Chapter12 - Heat Exchangers PDF

Instructor: Dr.
Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016

HCMUT
THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER

 Instructor: HÀ ANH TÙNG – Department of Heat and
Refrigeration Technology
 Duration: 36 hours during 12 weeks (4 teaching units/week)
- Week 1  8 : Thermodynamics
+ Week 4 : Test 1 15%
+ Week 8 : Midterm Exam 20%
- Week 9  12 : Heat Transfer
+ Week 10 : Test 2 10%
- Week 9  13 : Experimental 15%
Final Exam 40%
1
Instructor: Dr. Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016
HCMUT
Objectives of the course

 to provide students with knowledge and skills required to apply
the basic principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer to
perform calculations and explain thermal engineering applications:
Ex: - Thermal power plants

- Refrigeration and air conditioning systems
- Dryers, boilers
- Internal combustion engines
- Heat exchangers, etc.
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HCMUT
Course Contents
 Chapter 1: Introduction & Basic concepts
 Chapter 2: The First & Second Laws of Thermodynamics
 Chapter 3: Basic processes of Ideal gas
 Chapter 4: Pure substance
 Chapter 5: Vapor power cycle
 Chapter 6: Refrigeration cycle
 Chapter 7: Atmospheric Air and air conditioning processes
 Chapter 8: Basics of Heat transfer

 Chapter 9: Heat Conduction
 Chapter 10: Heat Convection
 Chapter 11: Heat Radiation
 Chapter 12: Heat Exchanger Equipments
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HCMUT
Reference Books
1. Cengel, Y. A. and Boles, M. A., Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill Publisher,
2006.
2. Cengel, Y. A., Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd
Edition, WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston, 2003.
3. Hoàng Đình Tín – Bùi Hải: Bài tập Nhiệt động lực học
KT & truyền nhiệt, NXB ĐHQG TpHCM, 2008.
4. Hoàng đình Tín, Nhiệt công nghiệp, NXB Đại học quốc
gia Tp HCM, 2001.
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Part 2: HEAT TRANSFER

CHAPTER 12 :
Heat Exchangers
12.1 Simultaneous heat transfer problem
12.2 Finned – indirect contact heat exchanger analysis
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HCMUT
12.1 Simultaneous heat transfer

a) Heat transfer through a plane wall
Consider a one – layer plane wall of thickness d, material
conductivity l
Hot fluid with temperature tf1, convection coefficient a1 ;
cool fluid with temperature tf2, convection coefficient a2
Q Heat transfer process is a combination of

conduction and convection
Q  k t f 1  t f 2  F (W)
or q  k t f 1  t f 2  (W/m2)
To calculate the heat flux transfer q (W/m2) between hot and cool
fluid,THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT k (W/m2.K)
must be known
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HCMUT
 Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient k
l t w1  t w2 
Q  a1 t f 1  t w1  F  F  a 2 t w2  t f 2  F (W)
d
t f 1  t w1 t w1  t w2 t w2  t f 2 tf1 tf 2
q    (W/m2)
1 / a1 d /l 1/ a2 1 / a1  d / l  1 / a 2
1
Overall heat transfer coefficient k (W/m2.K)
1 / a1  d / l  1 / a 2
 Using thermal t
q with : Rtđ  Ra 1  Rl  Ra 2
resistance method: Rtđ
1d 1
   (m2.K/W)
Surface temperatures: a1 l a 2
q  1 d 1
t w1  t f 1  and t w 2  t f 1  q    t f 2  q
a1  a1 l  a2
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b) HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH CYLINDER WALLS
Consider a cylinder wall of L (m) length, diameter d1/d2. Hot
fluid flows inside with temperature tf1, convection coefficient
a1 Cool fluid flows outside with temperature tf2, convection
coefficient a2
Q Q  a1 t f 1  tw1 
d1L 
t w1  t w 2
 
 a 2 tw2  t f 2 d 2 L
1 d 
ln  2 
2l L  d1 
The rate of heat transfer per 1meter length of the cylinder wall
t f 1  t w1 t w1  t w2 tw2  t f 2 tf1 tf 2
qL    
1 1  d2  1 1 1  d2  1
ln    ln   
a1d1 2l  d1  a 2 d 2 a1d1 2l  d1  a 2d 2
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HCMUT
 Using thermal resistance method:
t
qL  with : Rtđ  Ra 1  Rl  Ra 2 (m.K/W)
Rtđ
1 1 d  1
  ln  2  
a1d1 2l  d1  a 2d 2
 qL can be calculated from length heat transfer coefficient kL
qL  k L t f 1  t f 2  with: kL 
1
(W/m.độ)
1 1 d 1
 ln 2 
a1d1 2l d1 a 2 d 2
1
NOTE: for multi – layer wall : kL  n
1 1 d 1
 ln i 1 
Knowing qL , surface temperature a1d1 i 1 2li d i a 2 d n 1
tw1 , tw2 can be calculated
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HCMUT
c) HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH FINNED WALL
Consider a plane wall of thickness d,
material conductivity l. One side of the wall
is attached fins with large material
conductivity. Surface without fins has area
F1, total area of surface with fin is F2
Q  a1F1 t f1  t w1  
 (a)
l 
Q  F1 t w1  t w 2  
d 
t f1  t w1 1 
 Q  a 2 F2 t w 2  t f 2 
Q a1F1 
t w1  t w 2 d 1 
Thermal resistance   (b)
Q l F1 
t w2  t f 2 1 
 
