachaicus Mons, Voi- Paropamisus M., Seffeid
dia 38.12 21.52 Koh 34.0
Panactum? 38.11 23.35 Paropus, Colleaanof 37.54
Panaetolium M., Viena 38.40 21.30 Paroreia 39.45
PanJataria I., Vando- Paroreia, Paleomiri 37.29
tcnn 40.47 13.25 Paroreus 38.30
Pandosia (Bruttiorum), P.aros, Parekhia 37.5
n. 3lpndocino 39.17 16.11 Paros I., Para 37.5
Pandosia (Epirus),A'as- Parthanum, Parten-
tri 39.18 20.36 kirch 47.29
Pandosia (Lucania), Parthenicum, n. Parte-
Aiig/o7ia 40.16 16.31 nico 38.56
Paneas 33.15 35.47 Parthenium, Bartan.... 41.40
Paneas, or Caesarea- Parthenius F., Bartan
Philippi, Banlaa 33.16 35.42 Tchai 41.30
Panephysis? 31.8 31.50 Parthenius M., Par-
PaJigaeus M., Pilaf theni 37.30
Tepeh 40.53 24.6 Parthenope (Neapolis),
Panhormus, or Panor- Naples 40.51
mus, Palermo 38.7 13.21 Parthia 35.50
Parjionium? 37.44 27.17 *Parthini 41.45
Panium 33.17 35.41 Paryadres Mons 40.40
Pannonia, Lower 47.0 16.0 Parysatis, Villages of?.. 35.15
Pannonia, Upper 46.0 18.0 Pasargadae ? JDeh Mi-
Panopeus 38.29 22.48 nair 28.31
Panonnus, or Panhor- Pasira? 25.20
mus), Palermo 38.7 13.21 Pasitigris, or Eulaeus,
Panormus (Achaia) 38.19 21.49 F., Ktuan 31.0
Panormus(Cephallenia), Passaron 39.40
Port Yiskardho 38.27 20.34 Patara 36.15
Panormus (Creta) 35.25 24.29 Patavium, Padua 45.24
Panormus (Ionia) 37.56 27.18 Patavinae Aquae, or
Panormus Portus, Ka- Aponi Fons, Bagni
ra jl a AfjaUch 36.50 28.30 d'Ahano 45.22
P.inormus Portus, J/arsrt Patavissa (Colonia),
Snltom 31.29 25.11 Thorda 46.33
Panormus Portus, Pa- Pathmetic, see Phatnitic
norimo 37.41 24.4 Patmos I., Patino 37.20
Panormus Portus, Port Patrae, Patras 38.15
Palermo 40.5 19.42 Patrocli I., Goidharo... 37.39
Pantagias F., Poreari... 37.18 15.10 Pattala? Hyderahnd.... 25.23
Pantanus L., Lacjo di Patumos (Thoum. or
Lesina 41.53 15.25 Pithom), r. n. Abas-
Panticapaeum, Kertsch 45.22 36.28 sieh 30.28
Pantichium, Paiidilc... 40.54 29.16 Patycus, Paola 39.22
Panysus F., Pravadi... 43.10 27.30 Pauca, Porto Polo 41.43
Paphlagoxia 41.10 34.0 Paura, Puhra 27.58
Paphos, Baffo 34.45 32.25 Paus 37.51
Piippa? 37.28 32.12 Pausilypus Mons, Hill
Papua M.? 37.3 7.20 of Posilijm 40.49
Parachoathras M., Chain Pax Julia, Beja 38.5
of El-Biirz, or Cas- Paxus I., Paxo 39.11
pian M" 36.0 52.0 Pedalium Pr., C. Grego 34.57
Paraetackn'e? 38.30 70.0 Pedalium Pr., or Arte-
•Paraetaceni 33.0 51.0 misiura, C. Siivela 36.35
Paraetonium, Marsa Pedasus? Paitschin 37.15
Lnheit 31.21 27.12 Pedasus? 39.32
Paralia 37.50 23.55 Pcdiaios F 35.10
Paran, Desert of, El- Pedieia? 38.37
Tih 30.30 34.45 Pedidm 38.0
Parapotamii, r. n. Be- Pednelissus 37.31
lisxi 38..33 22.48 Pedona, Borgo S. Dal-
Parasopia, Plain of 38.15 23.20 mazzo 44.20
Pauavaea 40.26 20.40 Pedum, Gallicnno 41.53
Pardo.=ona 39.50 35.21 Pegae, Rapsomati 37.22
NAMES. I-AT. LONG. MAP
Persis 30°.0'
Perta, Ujuk Bowat 38.21
Pertusa, Pertusa 41.57
Perusia, Pertujia 43.7
Pessinus, Bala Hissar.. 39.20
Pessium (Contra Acin-
cum), Pcsth 47.30
Petaliae P=., Petalies I'. 38.0
Petavonium? 42.5
Peteon? 38.24
Petilia, Stronyoli 39.17
Petiliana 37.21
Petinesca, Bieiine 47.8
Petitarus F 38.52
Petra (Arabia), r. in
Wadi/ MoKsa 30.25
Petra (Colchis), Ziched-
shari 41.44
Petra (Illyricum), on
C. Pali 41.25
Petra (Macedonia), Pe-
trovitsch 41.26
Petra (Pieria) 40.11
Petra (Sicilia), Buon-
pietro 37.44
Petra Magna 31.45
Petra Parva, Bas el-
Toum 32.14
Petra Pertiisa, Pietra
Pertusa 42.2
Petra Pertusa, or Inter-
cisa, II Furlo 43.36
Petrae 45.50
Petriana, Castlesteads... 54.57
Petrina? 37.41
*Petrocorii 45.0
Petrocorii, for.Vesunria,
Periguenx 45.11
Petromantalum,.S'f. Claii- 49.12
Petuaria ? Broxujh on
Humher 5.3.44
Peuce I., Jfoish 45.0
Peucela? Pushkalavati 34.12
Peucetia 41.0
*Peucini 45.15
*Peucini, or Bastarnae 48.30
Phacium? 39.35
Phaciisa, Tell Fakhous 30.46
Phacussa I., Karo 36.53
Phaeilriades 38.30
Phaedrias? 37.21
Phaestus 35.3
Phaestus? AUfaka 39.34
Phaestus, Vhhari 38.21
Phalacrium Prom., Capo
Jinsocolmo 38.18
Phalifcrum Prom., C.
Drasti 39.48
Phalanna, n. Karajuli.,, 39.45
Phalara 38.53
Phalarus F 38.24
Pliahisarna 35.31
Phalerum 37.56
Phalerum Portus, Porto
Fandr! 37.56
Phaloria 39.36
Phamothis, El-Khreit... 31.2
Phanae Prom., C. Maa-
tiko 38.9
Phanagoria, ». Taman.. 45.15
Phanaroea 40.46
Phara 38.38
Pharae 38.5
Pharae, or Pherae, Ka-
lamata 37.2
Pharaga, 3f<ikam 31.8
Pharan, Feiraii 28.42
Phuran Prom, (or Posi-
dium)? Jinn Jluhum-
mrd 27.44
Phnraspa, Gaza, or
(lazaea, Takht-i-Sa-
laimaun 36.23
NAMES. LAT. LOXfi. MAP.
Pirina? 37°.51'
Piruin, Bukharest 44.28
Pisa 37.40
Pisae, Pisa 43.43
PisAEA, or PiSATis 37.43
Pisaurum, Pesaro 43.55
Pisavae, Pellisane 43.33
PisiDiA 37.30
Pisaurus, or Isaurus, F.,
Foylia 43.47
Pisoraca P., Pisuerga... 41.50
Pistorium, or Pistoria,
Pisfoja 43.58
Pistyros 40.52
Pitane, Sandarlik 38.56
Pitch Springs (of Za-
eynthus) 37.41
Pitheousa, Aenaria, or
Inarime, I., Ischia.... 40.44
Pithom, Tlioum, or
Etliam, (Patumos?)
r. n. Abassieh 30.28
Pitonlus P., Giovenco... 41.59
Pitya 40.26
Pityonnesus I., Angistri 37.42
Pityus, Pitzuuda 43.10
Pityusae I"^, Iviza and
Formentera 39.0
Pityussa 1 37.26
"Pity nsfîCl., Dana Adaasi,
or Provencal 1 36.11
Placentia, Piaeenza 45.3
Plagiaria ? El-Coman-
dante 39.7
Planasia I., Planosa.... 42.33
Planesia I., Plana 38.10
Plataeae, KoHa 38.12
Platamodes Prom 37.9
Platanistus 36.3
Plntjinistus Prom., C.
Spathi 36.23
Platanum 33.41
Platea I., Bo7nba 32.23
Plateia, Plaka 36.4
Plavis F., Piave 46.20
Pleistus F., Xerojiotaiyio 38.28
Plemmyrium 37.1
*Pleraei 43.0
Plera, Gravina 40.46
Plestinia? Peschio Asse-
rolo 41.49
Pleuron, Castle of Irene 38.25
Plinii Villa, Plhuana.... 45.52
Plintlnne? 30.54
Plinthinetes S., Arabs
Gulf 31.0
Plumbaria 1 38.46
Plumbaria (or Enosis?)
I., .S'. Antioco 39.0
Pluiiibinaria,P()»^ji«ara 41.44
Pluvialia I.? Ferro, or
Hierro 27.45
Podalia 36.47
Podandus 37.22
Poecilasium 35.14
Poecile Petra 36.24
»Poediculi 41.10
Poetovio, Pettau 46.25
Pogla, Fidla 37.16
Pogon, Port Vidhi 37.31
Poiessa 37.35
Pula, aft. Pietas Julia,
Poln 44.52
Polaticum Pr., C. Pro-
moiitoire 44.46
Poleraoniuin, Puleman.. 41.1
Poliehne, Itconda 37.15
Poliohne 37.17
Poliehne? Sknla 38.22
Polimartiiiui, Bomarzo.. 42..')0
Politoriuin, La Giostra 41.46
Pollentia, Pollenzn 44.41
Pollentia, Pullenza 39.52
9
NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAI NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
PosiJoniuiu, Posi-
or Psaeon Spada... 35°. 41
Pr., G. 23°.44' 19
(li'ûm Pr., C. Posidhi, Psamathus Portus, Port
or Kassandm 39°.5/" 23°.21' 15 Kaio 36.26 22.30 IS
Posidonium, Port Kis- Psaphara, or Antigonea 40.20 23.6 15
ternes, or Asomata.... 36.24 22.29 18 Psaphis, Kalamo 38.16 23.53 16
Potami 41.58 34.50 20 Pselcis, Bakke 23.12 32.46 3
PoTAMiA 40.50 3.3.0 20 Psilis 36.42
,
28.44 19
Potamos, Paleo Kastro 37.47 24.2 18 Psilis F 41.5 30.0 20
Potentia, Potenza 40.37 15.47 9 Psophis, Tripotamo 37.52 21.54 18
Potentia, S. iVaria di Psyohium 35.6 24.41 19
Potenza 4.3.24 13.39 8 Psygmos, Gulwaini [or
Potentia F., Potenza.... 43.25 13.39 8 Great L.) 11.59 50.45 2
Potidaea, aft. Cassan- Psylli 1
dria, Pinaka 40.11 23.20 15 Psyra I., Psara 38.35 25.36 19
Potniao? 38.17 23.18 16 Psyttaleia I., Lipso 37.56 23.35 16
Praeneste, Palestriiia... 41.51 12.55 11 Pteleum? 38.30 26.25 19
Praesidium? 41.58 9.24 9 Pteleum, Pteleo 39.1 22.57 15
Praesidiuin? 41.8 7.45 w 7 Ptolemais (Accho), St.
Praesidium? ^S". ^sieyaji 42.26 7.48 w 7 Jean d' Acre 32.56 35.5 21
Praesidium, S. Luear de Ptolemais (Cyrenaica),
Guadiana 37.20 '7.16 W 7 Tolmeita 32.43 20.55 23
Praesidium Julium, or Ptolemais Hermii, El-
Scalabis, Santarem... 39.16 8.38 w 7 Mcnshleh 26.28 31.48 3
Praesidium Pompeii, Ptolemais Theron ? Erih
Boulovan 43.30 21..32 14 Island 18.8 38.30 3
Praesus 35.7 26.7 19 Ptoum M., Strutzina.... 38.27 23.17 16
Praetoria Augusta 45.56 27.0 14 Ptychia I., Vido 39.38 19.55 15
Praetorium 45.7 22.21 14 Pucinum, Castel Duino 45.46 13.27 8
Praetorium 46.4 1.35 6 Pulchrum Prom. ? G.
Praetorium, iôssTf/îana 43.31 16.7 14 Zeheeh 37.17 10.1 23
Praetorium, GranoUers 41.38 2.20 7 Pullariae I^^, Brioni,
Praetorium ? n. Hun- (tc 44.54 1.3.45 8
maiihy 54.11 0.18 W 6 Pullopice, Finale 44.11 8.20 8
Praetorium, Eiinnik 45.4 24.23 14 Pulora I., Polior 26.17 54.38 3
Praetorium Agrippinae, Pumentum, Cerenza 39.16 16.49 9
n. Zwieten 52.8 4.32 6 Pupulum, Villamasar-
Praetorium Latovieo- gia 39.17 8.38
rum, Neustadtl 45.48 15.13 14 Puteolanus (or Cam-
*Praetutii 42.35 13.35 8 panus) S., Bay of
Pramnos M., Melissa... 37.33 26.5 19 Naples 40.40 14.10
Prasiae, r. on Porto Puteoli, Puzzuoli 40.49 14.7
Rafti 37.52 24.2 IS Pycnus F 35.36 2.3.58
Prasiae, or Brasiae ? St. Pydna, Kitro 40.22 22.33
Andreas 37.22 22.47 18 Pygela 37.54 27.18
Prasias, or Cercinltis, Pygmaei
L., Tahliyno 40.55 23.50 19 Pylae Albaniae, or Cas-
«Prasii 26.0 83.0 2 piae, Pass of Derhend 42.0
Pr.asum Prom., 0. Del- Pylae Amanicae (of
gado 10.20s 40.20 2 Arrian) 37.0
Premnis, Ihrim 22.40 32,0 3 Pylae Caspiae, Pass of
Prepesinthos I., Despo- Gadiik 35.50
tiko 36.57 25.0 19 Pylae Caucasiae, Pass
Pria, or Iria Flavia, El- of Bariel 42.44
Padron 42.38 8.38 w 7 Pylae Ciliciae, Golek
Priansus? 35.1 25.18 19 Boghaz 37.14
Priapus 40.25 27.20 19 Pylae(of Mesopotamia) ?
Priene, Samsoun 37.40 27.19 19 Anbar 33.30
Prifernum, Assergio 42.23 13.32 8 Pylae Persicae ? Kaleh
Privernum, w. Piperno.. 41.29 13.11 11 Sefeed 30.16
Probalinthus 38.6 23.59 16 Pylae (Pontus), Kula-
Probatia P 38.26 22.51 16 bat Boghaz 40.37
Prochyta I., Procida... 40.45 14.1 13 Pylae Syriae, Pass of
Procolitia, Carraiciiirjffe 55.2 2.11^7 5 Beilan 36.29
Proconnesus I., Mar- Pylae Syriae-Ciliciae,
mora 40.37 27.35 19 Sakal Tutan 36.39
Proerna, Ghynekokastro 39.13 22.16 15 Pylae Zagri ( or Mediae),
Prolaqueum, Pioracco.. 43.8 13.1 8 Tak-i-Girrah 34.25
Promuna 44.0 16.12 14 Pylus 37.0
Proni, 71. Limenia 38.8 20.47 18 Pylus, or Coryphasium,
Prophthasia, Peshawu- Paleo Avarin 36.57
roon 31.50 61.48 3 Pylus (Elis), n. Knlvgli 37.50
Propontis, Sea of Mar- Pylus (Tryphylia), .Bjs-
mora 40.45 28.0 20 kini 37.29
Proschium 38.28 21.22 18 Pyra M 38.50
Prosymna 37.35 22.57 18 Pyramids (Great) 29.58
Prote I., Porqiterolles... 4.3.0 6.13 8 Pyramus F., JaiJidn 37.18
Prote I., Proti 37.3 21.34 18 Pyranthus, Pyrathi 35.6
Prusa, Briisa 40.10 29.8 20 Pyrenaei Ms., Pyrenees 42.40
Prusias, or Cierus, Us- Pyrenaeum Prom., C.
kub, or Eski Bagh.... 40.50 31.21 20 Creiise 42.19
Prymuessus ? Seid el- Pyrgi 37.24
Ghnzy ,'59.23 30.55 20 Pyrgi, Santa Severa 42.1
Prytanis F., Kala. Verc 41.0 41.10 I 20 Pyrrha (Ionia) 37.30
Re?nena, aft. Tlienrlo-
siopolis, lias el-Ain.. 36°.52 40°.l'
Resapha, Resafah 35.34
Piesen (Larissa) ? Nim-
roiid 36.0
Respa, Molfetta 41.12
Retinii, n. Resina 40.48
*Reudigni 53.20
Reve?.«ium, ,9. Paulien 45.8
Rha F.. Volija 50.0
RhaF.( East branch of),
Kama 56.0
Rhabon F., Schyl 44.30
Rhaedestus, orBisanthe,
Rodosto 40.59
Rhaetia 47.0
Rhaotiaria, or Ratiaria,
Widin 43.57
Rhagae, Veramin 35.37
Rhamnus, Oun'okasti-o.. 38.12
Rhamnus Portus, Sto-
mio 35.23
Rhaptum Prom. ? 2.0 s
Rliaptus F.? 2.0s
Rbatostathybius F.,
Taff 51.30
Rhaucus 35.15
Rhausium 42.42
Rhebas, Riva Kaleh 41.14
Rhenium, Reggio 38.6
Rbeiti 38.1
Rheitrum Portus, G. of
3Mo 38.23
