IEEE PES Switchgear committee

2012 Fall Meeting, San Diego

DS, ES, HSES/HSGS

On behalf of CIGRE WG A3.22/28

October 4, 2012
Masayuki KOSAKADA

Toshiba Corporation

HSES:High Speed Earthing Switch

Copyright 2012, Toshiba Corporation. HSGS:High Speed Grounding Switch
1. High Speed Earthing Switch (HSES) /
High Speed Grounding Switch (HSGS)

1.1 Introduction
- Secondary arc and HSES / HSGS
- Four-legged reactor and HSES
- Operating sequence
- Possibility and Influence of successive faults on HSES interruption

1.2 Switching Requirements for HSES

- Categories of fault conditions
- Parametric study by model networks
- Proposed values of duties

2. Bus-transfer current switching by DS

3. Induced current switching by ES

HSES:High Speed Earthing Switch

HSGS:High Speed Grounding Switch P-2
1. High Speed Earthing Switch (HSES) /
High Speed Grounding Switch (HSGS)

1.1 Introduction
- Secondary arc and HSES / HSGS
- Four-legged reactor and HSES
- Operating sequence
- Possibility and Influence of successive faults on HSES interruption

1.2 Switching Requirements for HSES

- Categories of fault conditions
- Parametric study by model networks
- Proposed values of duties

2. Bus-transfer current switching by DS

3. Induced current switching by ES

HSES:High Speed Earthing Switch

HSGS:High Speed Grounding Switch P-3
Secondary arc and HSES / HSGS

HSES (High Speed Earthing Switch) /

HSGS (High Speed Grounding Switch) is
is used for secondary arc extinction.
“High speed earthing switches described in this standard are intended to
extinguish the secondary arc remaining after clearing faults on transmission
lines by the circuit-breakers.” (CDV of IEC62271-112 [1])

 High speed re-closing scheme when a ground fault occurred is one of key
technologies for keeping the system stability.

 However, for UHV class high-voltage AC transmission lines, the secondary arc
may not self-extinguish in a short time due to electro-static inductions from
healthy phases. So the re-closing within due time will be difficult.

 As a countermeasure for these phenomena, High-Speed Earthing Switches

(HSES) are applied for fast extinction of secondary arcs.

P-4
 Secondary arc ?

Transmission fault occurs

CB CB
Primary arc

CBs clear the faulted phase

Hot Gas

Electrostatic induction
from sound phases

Secondary arc induced

Electromagnetic induction
from sound phases
Secondary arc

P-5
 Secondary arc extinction by HSES
Secondary arc
Secondary arc induced

Electrostatic induction
from sound phases

Secondary arc extinct

HSES at each end close
to clear the secondary arc
HSESs close
Electromagnetic induced
currents flow

HSES at each end open

HSESs open

CBs at each end reclose

P-6
 Secondary arc

Measured primary arc (10 kA peak) followed by the secondary arc (BC Hydro, 2004) [2][3]

The current has two phases:

1) a quasi steady-state phase
2) a reignition phase (leading to arc extinction)

P-7
Comparison of earthing switch, fast acting earthing switch and HSES [1]

Fast acting earthing

Earthing switch High speed earthing
switch
Requirement (Class E0 in IEC 62271- switch for secondary arc
(Class E1 (& E2) in IEC extinction (HSES)
102)
62271-102)
Slow motion Fast (High speed) closing Fast (High speed) closing
Closing
e.g. Hand operated operation operation, controlled

Slow motion Slow motion

Opening Fast opening, controlled
e.g. Hand operated May be hand operated
None Must be able to make and Must be able to make and
Making
Must carry the full short to carry the full short to carry the full short
capability
circuit current circuit current circuit current

Must be able to interrupt

Clearing
none none induced current and to
capability
withstand a TRV
Operating cycle none close Close- open

Withstand capability 2 closings against full

2 (or 5) closings against short circuit current
endurance against full short circuit
full short circuit current
current

P-11
 Four-legged reactor and HSES
 Four-legged reactors are also one of suitable measures for fast
extinction of secondary arcs on the line.