Q a 2 F2 
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HCMUT
From set of equations (b), we can write
tf1 tf 2  1 d 1 1 
R 
    
Q  a1 F1 l F1 a 2 F2 
t f1  t f 2
Then Q: Q
1 d 1 1
  
a1F1 l F1 a 2 F2
Otherwise Q = kca(tf1 – tf2) (W)

1
với: k ca  ( W K)
1 d 1 1
  
a1F1 l F1 a 2 F2
Calculating the heat flux transfer between 1 m2 of surface without fin:
Q 1
q1   k 1 t f1  t f 2  W m 2 k1 
F1
with: 1 d 1 F1
 
a 1 l a 2 F2
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HCMUT
Then heat flux transfer between 1 m2 surface with fins:
Q
q2   k 2 t f1  t f 2  (W m2 )
F2
1
with k2  (W m2 K )
1 F2 d F2 1
 
a 1 F1 l F1 a 2
Fin parameter : F2/F1 = c.
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HCMUT
12.2 Finned, indirect contact heat exchangers analysis

 Introduction
Two fluids are separated by heat transfer surface.

Shell and tube heat exchangers:
Small capacity: concentric tube heat exchanger (double – pipe heat exchanger)
Large capacity: shell and tube heat exchanger
Shell and tube heat exchanger
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HCMUT
Tubes & Shell
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HCMUT
FIN – TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS
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HCMUT
NH3 CONDERSER IN ICE MAKING SYSTEM
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HCMUT
INDUSTRIAL BOILER
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 CLASSIFICATION according to flow arrangement: parallel flow, counter flow, cross
flow and complicated flow arrangement
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a) BASIC EQUATIONS IN ANALYSISING FINNED – INDIREC
CONTACT HEAT EXCHANGERS
Two typical problems in studying heat exchangers :

- Design a heat exchanger: indicate heat transfer area F (normal condition
operation).
- Predict the performance of a heat exchanger: indicate the capacity Q, fluids
outlet temperature.
Two main equations: energy balancing equation and heat transfer equation
 Energy balancing equation

Qreceive = Qrelease
Heat loss to surrounding is negligible:
There is no changing phase process in both fluids:
C1 t2  t2 dt 2
Q  G1cp1 t1  t1  G2cp 2 t2  t2  (W)  
C2 t1  t1 dt1
C = Gcp heat capacity rate: . The larger the heat capacity rate C is,
the smaller the temperature changes.
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HCMUT
 Heat transfer equation

Energy exchange through small element of heat transfer
surface area dF:
dQ  k t1  t2 dF  k t dF
(t1 – t2)  temperature different between two fluids that
contact with heat transfer surface.
Calculate for all heat transfer area F:

Q  ktdF
F
k changes a little ( assuming k = const): Q  kFt
t : mean temperature different between hot and cool fluids. Indicate
t
t depends on the type of the heat exchanger
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HCMUT
b) INDICATE MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENT
t max  t min
In the case parallel flow and t 
counter flow t
ln max
t min
Tmin
Tmax
Tmin Tmax
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HCMUT
1
If (tmax/tmin < 2) approximate equation: t  t max  t min 
2
Other types of heat exchanger : t   t t ng

With
t ng  Calculate as in case counter flow
t  correction factor
Function t = f(P, R) is represented by graphs
t2  t 2 dt2 t1  t1 dt1

P  R 
t1  t 2 dtmax t2  t2 dt2
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Correction factor: t = f(P, R)
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HCMUT
Ex: Oil with the flow rate G2 = 1000 kg/h is warmed from initial temperature t’2
= 20 oC to t’’2 = 180 oC by hot smoke with initial temperature t’1 = 280 oC. The
outlet temperature of smoke t’’1 = 200 oC; overall heat transfer coefficient k =
35 W/(m2K); cp1 = 1,1 kJ/(kgK); cp2 = 2,3 kJ/(kgK).
Determine heat transfer area in the case counter – flow heat exchanger.
Solution: From Heat transfer equation Q  kFt
Temperature different between two fluids at inlet and outlet regions of the
equipment:
t’1 - t’’2 = 280 – 180 = 100 oC = tmin
t’’1 - t’2 = 200 – 20 = 180 oC = tmax
Mean different temperature: t  t min 180  100
t  max   136o C
t 180
ln max ln
t min 100
Heat energy is supplied to warm oil: Q = G2 cp2 (t’’2 - t’2 )

= 1000 . 2,3 (180 – 20)/3600 = 102,2
kW
Then F  Q k t = 102,2 / (0,035 . 136,1) = 21,46 m2

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HCMUT
c) THE EFFECTIVENESS – NTU METHOD
Heat transfer Effectiveness equipment:
Q  Actual heat transfer rate flows through equipment.