Rheitus, n. Galalalci.,., 37.51
Rhenea I., Rhenea 37.25
Rbonus F., Rhine 49.0
Rhenus F., Row 44.15
Rhesus F., Karatli 40.11
Rhezius, Riza 41.4
RbiECodunum, or Coc-
eium, Rihchcster 53.49
Pthinocolura, or Rhino-
oorura? El-Arish 31.6
Rhipaei
RniuM 36.50
Rhium Prom., Capo di
Feno 41.58
Rhium Prom., Kastro
Morea 38.18
Rhizon. Rhano 42.32
Rhi/.HS? 39.40
Rhoda, Rosas 42.18
Rhodanus F,, Rhone.... 44.20
Rhodius F 40.8
Rhndope M., Despoto
Dagh 41.30
Rhodos, Rhodes 36.26
Uhados I., Rhodes 36.10
Rhoduntia 38.45
Rhodusa I., Ltnosa 36.46
Rhoeteum 39.59
Rhoeteum Prom 40.
Rhoge I., St. George.... 36.9
Rhossus, Arsoos 36.25
Rhossus Mons, Jebel
Kesen'k 36.20
RhotanusF., Tavignano 42.13
Rhudiae(Iapygia)? 40.29
Rhudiae (Peucetia), An-
dria 41.12
Rhygmana 36.5
Rhvndaeus F., Mua-
iitsch 40.18
Rbyphae (or Rhypes)? 38.16
Ricina, i?ecco 44.23
Riduna Alderney
I., 49.43
Rigomagus, Reinmagcn 50.34
Rigotnagus, Rinco 45.3
Riobe, Orb,/ 48.30
Ripa Alta?'. 46.31
Riphaci (or Hyperbo-
rei) Montes, S. part
of Ural 58.0
SalmantTca (Elman-
6'
tiea?), Salamroica.... 41°. 5°.42'w
Salmone, Kreknk! 37.40
Salmorudis, or Ilalmy-
ris? 44.50
Salmydessus, 3Iidiah... 41.40
Salo ''F.,XaloH 41.30
Salodurum, Soleure 47.13
Salon 40.40
Salona, Salona 43.32
Salsovia, Baba Darjh... 44.55
Salsulae, Salces 42.60
Salsura riumen 37.20
Salt, Valley of, El-Ghor 31.5
Saltici, Shante 39.30
Saltus Castuloiiensis..., 38.40
Salurnum, Salurno 46.17
«Salyes 43.30
Samara F., Somme. ...... 50.0
Samaria 32.10
Samaria, aft. Sebaste,
Sebiistieh 32.18
Samarobriva, aft. Am-
biani,Amiens 49.54
Sambina? Seimarrah... 32.57
Sambracitanus S., St.
Tropez,or GrimaudB. 43.17
Sambulos M., Sunhulah 34.15
Same, Samos 38.14
Samicum 37.32
Saminthus? Kutzojiodhi 37.41
Samnium 41.30
SamochonitisL. (Waters
of Merom), Bahi- el-
Houle 33.5
Samonium Prom., or
Salmone? C. Sidero.. 35.20
Samos 37.42
Samos I., Samo 37.45
Samos, or Cephallenia,
I., Cephalonia 38.15
Samosata, Samosat 37.32
Samothrace, Paleopoli.. 40.30
Samothrace I., Samo-
thraki 40.26
Sanderva 42.42
Sane 40.6
Sane (Uranopolis?) 40.22
Sangala? 31.0
Sftngarius F., Sakaria.. 40.0
Sanina, Mor/han 39.38
Sanisera, Alajor 39.53
Sanora, Schemkur 40.43
Santicum, «. Villach.... 46.38
*Santones, or Santoni.. 45.45
Santones, Saintes 45.45
Santonum Portus, La
Rochdle 46.10
Santonum Prom 46.16
Sapianae, Fiin/kirchen,
or Pecs 46.5
Sapis F., Savio 43.54
Sappbe, or Bezabde,
Jezireh Tbn Omar.... 37.17
Saragana, Sinkar 36.54
Saramene 41.20
Saranga 26.0
Sarapana, Scharo2Hini... 42.6
Sardiea, Sophia 42.37
Sardis, Sart 38.28
Sardo, or Sardinia,
Sardinia 40.0
Sarepta (Zarepbath),
Sur&fend 33.57
Sargarausene 39.23
Sarmatia 54.0
Sarmatia Asiatica 46.0
Sarmatici Ms 49.0
Sarmaticus Oceanus, or
Mare Suevicum, Bal-
tic Sea 67.0
Barmizegetusa (Col.
Ulpia Trajana) 45.30
NAMES. LAT.
Segobodium, Seveux 47°.34' 5°.45'
Segobriga, Seyorbe 40.24
Segodunum, aft. Ruteni,
Ehodez 44.21
Segontia, Epila 41.41
Segontia, Siguenza 41.4
*Segontiaci ; 51.6
Segontium, Caer Seiont
(
Caernarvon) 53.9
Segora, S'egre 47.42
Segosa, Escourse 44.10
*Segovellauni 44.50
Segovia, Segovia 41.1
*Segusiani 45.40
Segusio, Susa 45.7
Segustero, Sisteron 44.12
Seir Mt., Jebel esh-
Sherah 30.30
Seirae, Lopesi 37.52
Sela 37.6
Sela F., Langovardho... 37.6
Selambina. Salohrena... 36.45
Selemnus F 38.16
Seleucia 33.4
Seleucia? 33.3
Seleucia (Cilieia), Selef-
keh 36.23
Seleucia (Pamphylia)... 36.51
Seleucia in Pieria, n.
Sundeiah 36.6
Seleucia Sidera, Eger-
dir 37.54
Seledcis 36.15
Selge, Surk 37.19
*Selgovae 65.20
Seliniana ? Estrica 41.66
SelinItis 36.20
Selinus, Kosmas 37.6
Selinus, Pileri 37.36
Selinus, or Trajanopo-
lis, Selinty 36.16
Selinus F., Madiani 37.36
Selinus F., Vostitza 38.5
Selinus Portus, Esmarh 31.29
Sellasia, St. Saranda... 37.7
Sellium, Se!jo 39.46
Selymbria 41.5
Semirus F., Sivimari... 39.0
"*"Semnones 52.10
Sena F., Cesano 43.39
Sena Gallica, Sinigag-
l!a 43.43
Sena P-., A
de Sein.... 48.4
Sena Julia, Sienna 43.22
*Senones 48.0
*Sen6nes 43.50
Senones, Sens 48.11
Sentice, Castroverde 40.51
Sentinum, Senfina 43.26
Senus F., Shannon 53.15
Sepelaci, Castellan de la
Plana 39.59
Sepia M 39.54
Sepias Prom 39.10
Sepinum, Sepino 41.26
Sepomana, Omago 45.25
Sepphoris, &ft. Diocae-
sarea, Sofurieh 32.46
Septem Maria 45.0
Se|)tem Fratres, Jehel
Moiisa 35.54
Septempeda, S. Severino 43.15
Septimauca, Simancas.. 41.35
Sequana F., Seine 49.0
*Sequani 47.0
Seranusa 40.27
Serapaeum .41.9
Serapeum (Baal-
zephon ?), r. below
Birket Temseh 30 24
Serapis I., Massera 20.30
Serbonis \jnG\xs,Sabalcat
Bardowal 31.5
NAJfER. LAT. LONG. MAP. NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP.
Sitomagus, Dunwteli.... 52°.17' 1°.36' 5 Spirae«m Prom., C.
gittace 3:?.17 44.26 22 Spli-l 37°.48 23°.ll'
SiTTACENE 33.20 44.30 22 Spoletium, Spoleto 42.45
Sivel, or Sucl, Cast, de Stabatio, Monsetier 44.58
Fraiujerola 36.33 4.37 W Stabiac, Cnstdlamare.... 40.41
Suienus F., Arna 36.43 22.33 Stabiila, Ottmarsheim... 47.47
Sminthiuiu, or Chryse.. 39.38 26.10 Stabiilum Novum, Sit-
Smyrna, Snii/ma 38.25 27.10 jas 41.15
Smyrna Antiqua 38.28 27.10 Stachir, or Trachir, F.,
Soastris, Kciiprikeui.... 43.1 27.26 Gambia 13.30
Socoh, Esh-ShniceiJceh.. 31.25 35.4 Stageiru?, or Stageira? 40.35
SoDUCENE 39.40 45.30 Stanacum? 48.26
*Sogdi 28.20 69.30 Staneclum? 4.3.28
SOGDIANA 40.0 64.0 sStatielli 44.37
Solentii P% ;?(Vo)ie, <tc. 43.26 16.10 Stciria, r. on Porto
Soli, SoUa 35.9 32.51 Haft! 37.53
Soli, or Pompeiopolis, Stelae 35.5
jMezeti; 56.44 34.34 Stenae, Rotherthurm.,.. 45.35
Solia, or Arae Hesperi, StenyclErus 37.13
.S". Liicni- la Marjor...
37.24 6.2 W Stephane, Istifan 41.57
Solimariaca, Soidosse... 48.24 5.44 Stiris, r. n. Kyriaki 38.22
Solimnia I., Pelago 39.20 24.5 Stobi, Stohi 41.10
Sollium 38.48 20.52 Stoediades 1"=., Isles
Soloeis Pr. ? 0. Spartel 35.47 5.56 w d'Hieres 43.0
SoloeisPr,? C. Canthi.. 32.35 9.15 w Stomalimne 36.46
Soloeis, or Solventia, *Stoni 46.5
Pr.? C. Blanco 20.50 17.8 w Stratae-burgus, Stras-
Solomacum? 44.34 0.61 w bourg 48.35
Solona, Cittd del Sole... 44.13 12.0 StratonicCa, or Idrias,
Solonium? Sidlonaz 45.50 5.28 Esl-i-hissar 37.17
Solus, or Soluntium, Stratus, r. n. Lejienu.,.. 38.40
Castello di S<danto... 38.5 13.31 Stravianae, Nassicz 45.20
Solygla, Galata 37.51 22.59 Strongyle I.. Stromboli 38.47
Solyma M., Taktalu 36.40 30.30 Strophades V'^.fStrofad-
Sontia, Sniiza 40.13 15.24 liin 37.15
Sontius F., Isoiizo 46.0 13.40 Struthus Portus, Vour-
Sonus F., Sone 24.30 83.0 lia Bay 37.28
SoPHENE 38.30 39.30 Stryme 40.52
Sophon, Snhandscha.... 40.43 30.15 Strymon F., Struma, or
Sora, .ôrci 41.43 13.38 Kara-su 42.0
Sorabile, Mnmojada 40.13 9.17 Strvmonicus S., G. of
Soracte M., Monte S. iiufani 40.35
Oi-esfe 42.17 12.30 Stucia F., Dovey 52.33
Sorbiodunum, Old Sa- Stura F., Stura 44.19
riim 51.6 1.48w Stymph.alus, n. Khionia 37.52
*Sordi, or Sordones 42.30 2.30 Styra, Stonra 38.9
Sorek, Valley of, Wady Styx F., Mavro Neria.. 37.59
es-Stirar 31.48 34.50 Suana, Sovana 42.38
Soroba, Sarummlc 38.52 35.37 •Suanetes 46.0
Sossius F., Fiume di *Suani 42.55
Marsala 37.48 12.30 *Suardones 64.0
Sostomagus, Castelnati- Sub Laiiuvium, San
dary 43.20 1.59 Gennnrello 41.40
Snstra? 42.58 25.11 Sub Lupatia, Anticag-
*S()tiates 44.6 0.0 He .^
40.40
Solium, Sos 44.3 0.9 Sub Muranum, Castro
Southern Horn (of Villari 39.46
Hanno)? Sherhoro' Sub Radioe 42.39
Sound 7.40 12.50 W Sub Romiila, or Romii-
Sozopolis, for. Apollo- lea? n. Andretta 40.57
nia, Sizeboli 42.26 27.44 Sub Sabione, Clausen... 46.39
Spalathrae 39.11 23.14 Subis P., Gaya 41.8
Sparta, or Lacedaemon, Sublaqueum, Siibiaco... 41.57
n. Mistra 37.5 22.26 18 Subur F., Wady Sebmi 34.25
Spartarius Campus 37.45 1.0 TV Suburbanum Commodi,
Spauta (or Mantiane) lioma Vecchia 41.49
L.? L. Uruwii/ah 37.30 45.30 Suburbanum Hadriani,
Spelunca, Sperlonga.... 41.14 13.25 Seite Basst 41.51
Speluncae, Grotia linssa 40.44 17.46 Subzapara, Hirmanli... 41.55
Speos Artemidos? .Bent Succoth (Scenae), r. n.
Hassan 27.55 30.53 Shibbeen 30.16
Spercliiae 38.55 22.5 Sucidava, Kouzgoun 44.9
Sperchius F., Ellada... 38.56 22.5 Sucro, Sueca 39.12
Sphaeria? Poro 37.30 23.28 Suero F., Xucar 39.14
Sphagia, or Sphacte- Sueronensis S 39.20
riii r .36.56 21.41 Sudeti M., Sudeten Ge-
Sphendale, jlA(ii/«/.:asrt... 38.13 23.49 hirge 50.10
Sphettus, Spnfa 37.57 23.55 *Sudracae, or Oxydra-
Sphingium, Phipiuiii. or cae 28.40
Pli<)enieinm,-M.,Fc(r/fj 38.23 23.12 Suel, or Sivel, Cast, de
Spina? n. Mczznno 44.32 12.8 Frangerola 36.33
Si>inae, Speen, n. New- Suessa, Sessa 41.15
i"'i/ 51.25 1.21 w Suessa Pometia? 41.25
NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP
Svnnai].!, Ajhnim Korn-
'h!ss„r .S8°.45'
Syphiu'iiui, MmitnUo.... 39.25
Syracellae, Miyalc/nra.. 40.52
Syracusae, Siracusa 37.5
SVRASTIIENE 22.0
Syrias, or Lt-pte, Prom.,
0. Indjeh 42.7
Syrnae I., Joaiuics 36.20
Syros, .S>/r„ 37.27
Syros I.. Si/r(( 37.25
Syrtis ^M.ijnr, G. of
'
Sidn,... 32.0
Syrtis M.iM.r, G. of
KabcH 34.15
Sys, or Syc.a.-^, F 38.0
T.
Taanach, Taaiiu/c 32.31
Tabae, Dnnroi 37.26
Tabae? liinniah 11.11
Tabala, Vin-ula 38.34
Tabellaria, Conttlldcrio 42.16
Taberna Frigida, Fri-
ijido 43.59
Tabienis 35.0
Tabor M. (Atabyriuiu,
or Ilabyriuin), Jibel
et-Toor 32.42
Tabraca, T»h„, /,<•/, 36.55
Tabuda, orTabulla, P.?
Aan 51.0
Tabiirnus Muiis, J/onle
T,<b,nn„ 41.8
Tacape, Khtibujur Killer 33.53
Tacona? 2S.54
Tader F., Sryura 38.15
Tadifiuui, iS'. Maria Ta-
dina, n. Giiahlo 43.14
Tadmor, or Palmyra,
Tadiiior 34.18
Tadutti, Tatiiibt* 35.31
Taenarum, or Taena-
riuin, Prom., C. Ma-
tapan 36.23
Taenarum, or Caenepo-
lis, Ki/pariHo 36.27
Taenia Lonjra, Fagasah,
or Taytsah 35.19
Tagaba, Tubnk<ih 31.31
Tagara, r. of Deofjhir,
71. Attrtnigohnd 20.0
Tagonius F., Tajuiia 40.15
Tagus F., 7ajo (or
Taijus) 39.28
Tabapanes, Tahpanes,
or Hanes (Daphne),
Tell Defanneh 30.52
Taizalum Prom., Kin-
naird's Heiid..^ 57 42
Talabriga? Salten 40.43
Taletum M., St. Eliaa,
or jtlalcryno 36.57
Taliata, Gtigersiiilik 44.30
Talmena? Jlas Godem.. 25.20
Tamare ? Tamerton 50.25
Tamaris F., Tamhre 42.40
Tamarus F., Tnmar 50.26
Tamarus F., I'amaro... 41.17
Tamassus 35.9
Tamesis, or Tamesa, F.,
Thames 51.30
Tamissa Acst., Mouth
of Thames 51.30
Tamnum ? 45.27
Tamynae 38.24
Tamyras, or Damuras,
F., A'ahr ed-Damour 33.41
Tanager F., Tant/ro, or
Negro 40.30
Tanagra, Grimadha 38.17
Taiiais F., Don 50.35
Tauarus F., Tunaro 44.50
NAMES. I.AT. LONG. map, nasirs. lat. long. hap.
«TonctlH>ri 51°.10' 7°.30' 25 Thcnae, In Wudi/
Tenoa, Klenia 37.47 22.52 18 Thcmj 34°.40' 10°.35'
TLMiedos 39.50 2fi.5 19 Tbeodosiopolis, for. Ca-
Tenedos I., Tenedos 39.50 26.0 19 rana, Erzeroum 39.55 41.19
Tenerie Plain 3S.20 23.18 16 Theodosiopolis, for. Re-
Tenos, TIno 37.32 25.11 19 saena, lias el-Ain 36.52 40.1
Tenos I., TIno 37.35 25.10 19 Thera? r. on Messa
Tentyra, Dcuhn-ali 26.9 32.41 3 Voniio 36.21 25.29
Teos. r. II. S!,,hr,j!k 38.11 26.49 19 Thera I. (Calliste), San-
Tephrioe, Divriki 39.21 38.15 20 torin 36.25 25.28
Teredon, or Diridotis, Therambus 39.57 23.41
Jehel Sinnm 30.15 47.45 22 Theranda 42.0 20.46
Tergedum? 18.0 41.0 2 Therapne 37.3 22.28
Tergeste, Trieste 45.39 13.47 8 Therapne? 38.16 23.22
Tergestinus S.,,(7o//b di Therasia, Therasia 36.26 25.21
Trieste 45.40
'.
13.40 8 Therasia, Hiera, or Vul-