 Utilities can choose HSES solution when,

- the reactive compensation by shunt reactors is not needed.
or
- they want to extinguish the secondary arc in the required time
surely under various fault modes.

- Especially for short distance lines without shunt reactors or for

double circuit systems with multi-phase auto-reclosing scheme,
where 4-legged reactors are not suitable, one of the useful and
important means is to apply HSES for the purpose of secondary
arc extinction.

P-12
 Comparison between Four-legged reactor and HSES [1]

4-legged reactor HSES

- Effective especially for single-phase faults

that hold the majority of the faults.
Secondary arc - Quick extinction for all fault modes.
extinction - Difficult to choose a reactance value of
reactors that effectively reduce the
secondary arc current for all fault modes.

Flexibility to - In case a substation is constructed in the - Not affect on the substation equipment that
the change of middle of a line, it might be required to
network substitute a reactor that has already installed. has already installed.

- Automatic sequential control such as “fault

Control - Special control is unnecessary for detection  CB open  HSES close 
/Protection secondary arc extinction. HSES open  CB close” is necessary in
each phase, and it can be easily realized.
- Four-legged shunt reactor is appropriate for transmission lines which require shunt
Economy reactors for voltage control, while HSES would be economical for the lines without shunt
reactors.
- Detailed analysis is necessary so as not to
cause resonance between shunt reactor - Highly reliable control system is required
Concern inductance and line capacitance not only in since a mal-function leads to a ground fault.
power frequency of 50/60Hz but also in the
high frequency band.

P-13
 Typical operating sequence of HSES and CB
Fault occurs HSES close order HSES open order CB close order

CB trip HSES close HSES open CB close

time
HSES contact keeps close

Opening Time
Arcing time (ordinary 10 – 20 ms)

CB CB
Transmission fault occurs
0 sec HSES HSES Primary arc

Clear the faulted phase

0.07 sec Secondary arc

HSES at each end close
to clear the secondary arc
Clear secondary arc
0.27 sec
HSES at each end open
0.74 sec

Circuit breaker recloses

1 sec

P-14
Possibility and Influence of successive faults on HSES interruption

Successive fault is Additional fault at the time of opening of HSES

Successive fault

Fault current Fault current

HSES to open HSES to open

P-15
 Possibility and Influence of successive faults on HSES interruption
Data provided by TEPCO, Japan
Field data in TEPCO (collaboration with CIGRE WG C4.306)
Fault rate of UHV designed transmission lines※ (cases / 100 km-year)
Direct lightning Back- flashover Direct or Back- Total of lightning
strokes 1LG 1LG flashover 2LG fault
0.617 0.059 0.0294 0.705
※ now operating at 550kV.
Direct lightning stroke
East-West Route
240km [1999]
Minami-Iwaki
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa

Higashi-
Nishi- Gunma Shin-Imaichi
Gunma
North-South Route
190km [1993]

Tokyo
Higashi-
Yamanashi

to the upper phase line

to the middle phase line and flashover

P-16
 Location of the lightning strokes in TEPCO
The location of the lightning strokes in summer observed by the
lightning location system
（Observation time: 1 hour, 18:00-18:59, 2002/7/21 ) Data provided by TEPCO, Japan

Red underline shows

the lightning strokes in 1 second.

Several lightning strokes can occur in a short time

(less than 1 second) along the transmission lines.
P-17
 Possibility and Influence of successive faults on HSES interruption

Probability of multiple & successive lightning (in coordination with WG C4.306)

Multiple lightning strokes within 1 second as well as successive direct lightning
strokes were definitely observed along UHV OH line during 8 year measurements at
the substations.

The possibility of the successive fault due to a direct lightning stroke

cannot be disregarded. And then, successive fault as a study condition of
HSES’s specifications should be adopted.

Impact on network and user’s policy on UHV / EHV line

UHV / EHV transmission lines carry huge bulk power and a fail of HSES interruption
for a successive fault cause serious impact (ex. collapse of the stability) to the
network.

Switching duties considering successive faults

Majority of HSES users adopt duty under successive faults.