Qmax  Maximum possible heat transfer rate flows through equipment .
with Qmax  Cmin t1  t2 
Q  Qmax  Cmin t1  t2 
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HCMUT
Heat transfer effectiveness is a function of NTU and the capacity ratio C* = Cmin / Cmax:
  f ( NTU , C * )
kF
NTU  NTU : Number of Transfer Units
Cmin
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HCMUT
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HCMUT
Ex: Hot gas exhausting from an internal combustion engine enters a
counter flow heat exchanger to warm water
Hot gas : G1 = 0,8 kg/s; cp1 = 1,12 kJ/(kgK); t’1 = 450 oC.
Cool water: G2 = 3,2 kg/s; cp2 = 4,18 kJ/(kgK); t’2 = 50 oC
Heat transfer area F = 15 m2; overall heat transfer coefficient k = 85 W/(m2K).
a) Determine heat transfer capacity Q; final temperatures of water and hot gas.
b) If the engine operates under part load condition, so the flow rate of hot gas
G1* = 0,5G1, other conditions do not change, determine heat transfer capacity
Q; final temperatures of water and hot gas ?
Solution: a) To determine heat transfer capacity Q; final temperatures of
water and hot gas, using Effectiveness – NTU method
Temperature different of both fluids at inlet and outlet regions of equipment:
C1 = G1 cp1 = 0,8 . 1,12 = 0,896 kW/K = Cmin
C2 = G2 cp2 = 3,2 . 4,18 = 13,376 kW/K = Cmax
The maximum rate of heat transfer: Qmax = Cmin (t’1 - t’2 )

= 0,896 (450 – 50) = 358,4 kW
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HCMUT
*
C  Cmin Cmax = 0,896 / 13,376 = 0,067
NTU = kF/Cmin = 85 . 15 / 896 = 1,42
The heat transfer effectiveness (from graph):  = 0,72
The actual rate of heat transfer: Q =  Qmax = 0,72 . 358,4 = 258 kW
Hot gas final temperature: t1’’ = t1’ – Q/C1 = 450 – 258 / 0,896 = 162 oC
Water final temperature: t2’’ = t2’ + Q/C2 = 50 + 258 / 13,376 = 69,3 oC
b) If engine operates under part load condition, so G1* = 0,5G1

Cmin reduces 2 times -> C* reduces to 0,033
NTU increases to 2,84
Qmax reduces 2 times
Heat transfer effectiveness  = 0,92
Then Q = 0,92. 358,4 / 2 = 164,8 kW
t2’’ = 50 + 164,8 / 13,376 = 62,3 oC
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HCMUT
---------------------------------------
END OF CHAPTER 12
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Instructor: Dr.

Tung Ha – Anh 2/2016

THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER

Objectives of the course

Ex: - Thermal power plants

 Chapter 8: Basics of Heat transfer

Part 2: HEAT TRANSFER

12.1 Simultaneous heat transfer problem

12.2 Finned – indirect contact heat exchanger analysis

12.1 Simultaneous heat transfer

Q Heat transfer process is a combination of

 Using thermal resistance method:

 qL can be calculated from length heat transfer coefficient kL

Otherwise Q = kca(tf1 – tf2) (W)

Then heat flux transfer between 1 m2 surface with fins:

Fin parameter : F2/F1 = c.

12.2 Finned, indirect contact heat exchangers analysis

Two fluids are separated by heat transfer surface.

Shell and tube heat exchanger

Tubes & Shell

FIN – TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS

NH3 CONDERSER IN ICE MAKING SYSTEM

Two typical problems in studying heat exchangers :

 Energy balancing equation

 Heat transfer equation

Other types of heat exchanger : t   t t ng

t ng  Calculate as in case counter flow

t  correction factor

Function t = f(P, R) is represented by graphs

t2  t 2 dt2 t1  t1 dt1

Correction factor: t = f(P, R)

Heat energy is supplied to warm oil: Q = G2 cp2 (t’’2 - t’2 )

Then F  Q k t = 102,2 / (0,035 . 136,1) = 21,46 m2

c) THE EFFECTIVENESS – NTU METHOD

Heat transfer Effectiveness equipment:

Q  Actual heat transfer rate flows through equipment.

with Qmax  Cmin t1  t2 

Q  Qmax  Cmin t1  t2 

The maximum rate of heat transfer: Qmax = Cmin (t’1 - t’2 )

b) If engine operates under part load condition, so G1* = 0,5G1

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