Terlas F., S. Leonardo 37.17 15.0 12 cani I., Vidcano 38.23 14.56
Terina? n. Nocera 39.8 16.7 9 Thermae, Lntraki 37.59 22.59
Terinaeus, Ilipponiates, Thermae (Phazemoni-
or Viboneiisis, S., G. tis), Knwsa 40.58 35.39
of S.Eufemia 38.55 16.0 Thermae Agrippae 41.59 12.44
Tcrioli, Tirol 46.43 11. Thermae Himerenses,
Termerium Pr., Petra Termini 37.58 13.41
Termera 36.57 27.20 Thermae Selinuntiae,
Termes 41.31 2.24 w Sciacra 37.28 13.5
Termessus 36.55 30.26 Thermaicus S., G. of
Termns F., f /»me Temo, Saloniki 40.15 22.45
or F. di Bosn 40.18 8.29 Therme, aft. Thessalo-
Testrina, Tomax>!o 42.21 13.18 nic.a, Saloniki 40.38 22.58
Tetis, or Ruscino, F., Thermi, or Thermum,
Tet 42.44 3.0 Vlokho 38.40 21.34
Tetraphylia? 39.15 21.29 Thermodon F 38.20 23.30
Tktrapolis 38.8 23.57 Thermodon F., Termeh
Tencheira, aft. Arsinoe, Tchai 40.50 37.0
Taii/;ra 32.32 20.32 Thermopylae 38.47 22.29
Teudurum, Tudder 51.3 5.55 Thespiae (or ThespTa),
Teiimessus 38.21 23.24 Lefka, n. Rimokastro 38.16 23.9
TeumessusM 38.18 23.24 Thesprotia 39.25 20.40
Teuthea? Upper A7c- Thessalia 39.30 22.20
haia 3S.6 21.34 Thessaliotis 39.18 22.0
Teiitheas F.? 38.5 21.33 Thessalonica, Saloniki.. 40.38 22.58
TeiUhis, Dhimitzmm 37.36 22.4 Theudoria, Thodho-
Truthrania 39.10 27.30 riana ^ 39.22 21.11
Teuthrania, or Thy- Theveste, Tebesah, or
mena, Timteh 41.58 33.9 Tipsa 35.19 8.8
Teuthrone, n. Kotornn.. 36.37 22.30 Thinae
Teutlussa I., Limniona 36.16 27.45 Thiar 37.58 0.48 w
Teutoburgium 45.32 19.0 Thimouepsi? 29.7 31.11
Teutria, Pianosa 42.14 15.45 Thisbe, Kakosia 38.15 22.58
Th;io:ura? Tajeilt 36.16 8.20 Thisoa, or Theisoa 37.38 22.5
Thaiamae? 37.51 21.42 Thisoa, or Theisoa,
Thalainae, Platzo 36.48 22.19 Lavdlia 37.31 21.58
Thamara (Tamar), Kur- Thius F., KuUtfarina... 37.18 22.12
niib 31.8 35.6 Thmuis? Tell Muit 30.59 31.30
Thamnath, El-Burj. 31.54 35.1 Thoantium Prom.?
Thamnitica 31.55 35.0 (Carpathos), C. Bo-
Thamusida? Mehediah 34.18 6.39 w tiandrea 35.51 27.11
Thantia? 32.16 39.22 Thoantium Prom. (Rho-
Thapsacus (Tipbsah)? des), C. St. George.... 36.7 27.45
El-Hanimam 35.55 38.54 Thoaris F., tureh
Thapsus, Baltah 35.35 11.3 Tchai 41.8 37.11
Tliapsus, 3Ia<jnisi 37.9 15.12 »Thomani 40.40 59.0
Thasos 40.46 24.45 Thorae? Thinika 37.47 23.54
Tbasos I., Thaso 40.40 24.40 Thorax M., Guniusch
Thaumaci, Dhomoko.... 39.8 22.16 Bagh 37.48 27.25
Thaumacia? 39.17 23.14 Thoricus, Mandri 37.44 24.3
Thaubasium? 30.31 32.10 Thornax M 37.21 23.13
Tbebae (Aegyptu.*), Thornax M 37.8 22.26
Karnnh, &c 25.43 32.40 Thospltis L. (Arsissa,
Thebae (Eoeotia), nii-e 38.18 23.19 or Arsene) ? L. of
Thebae (Thessalia), r. Van 38.40 42.40
n. Ak-Kedjel 39.17 22.45 Thoum, Etham, or Pi-
Thebe 39.39 27.1 thom (Patumos?), r.
Theches Mons ? Tekieh «. Abassieh 30.28 31.35
Dagh 40.25 39.45 Thracia 41.40
Tbeganiisa I., Vene- Thraustus '
37.50
tiko a6.42 21.54 Thria 38.4
Thelepte, 34.41
/'ej-iVoin 8.40 Throni Prom., C. Pila.. 34.56
Thkmiscy'ra 41.5 37.0 Thronium 38.46
Themiscyâ, Thermeh:. 41.11 37.1 Thronium? Krisilio 40.30
Thcinisonium ? Tofenii 37.23 29.43 Thubactis, Marsa Zou-
Tlieiv.ie, Gastel Teme- raik 32.27
iios 35.13 25.7 Thubuna, Tubnah 35.10
NAMES. LAT. LONG. MAP NAMES.. LAT. LO.NG. M
Tilphncsa Pons 38°.21' 23°.0' 16 Trachir (or Stachir) F.,
Tilphossiiun 38.22 23.1 16 Gambia 13°.30'
Tilphcssimu M., Petra.. 38.21 23.2 16 Traehis 38.27
Tilurus F., Cettlna 43.31: 17.0 U Trachis 38.48
Timacus F., T^mo^• 43.50 22.19 14 TuAcnoNiTis, El-Lejali 33.0
Timallnum, Fonta- Trachys M 37.43
Veira 43.5 7.17 W Traens F., Trionto 39.35
Timavi Fons and Lacus, Tragaea 37.4
Timao 45.48 13.35 Tragasae, Touzla 39.34
Timethus ¥., A'aso 38.5 14.46 Tragia I., Sainopido 37.38
Timiscuin 45.27 22.20 Tragilus 40.54
Timogitia, Taoukli- Tragus F 37.47
mani 43.26 28.32 Trn.ja (or Tria) Capita,
TiMONiTis 40.40 32.15 Torre Agnilar. 40.51
TuislF.? Eden 56.21 2.50 w Trajan's Bridge... 44.39
Tinconcium, Sancoins... 46.50 2.55 Trajan's Canal 30.15
Tingis, or Caesarea, Trajanopolis, Ushnk 38.38
TaiK/ier 35.47 5.48 w Trajanopolis, Oi-ichowa 41.5
Tin ia R, r/miV, 42.55 12.45 Tra'iectum, Utrecht 52.6
Tinna F., Tcinui 43.14 13.45 Trajectu.^ 44.50
Tinnetio, Thizen 46.37 9.35 Trajectus? Bttton 51.25
Tiora Matiena, Torano 42.8 13.15 Tnilles, Aidin Guzel-
Tipasa, Tcffesad 36.36 2.26 Jlissar 37.49
Tipasa, Tlffrsh 36.16 7.40 Trampya? 39.56
Tipliae, or Siphae? r. n. Transmarisca, Tourk-
Khosia 38.15 22.54 Semil 44.0
Tiphsah (Thapsaeus)? Trapezopolis, Ilaknf.... 37.36
El-Homniam 35.55 38.54 Trapezus, Kuruniu 37.27
Tiiistria, or Tiristris, Trapezus, Trehizond 41.1
Prom., 0. KitUakra, Trapheia? 38.25
or Kalogria 43.22 28.30 Trarium, Tusla 40.50
Tiryns, Tirijns 37.36 22.48 Tra.sime'nus L., Logo
Tirzah? 32.20 35.18 Trasimeno, or L. di
Tisianus, or Ty.=ia, F. Perugia 43.10
(Tibiscus?), Theigg... 46.40 20.10 Traurium, Trau 43.32
Ti.-s.i, Randazzo 37.50 14.55 »Trausi 41.30
Titane 37.55 22.39 Treba, Trevi 41.53
Titaresius F., Xeraghi.. 39.43 22.15 Trebia, Trevi 42.54
Titarus M 39.47 22.15 Trebia F., Trehhia 44.47
Tithorea (Neon), Ve- Trebonianum, Trevig-
litza 38.34 22.41 nano 42.11
Titlironiuui, 3Iulki, n. Trebula Mutusca, Monte
Verzmia 38.40 22.36 Leone 42.16
Titius F., Kerka 44.0 16.0 Trebula Suifenae? n. La
TittheiusM 37.36 23.4 Posta 42.15
Titulcia, or Tituacia, Treia, Trejn 43.18
Getofe 40.7 3.38W Trepontium, Treponti... 41.30
Tius, FiUyas 41.34 32.3 Trerus F., Sacco 41.43
Ties 36.32 29.27 Tres Tiibernae 41. *9
Tinolus M., Kisilja Tretum Pr., C. Bujia-
Mnnsn Diigh 38.20 28.0 roni, or Pas Sehha
Tubius F., Toictj 51.45 4.23 W Rous (Seven Capes)... 37.6
Tugisonus F.? Gorzone Tretus, Pass of. 37.45
Canal 45.8 12.0 Treventum, Trivcnto..., 41.45
Toisobis F., 3Iouth of *Treviri 49.25
Conway 53.18 3.52 W Tria (or Traja) Capita,
Tolbiacum, Zulpich 50.44 6.38 Torre Aguilar 40.51
Tolutum, Toledo 39.56 4.0 W »Tribal!i 43.20
*Tolistobogii 39.30 32.0 »Triboci 48.30
Tollegatae, Talgato 45.36 9.52 Tricarana, Kutzi 37.51
ToUentinuin, Tolen- *Tricasses 48.22
tlno 43.12 13.18 Tricasses, Troyes 48.17
Tolophon, r. n. Kiseli... 38.22 22.16 *Tricastini 44.55
Tolosa, Touhmse 43.37 1.28 Tricea, Trikala 39.35
Tolous, ifonzon 41.49 0.10 Trichonis L., Apokuro,
TomarusM.? 39.52 21.5 or Vrakhori 38.33
Tomerus? 25.20 65.30 Trichonium? 38.33
Tomeu.s M 36.59 21.43 Tricoloni, Karattda 37.28
Tomi? Karli 44.3 28.37 Trifiomia, Kaimak 39.26
Tomisa 38.29 38.53 *Tricorii 44.55
Tonosa, 7'(iHt(« 39.12 36.39 Tricorythus, r. n. Kato
Tophel, Tnfileh 30.57 35.44 Soldi 38.10
Tupium, fopjw 46.11 12.51 Trierana I.? Trikeri.... 37.16
Toronaicus S., G. of »TridentIni 46.12
Knsmndra 40.10 23.30 Tridentum, Trent 46.7
Torone, Toron 39.59 23.55 Triera F., Treja 42.20
Torone, or Toryne, Trigundum, Aranton..., 42.64
Parga 39.17 20.23 Trileucum Pr., or Coru,
ToKRHEBis 38.10 28.0 0. Ortegal „.... 43.46
Toryne, or Torone, Trimammium, Jiou-
Pin;,n 39.17 20.23 dera 43..39
•^'To.xn'ndri 51.11 4.30 Trimorus I., S. Bonie-
Tuxaiidria Locus 51.4 5.2 nico 42.7
10
NAMES. LAT. LONG, '"AP,
Turin, Turium, F.,