P-18
1. High Speed Earthing Switch (HSES) /
High Speed Grounding Switch (HSGS)

1.1 Introduction
- Secondary arc and HSES / HSGS
- Four-legged reactor and HSES
- Operating sequence
- Possibility and Influence of successive faults on HSES interruption

1.2 Switching Requirements for HSES

- Categories of fault conditions
- Parametric study by model networks
- Proposed values of duties

2. Bus-transfer current switching by DS

3. Induced current switching by ES

HSES:High Speed Earthing Switch

HSGS:High Speed Grounding Switch P-19
 Switching Requirements for HSES
Technical requirements for HSES specified for UHV / EHV systems
BPA KEPCO TEPCO SGCC
(USA) (Korea) (Japan**) (China)
Highest voltage 550 800 1100 1100
Interrupting current (kA) 700 8000 7000 TBA
TRV peak* (kV) 260 700 900 TBA
RRRV (kV/ms) 0.2 1.3 1.15 TBA

*TRV peak for Electro-statically induced current interruption

** Japan specify additional duty for delayed current zero interruption separately

CB CB
Transmission fault occurs
HSES
0 sec HSES Primary arc
Clear the faulted phase
0.07 sec Secondary arc
HSES at each end close
to clear the secondary arc
0.27 sec Clear secondary arc
HSES at each end open
0.74 sec
Circuit breaker recloses
1 sec
P-20
 Categories of fault conditions
Depending on fault modes & operating sequence [1][10][11]
Category Description
This is a basic case. Only one single-line earth fault occurs within the transmission
circuits. For both electromagnetic and electrostatic duties, the currents to be
Category 0 interrupted and recovery voltages are low. The values of category 0 are covered by
those of Category 1.

One single-phase earth fault plus another single-phase earth fault on different
circuit without successive fault. This is the case that up to one single-phase earth
Category 1 fault within each circuit in a double-circuit system. This Category will be covered
by class H1 in [3]

This is the case that a successive single-phase earth fault occurs during HSES
opening operation at the phase where the first single-phase earth fault occurs.
Category 2 Successive fault may occur in the same circuit or in the other circuit located in the
vicinity of the circuit with a faulted line. This Category will be covered by class H2
in [3]

This is the case that a single-phase earth faults with delayed current zero
phenomena occurs in the presence of a successive single-phase earth fault. During
Category 3 the delayed current zero period HSES should be withstood against the stress
caused by the arc generated between the contacts of HSES.

This is the case that multi-phase faults occur within two or more phase circuits
Category 4 which are located in the vicinity each other. At least two different phases should be
remained without fault condition.
P-21
 Calculations of duties
Categories depending on fault modes and operating sequence
Class Category Description
Basic case : Only one single-line earth fault occurs within the
0 transmission line.
H1
One single-phase earth fault plus another single-phase earth fault
1 on different circuit without successive fault.
One single-phase earth fault plus another single-phase earth fault
H2 2 on different circuit with successive fault.

Analytical circuit for Category- 0 & 1 Analytical circuit for Category- 2

Electromagnetic (EM) Electrostatic (ES) Electromagnetic (EM) Electrostatic (ES)
L2-1LG
L2-1LG
L2
L2 L2 L2

Power flow Power flow

Power flow Power flow

L1 L1
L1 L1 A S/S B S/S
A S/S B S/S A S/S B S/S A S/S B S/S
Case 7-9 Case 19-21
Case 1-3 Case 13-15

EM induced ES induced EM induced ES induced

current breaking current breaking current breaking current breaking
L2-1LG
L2-1LG
L2
L2 L2 L2
Power flow
Power flow Power flow Power flow
L1
L1 L1 L1 A S/S B S/S
A S/S B S/S A S/S B S/S A S/S B S/S
Case 22-24
Case 4-6 Case 10-12 Case 16-18

EM induced ES induced EM induced ES induced

current breaking current breaking current breaking current breaking
P-22
Parametric study with model network
Study on HSGS / HSES switching requirements in model networks is done
by CIGRE WG A3.28
Effect of system voltage, line length, power flow, tower configuration
HSGS/HSES duties for different classifications proposed by IEC PT-48
Probability and effect of successive faults
50 kA
Tr x 2 Tower configuration
D­s/s •1100kV Double circuit tower of TEPCO
Power flow
(Japan)
6GW at TEPCO system •1100kV Double circuit tower of SGCC
HSES
6GW at China system (China)
4GW at KEPCO system
•800kV Double circuit tower of KEPCO
360 km 3GW at HQ system
(Korea)
•2 x 800kV Single circuit tower of HQ
120 km 240 km
(Canada)