or I
Tiiria, or Guadala-
vlar 40°.0' l°.ll'w
Turinsso, Tarnznna 41.56 1.44 w
Turicen, Zurich 47.22 8.32
Tnrissa, Osturiz 42.55 1.20 TV
«-Turmodisi (Murbogi ?) 42.40 4.0 w
Turniuli, Atconeta 30.40 6.17 w
Tiirnacum, Toufiinij 50.37 3.24
•Turones 47.10 0.30
Turones, Tours 47.23 0.42
Turoqna? 42.18 8.31 w
Turres, Tchardah, or
Shnrkeui 43.8 22.44 14
Turris Caesaris, or Au-
reliana, Torre liijwj-
iiola 41.2 17.10
Turris Caesaris ? Tag-
zrih 35.55
Turris Eiiphranti, Jias
,d-Houe!j,ih 30.56
Turris Ilannibulis, Barj
Sitlehtah 35.26
Turris Juliana, Torre
Pelosa 41.5
Turris Libissonis, Porto
Torres 40.50
Turris Stratonis, aft.
Caesarea, Kaisariyeh 32.32
Turrus F., Torre 46.0
Turublum, Tempio 40.54
Turum, Ampfinrj 48.15
Tusca F., Ez-Zaiii 36.45
Tuseania, TosenneUa.... 42.24
Tusculanum, Toseolano 45J59
Tusculum 41.48
Tusdra, or Tbysdi-us,
Kl-Jemm 35.21
Tutatio? Kirchdorf..... 47.54
Tuthoa F 37.40
Tyana, Kiz Hiasar 37.44
TvANiTis 37.40
Tylissus 35.20
Tylos, or Tyros, I., Bah-
rein 26.0
•»Tympbaei 39.56
Tyuiphrestus M., Ve-
lukhi 38.56 21.50
Tj-ndarii Scopuli, Tifah
Rorks 31.33 26.18
Tyndaris, n. Cupo Tin-
daro
' ."38.6 15.2
Typbaneae, ?(. Platiana 37.32 21.45
Tyraeinae, Traina 37.45 14.35
Tyras 46.24 30.17
Tyras, or Danastris, F.,
Dniester 48.0 28.40
Tyriaeum, Ih/hnn 38.19 32.11
Tyros, or Tyl'os I., Bah-
rein 26.0 50.34
Tyrrba, Tireh 38.4 27.42
Tyurhenia
Tyrrbenuin (or Infe-
rum) Mare 40.0 14.0
Tyrus, Soor [or Tyre)... 33.18 35.13
Tyrus (Laeonia), n. 0.
Tyro 37.14 22.52
Tysia, or Tisianus, F.,
Theiss r 47.0 2.10
U.
*Ubii (of Caesar) 50.40 7.40
«Ubii (of Tacitus) 51.0 6.35
Ubiis, or Rubricatus F.,
Seibous 36.27 7.30
Udon F., Kouma, 44.46 45.0
Ilduba F., Vninhermosa 40.0 0.15 w
Ufens F., Ufente 41.27 13.7
Uffugum, Fagnano 39.31 16.2
IKrenas F., Afrin 36.20 30.35
Usrin, or Urgia 36.56 5.40 w
L'liii, Riverof(Eulaeus),
Siiahpuur 31.40 48.40