A­s/s B­s/s C­s/s

50 kA 50 kA 50 kA
Tr x 2 Tr x 2 Tr x 2

Analytical model and case for HSES

P-23
Example of calculated waveforms
interrupted simultaneously

1- (cosθ) waveform

(a) Voltage wave form (c) TRV waveform on HSESs

Electromagnetic current waveform

(b) Breaking current on HSESs

•interrupting current is of electromagnetic induced one and

recovery voltage is of electrostatic

P-24
 Example of calculated waveforms
interrupted with small time difference
Traveling wave on 1-(cosθ) waveform

(a) Breaking current on 1st breaking HSES

(c) TRV waveform on HSES

Example of waveform on electro magnetic

Electromagnetic current waveform current
200
interruption only
[kV]
150
100
50
Triangular travelling current waveform 0
-50
-100
-150
(b) Breaking current on 2nd breaking HSES -200
0.1900km_teijo.pl4: v:ST0U2
0.20 - 0.21 0.22 0.23 [s] 0.24
10 GW-HSGS_3
cat1 b-10gw-h sgs_3 00km_v1+.pl4: v:ST0U2 -

•First HSES interrupts electromagnetic induced current, and triangular travelling voltage
& current wave appears on the transmission line.
•Recovery voltage for first HSES will be triangular wave. After last HSES interrupts
recovery voltage will be of electrostatic.
•The current for later HSES changes from electromagnetic induced current to the
triangular travelling current just before current zero.
•Recovery voltage for later HSES will be small triangular wave on the electrostatic
recovery voltage. P-25
 TEPCO and China 1100 kV model
Typical waveforms

Electromagnetic (EM) Category­1 Electrostatic (ES)

TRV
Uc=128kV, dv/dt=0.088kV/us 240km line
L2

Power flow
TRV (kV)

TRV (kV)
L1
B S/S C S/S
Case 22

TRV Uc=559kV
Current (kA)

L2

Current (kA)
Breaking current=610A rms Breaking current=178A rms
Power flow

L1
B S/S C S/S
Case 25

TRV Category­2
Uc=496kV, dv/dt=0.35kV/us 240km line L2-1LG

TRV (kV)
L2
TRV (kV)

Power flow

L1
B S/S C S/S
Case 28 TRV Uc=700kV

Current (kA)
L2-1LG
Breaking current=2.43kA rms
Current (kA)

L2 Breaking current=225A rms

Power flow

L1
B S/S C S/S
Case 30

P-26
 TEPCO and China 1100 kV model
Induced current breaking results for class H1 (category 0 & 1)
Electromagnetic (EM) Electrostatic (ES)
1200 Breaking current for 250
TEPCO 1100kV ­ 6GW 1100kV of IEC draft
1000 China 1100kV ­ 6GW （8GW-10GW） Breaking current for
EM induced current (A)

200

ES induced current (A)

1100kV of IEC draft
800
150
600
100
400
50 TEPCO 1100kV ­ 6GW
200 China 1100kV ­ 6GW

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length (km) Line length (km)
300 250
TEPCO 1100kV ­ 6GW Recovery voltage for 1100kV Recovery voltage for
Recovery voltage peak (kV)

of IEC draft （8GW-10GW） 1100kV of IEC draft

Recovery voltage rms (kV)

250 China 1100kV ­ 6GW 200
200
150
150
100
100
50 TEPCO 1100kV ­ 6GW
50 China 1100kV ­ 6GW

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length (km) Line length (km)

Induced currents and recovery voltages of category 0 and 1 are covered by IEC draft. P-27
 TEPCO and China 1100 kV model
Induced current breaking results for class H2 (category 2)
Electromagnetic (EM) Electrostatic (ES)
8000 Breaking current for 1100kV of IEC draft 300
（Isc at Bus =50kA） Breaking current for 1100kV of IEC draft
7000
250
EM induced current (A)