NAMES. I,AT.
Vi.'neilTcu;) S., '7. of
LUnzlij 5r.30' 19°.0'
*Veiii~ti 47.46
Vknkti.v 45.40
Veiiotus, or Acronius,
L., L. of Constance... 47.40
Veniatia? Vinhaes 41.53
*Veniuines 46.14
Venonae, High Cross. „ 52.30
*Venostes 46.41
Venta Belgarum, Win-
chester 51.4
Venta Icenorum, Cais-
tor, n. Norwich 52.35
Venta Silurum, Cacr-
went 51.37
Ventisponte ? 37.24
Ventium, Vence 43.43
Venus, Temple of (Cy-
prus) 34.51
Venusia, Yenosa 40.57
«Veragri 46.0
Veratinum, Warrington 53.24
Verbanus L., Logo Jlag-
giore 46.0
Verbigenus Pagus 47.10
Vercellae, Borgo Ver-
celli 45.21
Vereae, Sohazc-Miho-
l(KZ 45.44
Vereasueca ? 43.27
Verela, or Varia, Varea 42.22
Veretum, or Baris, S.
Maria di Vereto 39.52
Vergae, Ruggiano 39.34
Vergilia, Uurcia 38.0
Verisa 40.6
Verlucio ? Sandy Lane,
n. Devizes 51.24
Vernosol, Vernoz 0.0
'"••Veromandui 49.55
Verometum, n. Wil-
lotighbi/ 52.49
Verona, Verona 45.26
Verterae, Brough 54.31
Vertinae, Verzine 39.18
Verulae, Veroli 41.43
Verulamium, .SV. .Aiifnis 61.45
Vervedruni Pr., Dun-
canshij Head 58.38
Vesca, or Osca, Huesca 42.9
VnsciTANiA ? 42.15
Vesontio, Besan<;on 47.14
Vesperies, Bermeo 43.25
*Ve.stini 42.20
Vesulus Mons, Monte
Viso 44.40
Vesunna, aft. Petroco-
rii, Perigneux 45.11
Vesuvius M., Mount
Vesuvius 40.49
Vetera, Xanten 51.39
Vettona, Bettuna 4:^.0
«Vettdnes 40.30
Vetulunii ? 43.5
Vetussalina? Hansclbek 47.21
Vexalla Aest., Bridge-
water Bay 51.15
Via Aeniilia 44.65
Via Amerina 42.26
Via Appia 41.33
Via Aquilia 40.30
Via Ardeatlna 41.42
Via Aurelia 41.53
Via Casperia 42.46
Via Ciminia.... 42.24
Via Claudia (or Clodia) 42.15
Via Collatlna 42.55
Via Cornelia 41.55
Via Cossia 42.20
Via Domitiana 41.0
Via Egnatia 40.36
Via Flaminia 42.5
NAMRS. I.AT. LONn. Nvntn.q. i.at. long. mat. NAMRS. I,AT. LONG. MAP.
XiMicXE 40°.20' 34°.];'/ Zanclc, at't. Messana, Zi'phyrimn Prom., Capo
Xiphnnia, Augnstn 37.14 15.12 Mcx^hin 3S°.U' 15°.34' 12 di linizzano 3S°.2' 16°.g'
Xois? 31.16 31.22 Ziu-A, Sara 39.60 37.46 20 Zephyrium Prom., Jias
Xyllne, or Archabis, Zaradrn.s, or Ilcsudrus, Tuurha, or Abou Sa-
Arknva 41.21 41.16 F., Sntlej. 31.0 76.0 3 bnrah 32.53 22.26
Xyniiie, r. n. TnuklL... 39.4 22.16 »Zarangac 31.40 63.0 3 Zered, Brook, Wady el-
Xypete (or Troja) ? r. Zarax, or Zare.x, leraha 36.47 23.6 18 Ahsy 31.2 35.45
n. Peiraeus 37.6S 23.39 Zarax M., Kolokera 36.49 23.0 19 Zeugitana 36.30
Zariaspa, or Bactra, Zeugma, Rmnkaleh 37.16
Z. Zigana, Sigana
Balkh 36.45 67.0 3 40.37
Zabatus, or Lycus, F., Zaniana. Diyodhi 39.33 43.35 22 Zilia, or Zilis (aft. Julia
Great Zab 36.10 4.3.40 Zoitha Pr., Has Shab- Constantia), Arzilla.. 35.29
Zabulon? 32.4S 3.5.16 hou 33.34 11.8 23 Zimara 39.23
Ziicyntlius, Zante 37.47 20.54 Zo]n, Zileh 40.11 36.0 20 Zin, Desert of, Wady el-
Zaeynthus I., Zante, or Zoleia, Sarakeui 40.13 27 37 19 Arabah 30.30
Zncyntho 37.45 20.45 18 Zklitis 40.0 35.45 20 Ziph, Zi/. 31.31
Zadraciirta? Saree 36.35 53.10 Zcnohin, Zelebi 35.40 39.51 22 Ziridava? n. Vasarhcly 46.25
Zagri Pylae, or Mediae Zephath, or Hormah ? Zoar? 31.16
Pylae, Tak-i-G!rrah 34.25 46.20 Niibk cs-Snfnh 30.59 35.13 21 Zodoeatha, Ain el-Us-
Zagros M 36.15 45.40 Zephyriura, A'orjani.... 42.0 33.29 20 dakah 30.13
Zaaylis, n. lias Ha- Zephyrium, Se/rch 40.58 38.40 20 Zoctia 37.29
irm 31.35 26.3 Zejihyriura Prom., C. Zorah, .S'^ra^ 31.46
Zaitha 35.4 40.32 tkxvaUere 36.8 33.43 20 Zorlanae 40.48
Zalecus, Alatachnm 41.36 35.36 Zephyrium Prom., 0. Zoster Pr., C. Lombnrda 37.48
Zama Regia, Jama 35.55 9.30 St. John 35.20 25.48 19 Zuchis Palus, Al-Biban 33.15
r.LANCIIARD & LExi'S EDUCATIONAL T UBLIC ATIONS.
NOW COMPLETE.
SCHMITZ & ZUMPT'S CLASSICAL SERIES.
The publishers have much pleasure in announcing the conclusion of this Series, which now presents a set of class-books
sufficient for a complete course of study in the Latin language. The very numerous recommendations which it has received
from classical scholai'S and practical teachers, and its extensive introduction into many of our best seminaries and colleges,
show that the objects of the distinguished editors have been fully carried out in its preparation. These objects have been to
pi-esent a uniform set of text-books, based upon the most approved systems of modern education, conducting the student
from the commencement of his studies to their conclusion on one definite plan, thus relieving the teacher from the annoyance
of passing progressively through works based upon different and conflicting systems a choice selection of classical authors :
has been made, which are printed from the most correct and approved texts, and are accompanied with biographical and
critical notices, illustrations, and maps wherever necessary, and explanatory notes introduced sparingly, affording assistance
where it is required, without overburdening the author with commentary.
In the typographical execution of the works, everything has been done to adapt them to the wants of the teacher and
student. Printed uniformly in a handsome royal 18mo. form, they are convenient for use, while at the same time the prices
at which they are offered are unprecedentedly low. Every care has been taken to secure the verbal and literal accuracy so
necessary in educational works while most of the volumes can be had in neat extra cloth, or strongly half bound.
:
The Series consists of the following works
SCHMITZ-S ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR. To which is added a SERIES OF EXERCISES FOR PARSING
AND TRANSLATION ; with Vocabularies and Notes. Price 50 cents in cloth half bound, 55 cents.
;
SCHMITZ^S ADVAls^CED GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE. Half bound, price 60 cents.
ADV.AXCED LATIN EXERCISES, WITH SELECTIONS FOR READING. Revised, with Additions. Extra cloth,
price50 cents; half bound, 55 cents. This work is complete in itself, containing the Rules of Syntax,
Explanatory Notes, Directions for the Position of Words, etc., etc.
KALTSCHMIDT'S DICTIONARY OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE. In two parts, Latin-English and English-
Latin. In one very thick volume, of nearly 900 double-columned pages, full bound in strong leather. Price $1.30.
Also, Part I, Latin-English, sold separate, full bound. Price 90 cents.
Part II, English-Latin, sold separate, full bound. Price 75 cents.
CORNELII NEPOTIS LIBER DE EXCELLENTIBUS DUCIBUS Exterarum Gentium, cum Vitis Catonis et Attici.
With Notes, etc. Price in extra cloth, 50 cents ; half bound, 55 cents.
C. I. CxESARIS COMMENTARII DE BELLO GALLICO. AVith Notes, Map, and other illustrations. Price in
exti'a cloth, 50 cents ; half bound, 55 cents.
C. C. SALLUSTII DE BELLO CATILINARIO ET JUGURTHINO. With Notes, Map, etc. Price in extra cloth,
50 cents ; half bound, 55 cents.
EXCERPTA EX P. OVIDII NASONIS CARMINIBUS. With Notes, etc. Price in extra cloth, 60 cents; half
bound, 65 cents.
Q. CURTII RUFI DE GESTIS ALEXANDRI MAGNI LIBRI VIII. With Notes, Map, etc. Price in extra cloth,
70 cents ; half bound, 75 cents.
P. VIRGILII MARONIS CARMINA OMNIA. Price in extra cloth, 75 cents ; half bound, 80 cents.
T. LIVII PATAVINI HISTORIARUM, LIBRI I., II., XXL, XXII. With Notes, two colored Maps, etc. Price
in extra cloth, 70 cents ; half bound, 75 cents.
M. T. CICERONIS ORATIONES SELECTyE XII. With Notes, etc. Price in extra cloth, 60 cents ; half bound,
65 cents.
ECLOG.E EX Q. HORATII FLACCI POEMATIBUS. With Notes, etc. Price in extra cloth, 60 cents; half
bound, 65 cents.
In its complete state, it will thus be seen that this Series presents a thorough and uniform course of instruction in Latin,
from the rudiments to the lower collegiate classes.
From among many hundred recommendatory notices with which they have been favored, the publishers append a few.
From Prof. JV. W. Benedict, Knchester University, N. T. From Peginald U. Chase, Harvard University, Mass.
I have taken pains to examine the works, and am happy to find them I have taken time to give the two Grammars a particularly careful ex.i-
Tory superior for the purposes desi;^ned. The selection maile from Latin mination, and I was not surprised to find them equally admirable in plan
authors is a judicious one, the editorial labor is of the ri_i;ht kind, and the and execution with the other works of your series. They are precisely
mechanical execution of the works, together with the low price at wliich what I have been longing for. My pupils have provided themselves with
they are afforded, constitute them a valuable aid towards the furtherance them, and they will hereafter, in common with the other volumes of the
series, be required as text-books with all my scholars. In our Latin school
of classical studies in this country.
no others will be allowed.
From Prof. W H. Dohcrty, Antioch College, Ohio.
From Prof. A. Rollins, Delaware College.
I greatly admire the beautiful and most useful series of Latin authors
which you have published. I regard them as a real boon to all students I regard this series of Latin text-books as decidedly superior to any others
of moderate means, they are so cheap, so comprehensive, and so correct.
with which I am acquainted. The Livy and lloraco I shall immediately
They constitute, in fact, an admirable course of Latin readini;, and their introduce for the use of the college classes.
wonderful cheapness places them within the reach of the humblest and
poorest student.
From Prof. A. C. Knox, Hanover College, Ind.
ITaving examined several of them with some degree of care, we have no

From Prof. J. J. Owen, iV. T. Free Academy.
hesitation in pronouncing them among the very best extant.
With your classical series I am well acquainted, and have no hesitancy
in recommendins them to all my friends. In addition to your Virgil, which Among the various editions of the Latin Classics, Schmitz and Zumpt's
we use, we shall probably adopt other books of the series as we may have yet published, are at all times preferred, and students arc
series, so far as
occasion to introduce them.

requested to procure no other. Announce/ncnt nf Bethany College, Va.
(1)
BLANCIIARD & LEA'S EDUCATIONAL PU HL CA T ION S.
I
Schmitz & Zumpt's Classical Series (Continued).
But we cannot forhear coramendinj especially, both to instructors and

From Prof. R. K. KeweU, Masonic College, Tenn.
whole of the series edited by those accomplished scholars, Drs.
pupili. the
Schmitz and Zumpt. Here will be fonnd a set of text-books that combine
I can give you no better proof of the value which I set on them,
than by
the excellences so lone desired in this class of works. They will not
cost
the student, by one-half at least, that which he must expend for some other making use of them in my own classes, and recommending their use in the
preparatory department of our institution. I have read them through
editions. And who will not say that this is a consideration worthy of atten-
carefully, that T might not speak of them without due examination; and I
tion ? For the cheaper our school-books can be maile, the more
widely will
flatter myself that my opinion is fully borne out by fact,
when I pronounce
they be circulated and u.sed. Here you will find, too, no useless display of
notes and of learning, but in foot-notes on each paire you have everything them to be the most useful and the most correct, as well as the cVieapest
editions of Latin Cl.issics ever introduced in this country. The Latin and
necessary to the understanding of the text. The difficult points are some-
times elucidated, and often is the student referred to the places where he English Dictionary contains as much as the student can want in the earlier
can find light, but not without some effort of his own. We think that the years of his course: it contains more than I have ever seen compressed into
a book of this kind. It ought to be the student's coni^tant companion
in
punctuation in these books might be improved; but, taken as a whole, they
come nearer to the wants of the times than any within our knowledge.— his recitations. It has the extraordinary recommendation of being at once
Southern College Review. portable and comprehensive.
UNIFORM WITH THE SERIES.