ES induced current (A)

6000 TEPCO 1100kV ­ 6GW
China 1100kV ­ 6GW 200
5000
4000 150
3000
100
2000 TEPCO 1100kV ­ 6GW
50 China 1100kV ­ 6GW
1000
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length (km) Line length (km)
700 300
Recovery voltage for 1100kV of IEC draft Recovery voltage for 1100kV of IEC draft
Recovery voltage peak (kV)

Recovery voltage rms (kV)

600 （Isc at Bus =50kA） 250
500
200
400
150
300

200 TEPCO 1100kV ­ 6GW 100

China 1100kV ­ 6GW TEPCO 1100kV ­ 6GW
100 50 China 1100kV ­ 6GW
0
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length (km)
Line length (km)

Induced currents and recovery voltages of category 2 are also covered by IEC draft.
P-28
 KEPCO and HQ 800 kV model
Typical waveforms

Electromagnetic (EM) Category­1 Electrostatic (ES)

TRV 240km line
Uc=129kV, dv/dt=0.085kV/us L2

Power flow

TRV (kV)
TRV (kV)

L1
B S/S C S/S
Case 22

TRV Uc=313kV

L2

Current (A)
Breaking current=500A rms Breaking current=119A rms
Current (A)

Power flow

L1
B S/S C S/S
Case 25

TRV Category­2 TRV

Uc=464kV
Uc=422kV, dv/dt=0.28kV/us 240km line L2-1LG

TRV (kV)
L2
TRV (kV)

Power flow

L1
B S/S C S/S
Case 28

L2-1LG

Current (A)
Breaking current=1.65kA rms
Current (kA)

L2 Breaking current=176A rms

Power flow

L1
B S/S C S/S
Case 30

P-29
 KEPCO and HQ 800 kV model
Induced current breaking results for class H1 (category 0 & 1)
Electromagnetic (EM) Electrostatic (ES)
1200 250
Korea 800kV - 4GW Breaking current for 800kV Korea 800kV - 4GW Breaking current for
EM induced current (A)

Canada 800kV - 3GW of IEC draft (8GW-10GW) 800kV of IEC draft

ES induced current (A)

1000 200 Canada 800kV - 3GW

800
150
600
100
400
50
200

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length (km) Line length (km)
300 250
Recovery voltage for
Korea 800kV - 4GW Korea 800kV - 4GW Recovery voltage for
Recovery voltage peak (kV)

Recovery voltage rms (kV)

800kV of IEC draft
250 Canada 800kV - 3GW Canada 800kV - 3GW 800kV of IEC draft
(8GW-10GW) 200
200
150
150
100
100

50 50

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length (km) Line length (km)

Induced currents and recovery voltages of category 0 and 1 are covered by IEC draft. P-30
 KEPCO and HQ 800 kV model
Induced current breaking results for class H2 (category 2)
Electromagnetic (EM) Electrostatic (ES)
8000 300
Breaking current for 800kV of IEC draft
Korea 800kV ­ 4GW Breaking current for
7000 (Isc at Bus =50kA)
EM induced current (A)

ES induced current (A)

250 Canada 800kV ­ 3GW 800kV of IEC draft
6000
Korea 800kV - 4GW (Isc = 12 - 20kA) 200
5000 Canada 800kV - 3GW
4000 150
3000
100
2000
50
1000
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length (km) Line length (km)
700 250
Recovery voltage for 800kV of IEC draft Korea 800kV ­ 4GW Recovery voltage for
Recovery voltage peak (kV)

(Isc at Bus =50kA)

Recovery voltage rms (kV)

600 Canada 800kV ­ 3GW 800kV of IEC draft
200
500

400 150

300 100
200
Korea 800kV - 4GW 50
100 (Isc = 12 - 20kA)
Canada 800kV - 3GW
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length (km) Line length (km)