Antiquities, and
TITE CLVSSICAL MANUAL; an Epitome of Ancient Geogkapht, Greek and Roman Mythology,
J
CnRONOLOGT. Chiefly intended for the use of Schools. By the- Rev. James S. S. Baird, T. C. D., Assistant Classical |
Master, King's School, Gloucester. In one neat royal 12mo. volume. Price in extra cloth, 50 cents; half
bound, 5-5 cents.
From Prof. P. B. ^ptar, Madlion Vniversity, K. T. for some time. I would not on any a''count be without it. Yon have
not perhaps been informed that it has recently been introduced into the
T ampersuaded, from the examination which I have given it, that if a High School of this place. Its typographical accuracy is remarkable.
class were to be drilled upon such an "Epitome" as this, nothing better
would lay a foundation for a full and accurate knowledge of the Geography,
Chronology, Mythology, and Antiquities of the Greeks and Romans. From Prof. J. S. Ilart, Principal of the Philadelphia High Scfwol.
From Reginald H. Chase, Ilarvard University. "Baird's Classical Manual" is an admirable compend of the knowledge
That invalnable little work, the Classical Manual, has been used by me most indispcn.sable to the student of Greek and Koman antiquities.
A NEW TEXT-BOOK ON ANCIENT HISTORY.
A MANUAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY,

FROM THE REMOTEST TIMES TO THE OVERTHROW OF THE WESTERN
EMPIRE, A. D. 476.
BY Dr. LEONIIARD SCIIMITZ, F. R. S. E.,

RECTOR OF THE HIGH SCHOOL OF EDINBURGH.
With Copious Chronological Tables.
In one handsome royal 12mo. volume of four hundred and sixty-six pages, extra cloth. $1.00.
The object of the author has been to supply the -want of a clear and compendious resume of Ancient History, exhibiting
within a moderate compass the annals of the Asiatic and African, as -well as of the Classical Nations, as elucidated by the
investigations of modern explorers and critics. The vast body of new information which lias been accumulated of late years
lias thrown a new Hght over many important periods, and renders a work like the present of much importance to the scholar
find private reader, as well as admirably adapted for use in colleges and academies. Availing himself of the successful
labors of the more recent investigators, the author has not confined himself to the dry details of battles and sieges, but has
endeavored throughout to give a clear and accurate description of the social and political condition of the various nations,
tracing the progress of their civilization, the causes of their successive preponderance, the influences which they have
exerted, and the reasons of their decline. The name of the author is sufficient guarantee of the accuracy of the work,
•while the philosophic and democratic spirit which pervades it, and the easy and perspicuous flow of its narration, cannot fail
to render it a favorite with those for whom it is intended.
The history is constructed with art, and every leading event is surrounded
with such accessories as will xjlace its importance clearly before the mind. From Prof. J. T. ChampUn, WatervUlf College, Me.
The difficulty, rarely overcome by compilers of manuals, is, to present a
broad historical view uniformly over a vast space of time, and including I have no hesitation in saying that it is by far the best manu.il of ancient
m:iny nations and systems, and to reconcile the introduction of character- historj' with which I am acfjuainted. The intrfiduction of the history of
istic details with the general j)roportions of the narrative. X)t. f^chmitz has the non-classical nations is an crilirely new and important feature, and,
happily surmounted these hanlships of his task, and has produced a full with the greater completeness f>f the chronological tables and the general
niid masterly survey of ancient history. His manual is oue of the best excellence of the whole, cannot fail to commend it to public favor. I shall
that can be placed in the student's hands. Alhenoium. recommend it to my classes with pleasure.
(2)
BLANCIIARD & LEA'S EDUCATIONAL T U 13LIC AT IONS.
NOW COMPLETE.
CLASSICAL LITElUTUliE
BY THE IlEV. R. W. BllOWNE, M. A.
PROFESSOR OP CLASSICAL LITERATURE IN KING's COLLEGE, LONDON.
A HISTORY OF A HISTORY OF
GREEK CLASSICAL LITERATURE. ROMAN CLASSICAL LITERATURE.
In one handsome crown 8yo. volume, extra cloth. $1.50. In 07ie handsome croivn 8yo. volume, extra cloth. $1.50.
From Prnf. Gcssncr Harrisnn, Vuix-crsily of Va. Mr. Browne's present publication has great merit. His selection of mate-
I Bin very favorably impressed with the work from what I have seen of rials is judiciously adapted to the purpose of conveying, within a moderate
It, and hope to find in it an important help for my class of history. Such a compass, some detinite idea of the leading characteristics of the great clas-
work is very much needed. sical authors and their works. * * * * Mr. lirowne has the happy art of
Prom Prnf. J. A. S)yevccr, Kfw Tori: conveying information in a most agreeable manner. It is impossible to miss
It is an admirable volume, sufficiently full and copious in detail, clear and his meaning, or be insensible to the chiU-ms of his polished style. .Suffice it
precise in style, very scholarlike in its execution, genial in its criticism, and to say, that he has. in a very readable volume, prcsentid much that is n.seful
altogether displaying a mind well stored with the learning, genius, wisdom, to the classical reader. Besides bii.griipbiral inlunnation in reference to all
and exquisite taste of the ancient Greeks. It is in advance of everything the classical Greek authors, he has I'uniisbid critical reniarlis on their in-
we have, and it may bo considered indispensable to the classical scholar and tellectual peculiarities, and an analysis of thi'ir works when they are of
student. sufficient importance to deserve it. London AUiencvuin.
TEXT-BOOK OF BI BLI CALÊOG RAPH Y AND HISTORY.

OUTLINES OF SCRIPTURE GEOGRArilY AND HISTORY; illustrating the Historical Rortions of the Old ani»
New Testaments. Designed for the use of Schools and Private Reading. By Edward Huhiiks, F. R. A. S., F. G. S., Head
Master of the Royal Naval Lower School, Greenwich, etc Based upon Coleman's Historical Geography of the Bible.
With twelve handsome colored Maps. In one very neat royal 12mo. volume, extra cloth.
I have studied the greater portion of it with care, and find it so useful, We have long needed just such a book, and as soon as possible we shall
as a book of reference, that I have placed it on the table with my Bible, as make it one of tlie textliooks of our college. It sliould be a text-book in all
an aid to my daily Scripture readings. It is a book which ought to be in our theological institutions. —
Pcv. Samud Findki/, 2'rcsi<itnt of Antrim
the hands of every Biblical student, and I cannot but hope that it will have Oolkge, Ohio.
a wide circvilation. To such as desire to borrow. I answer: "I cannot loan
it, for I am obliged to refer to it daily
1" Prof. E. Kcerelt, Xcw Orleans. Few more interesting class-books, where the Bible is used in school.s. can
It appears to contain, in a compressed form, a vast deal of important and be found than the ''Outlines of Scripture Geography and History," and it
accurate geographical and historical information. I hope the book will have will prove, in families where the Bible is read, a valuable auxiliary to the
the wide circulation which its merits entitle it to. I shall not fail to recom- understanding of that blessed volume. It is therefore to be hoped that it
mend it so far as opportunity offers. Prof. &imud U. Turner, iN\ 1'. Thco- will receive that patronage which it so richly deserves. Pcv. EhplndiU. Null,
logical Seminary. Presidi'.nt of Union College, JV. Y.
BOLMAR'S COMPLETE FRENCH SERIES.

Blanchard & Lea now publish the whole of Bolmar's Educational WorlvS, forming a complete series for the acqui ition of
the French language, as follows
BOLMAR'S EDITION OF LEVIZAC'S THEORETICAL AND TELEMAQUE, for the literal and free translation of French
PR.\CTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. into English. In one 12nio. volume, half bound, 55 cents.
With numerous Corrections and Improvements, and the
B0L:\IAR'S SELECTION OF ONE HUNDRED OF PER-
addition of a Complete Treatise on the Genders of French
RIN'S FABLES, accompanied with a Key, containing the
Nouns and the Conjugation of the French Verbs, Regular and a
text literal and a free translation, arranged in such a
and Irregul.ar. Thirty-fifth edition. lu one 12mo. volume,
manner as to point out the difrerenee between (he French
leather, $1.00.
and the English Idiom; also, a figured pronunciation of the
BOLMAR'S COLLECTION OF COLLOQUIAL PHRASES, French. The whole preceded by a short Treatise on tlie
on every topic necessary to maintain conversation ai-ranged ; Sounds of the French language, as compared with those of
under different heads; with numerous remarks on the pecu- English. In one 12mo. volume, half bound, 75 cents.
liar pronunciation and use of various words. The whole so
BOLMAR'S BOOK OF FRENCH VERBS, wherein the Model
disposed as considerably to facilitate the acquisition of a
Verbs, and several of the most difficult, are conjugated
correct pronunciation of the French. In one 18mo. volume,
Affirmatively, Negatively, Interrogatively, and Negatively
half bound, 37 J cents.
and Interrogatively, containing also numerous Notes and
B0L:\IAR'S edition of FENELON'S aventures de Directions on the Different Conjugations, not to be found in
TELEMAQUE. In one 12mo. volume, half bound, 55 cents. any other book publislicd for the use of English scholars :
to which is added a complete list of .all the Irx'Cgular Verbs.
BOLMAR'S KEY TO THE FIRST EIGHT BOOKS OF In one 12mo. volume, half bound, 50 cents.
Shaw's English Literature—Lately Published.

OUTLINES OF ENGLISH LITERATURE.
By Thomas Shaw, Professor of English Literatiu'c in the Imperial Alexander Lyceum, St. Petersburg. Second American
B.
Edition. With a Sketch of American Literature, by Henry T. Tuckerman, Esq. In one large and handsome vohuiie,
royal 12mo., of about five hundred pages.
Its merits I had not now for the first time to learn. I have used it for and docs well all that ho attempts: and the best of the hook is the f/cnlnl
two years as a text-book, with the greatest satisfaction. It was a happy spirit,the genuine love of genius and its works, which thoroughly pervades
conception, admirably executed. It is all that a text-lxiok on such a subject it, and miikcs it just what you want to put into a pupil's hands. I'rofessor
can or need be. comprising a judicious .selection of materials, easily, yet J. V. Raymond, University of liochestcr.
eHectively wrought. Xhe author attempts just us much as he ought to.
(3)
CLANCHARD & LEA'S EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS.
A COMPLETE SERIES OF TEXT-BOOKS ON CHEMICAL TEXT-BOOK FOR STUDENTS— (Just Issued.)
PHYSICAL SCIENCE. ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY. Theoretical and Practi-
HANDBOOKS OF lÂTURAL PHILOSOPHY AND cal. By George Fownes, Ph. D., etc. With numerous
ASTEONOMY. illustrations. A new American, from the last and revised
London edition. Edited, with Additions, by Robert Bridges,
BY DIONYSIUS LARDNER, D. C. L.,
Formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy in University D.
]\I. In one large royal 12mo. volume, containing over
College, London. 550 pages, clearly printed on small type, with 181 illustra-
trations on wood; extra cloth, $1.85, or leather, $1.50.
This vahiahle series is now complete, consistin of three
Courses, as follows The work of Dr. Fownes has lone; been before the public, and its merits
FIRST COURSE, have been fully appreciated, as the best text-book on Chemistry dqw in
existence. We do not, of course, place it in a rank superior to the works
MECHANICS, HYDROSTATICS. HYDRAULICS. PNEUMATICS. of Brande. Graham, Turner, Greiôry, orGmelin; but we say that, as a work
SOUND. AND OPTICS. for students, it is preferable to any of them. London Journal of Medicine.
In one large royal \2nio. volume, of 750 pages, icilh 424 illus-
trations. $1.7-).
SECOND COURSE, BIRD'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
HEAT, MAGNETISM. COMMON ELECTRICITY, AND VOLTAIC ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY; being an Expe-
ELECTRICITY. rimental Introduction to the Physical Sciences. Illustrated
In one royalVlmo. vol., of 4^0 pages, ivith 244 iUustradons, $1.25. with over 300 wood-cuts. By Golding Bird, M. D. Fron>
THIRD COURSE, the third London edition. In one neat volume, royal 12mo.,
ASTRONOMY AND MKTEOROLOOY. extra cloth, $1.25; strong leather, $1.50.
In one very large royal \2mo. volume, of nearly 800 pages, tvith
37 plates and over 200 illustrations. $2.00.
These volumes can be had either separately or in uniform A COMPLETE COURSE OF NATURAL SCIENCE.
sets,containing
THE BOOK OF NATURE; an Elementary Introduction to
About two tlionsancl pa^jes* and nearly one tliousand the Sciences of Physics, Astronomy, Chemistry, Mineralogy,
Illustrations on Steel and Wood.
Geology, Botany, Zoology, and Physiology. 13y Frederick
To accommodate those who desire separate treatises on the
Schoedler, Ph. D., Professor of Natural Sciences at Worms.
leading departments of Natural Philosophy, the First Course
With a Glossary, and other additions and improvements.
may also be had, divided in three portions, viz.
From the second English edition, translated from the sixth
Part T. Mechanics. German edition, by Henry Medlock, F. C. S., etc. With
Part II. IIydeostatics, Hydraulics, Pneumatics, and Sound. 679 engravings on wood. In one handsome volume, crown
Part III. Optics. octavo, of about 700 large pages, extra cloth. $1.80
It will thus be seen that this work furnishes a complete
course of instruction on these subjects, or separate treatises The necessity of some acquaintance with the Natural Sciences
on all the different branches of Physical Science. is now
so universally admitted, in all thorough education, while
The object of the author has been to prepare a work suited the circle of facts and principles embraced in the study has
equally for the collegiate, academical, or private student, enlarged so rapidly, that a compendious manual like the Book
who may desire to acquaint himself with the present state of OF Nature cannot fail to supply a want frequently felt and
science, in its most advanced condition, without pursuing it expressed by a large and growing class.
through its mathematical consequences and details. Great
industry has been manifested, throughout the work, to eluci-
date the principles advanced, by their practical applications to A TEXT-BOOK ON PHYSIOLOGY.
the wants and purposes of civilized life —
a task to which Dr.
Lardner's immense and varied knowledge, and his singular PHYSIOLOGY OF ANIMAl"TnD VEGETABLE LIFE. A
felicity and clearness of illustration, render him admirably popular Ti-eatise on the Phenomena and Functions of Orga-
fitted. This peculiarity of the work recommends it especially nic Life. By J. S. Bushnan, JNI. D. In one royal 12mo.
as the text-book for a practical age and country such as ours, vol., of 234 pages, with over 100 wood-cuts. 80 cents.
as it interests the student's mind by showing him the utility
of his studies, while it directs his attention to the further
extension of that utility by the fulness of its examples. Its SOMERVILLE'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
extensive adoption in many of our most distinguished colleges
and seminaries, is sufficient proof of the skill with which the PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Mary Somerville. A new
author's intentions have been carried out. American, from the third and revised London edition. With
Notes and a Glossary. By AV. S. W. FiUsciienberger, M. D.,
HSRSCHEL'S ASTRONOMY. U. S. Navy. In one large royal 12mo. volume, of nearly 600
pages. In extra cloth, $1.25. Half bound in leather, $1.35.
OUTLINES OF ASTRONOMY. By Sir John F. W. Her-
SCHEL, F. R. S,, etc. A new American, from the fourth and From Zieiitenant Maury, U. S. N.
revised London edition. In one handsome crown octavo National Observatory, Washington.
I thank you for the "Physical Ococraphy:" it is capital. I have been
volume, with numerous plates and wood-cuts. Extra cloth, reading: it. and like it so much that I have made it a school-book for my
$1.60; or, half bound, leather backs and cloth sides, $1.75. children, whom I am teaching. There is, in my
opinion, no work upon that
Prom Prnfcssor D. Olmstmd, Yah College. —
interestins subject on which it treats Physical Geography that would —
A rich mine of all that is most valuable in modern Astronomy. make a better text-book in our schools and colleges. I hope it will bo
adopted as such generally; for you have Americanized it, and improved it
Pioni Prof. J. P. Crocker, Mndison ColJeije. Pa.
in other respects.
T know of no treatise on Astronomy comparable to "'llcrschel's Outlines."
It is aJmirably adapted to the necessities of the student. We have adopted
it as a text-book in our college.
JOHNSON'S PHYSICAL ATLAS.

MULLER'S PHYSICS.
THE PHYSICAL ATLAS OF NATURAL PHENOMENA.
PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS AND IVIETEOROLOGY. By For the use ofcolleges, academies, and familes. By Alex-
Prof. .1. Muller.
Edited, with Additions, by R. E. Grif- ander Keith .Johnson, F. R. G. S., etc. In one large impe-
FiT[i, M In one large and very handsome octavo volume,
D. rial 4to. volume, strongly bound in half morocco. With
with 550 wood-cuts, and two colored plates. $3.50. twenty-six colored steel plates. Price $12.00.
(4)
University of
Connecticut
Libraries
39153020649713

Atlasofclassical00hugh PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Atlasofclassical00hugh PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

AN ATLAS

A SKETCH OF CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY,

BY THE AMERICAN EDITOR.

WITH AN INDEX OF PLACES.

Entered, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by

BLANCHARD & LEA,

Printel \.j T. K. & P. G. Collins.

ingly been introduced from standard authorities.

The interest attaching to the gradual development of geographical knowledge

authorities, such as Kiefert, Forbiger, and Johnston.

Philadelphia, August, 185G.

Geography in schools is by oral instruction on the Map, followed by examination.

1. GEOGRAPHY ACCORDING TO THE ANCIENTS.

The world according to Hecataeus (ab^ut b. c. 500).

The atorld according to Herodotus (about b. c. 440).

Western Europe according to Strabo.

India according to Ptolemy,

Great Britain according to Ptolemy.

Empire under Cyrus).

4. THE PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, a. d. 119.

9. ITALIA (Southern Part),

Corsica and Sardinia

10. PLAN OF ROME.

The Bay op Naples, and adjacent Part of Campania.

The two Ports op Brundusium.

16. PART OF ATTICA, with BOEOTIA, PHOCIS, LOCRIS, MEGARIS, etc., on an

18. PELOPONNESUS, with Attica and Part of Boeotia.

19. THE COASTS AND ISLANDS OF THE AEGEAN SEA.

23. MAURITANIA, NUMIDIA, AND AFRICA.

Enlarged Plan op the Carthaginian Territory.

25. GERMANIA MAGNA, with the Provinces on the Upper Danube.

26. TOPOGRAPHICAL PLANS.

Route of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand Greeks.

BRITANNIA. -(MAP 5.)

boundaries. Strabo, who Augustus and

of Galloway. tending from the Thames to the Humber on the east,

GALLIA. -(MAP 6.)

already named — the

Douro, (in Portuguese,) the vast basin of which, vation.

now Merida. high, still Her-

ITALIA. -(MAPS 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13.)

presents itself as composed of two portions, nearly lia Transpaduna, we by nume-

temple almost entire.

Before quitting Italy and the Italian islands, it

S'irenusae. Directly S. of Corsica is Sardinia,

resemblance to the impress of the human foot {-x^'o^.,

not the loftiest summit, Mt. Blanc being higher, it

The chief lines of Roman road in Italy were :

and Verona, are ruins of amphitheatres that of the :

s/jeep-hurdles ; when the people had no

MACEDONIA, TIIRACIA, ILLYRICUM, AND THE PRO-

of the Alpes Noricae, or Styrian Alps and from ;

between the rivers Strymon and Nestus, at some

Constantino the Great and south-east is Sardica,

GRAECIA.-(MAPS 15, IG, 17, 18, 19.)

excluded it was with some hesitation that the Acar-

he speaks of the Greeks collectively, he calls them The chief Rivers

graecia propria. — (map 16.)

(Volo,) so called from the town Pagusae; and along

of Peloponnesus Chelonates, the farthest west and

ASIA MINOR.-(MAP 20.)

Persia L In Mysia, it is sufficient to name Troja or

4. West was the province of Ly-

iJ--i^i^. f'T' '--. "\>i,-..H