Induced currents and recovery voltages of category 2 are also covered by IEC draft. P-31
 Proposed values of duties
Calculation results and proposed values (1100 and 1200kV)
Electromagnetic coupling Electrostatic coupling
Comparison
between Rated power Time to first Rated induced
First TRV peak Rated induced
calculated Rated induced frequency peak voltage
current
value and current recovery
proposed value A(rms) voltage
kV A(rms)
kV(rms) ms kV(rms)
744 1,92
Category 1(1) 76 189 228 196
(832)(3) (1.0)(4)
Class H1 830 80 200 1,0 230 200
Category 2(2) 6832 232 576 0,6 177 235
Class H2 6800 240 580 0,6 230 235

One set of duties is proposed for the standard [9]

17A/998/CDV (committee draft for vote [1] ) is approved, and now at the stage for FDIS.
Rated Electromagnetic coupling Electrostatic coupling
voltage Ur
Rated Rated First TRV Time to first Rated induced Rated induced
induced power peak peak current voltage
current frequency kV kV(rms)
kV A(rms) recovery ms A(rms)
voltage
kV(rms)
550 6800 240 580 0,6 120 115
800 6800 240 580 0,6 170 170
1100-1200 6800 240 580 0,6 230 235

IEC 62271-112 Ed 1.0: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 112:

Alternating current high-speed earthing switches for secondary arc extinction on transmission lines
P-32
1. High Speed Earthing Switch (HSES) /
High Speed Grounding Switch (HSGS)

1.1 Introduction
- Secondary arc and HSES / HSGS
- Four-legged reactor and HSES
- Operating sequence
- Possibility and Influence of successive faults on HSES interruption

1.2 Switching Requirements for HSES

- Categories of fault conditions
- Parametric study by model networks
- Proposed values of duties

2. Bus-transfer current switching by DS

3. Induced current switching by ES

HSES:High Speed Earthing Switch

HSGS:High Speed Grounding Switch P-33
 2. Bus-transfer current switching by DS

Case 1 Case 2

Specification for the UHV projects [2]

P-34
 Bus-transfer current switching by DS
IEC62271-102 Annex B (normative) [12]
Applied to AC disconnectors, with rated voltages of 52 kV and above,
capable of switching bus-transfer currents.
B.4.106.1 Rated -transfer current

B.4.106.2 Rated bus-transfer voltage

P-35
Bus-transfer current
Theoretical calculation
Calculated loop length and current distribution ratio for realistic
65 patterns (case 1 and 2) [3]
Max ratio :98%
Ratio(%) 100.0%

90.0%

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Cumulative distribution (Nos), N=65
The highest ratio of current distribution is 98 %.
P-36
 Bus-transfer current
Field data Field data in TEPCO from April 2008 to March 2009.
- 550 kV 11 substations – 60 bays (40 line bays and 20 transformer bay)
- 300kV 23 substations – 167 bays (93 line bays and 74 transformer bay)

Ratio(%)
550kV(all data） Ratio(%)
300kV(all data）
100.0% Max ratio :82.5% 100.0%
90.0% 90.0%
80.0% 80.0% Max ratio :65.5%
70.0% 70.0%
60.0% 50% value of the ratio: 60.0%
50% value of the ratio:
50.0% 25.5% 50.0%
26.3%
40.0% 40.0%
30.0% 30.0%
20.0% 20.0%
10.0% 10.0%
0.0% 0.0%
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

Cumulative distribution (%) Cumulative distribution (%)

• The maximum ratio of the maximum load current to the rated current
of the 550kV bay was 82.5% , 50% value of the ratio was 25.5%
• As for 275kV, the maximum ratio was 65.6%, 50% value was 26.3%
(Feeder bay 28.8%, bank bay 22.6%)
P-37
Bus-transfer current
Recommendations for Specification
Since the maximum rated current is now increased to 3150A
and 4000A or more in the EHV/UHV systems,
the bus-transfer current should be revised by reflecting the
rated current specified for the UHV systems.

17A/994/CDV（Amendment 2 to IEC 62271-102:

Highvoltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 102:
Alternating current disconnectors and earthingswitches (Addition of
1100 kV and 1200 kV), circulated on 2011-12-23） is approved. [13]

P-38
Bus-transfer voltage

 Recovery voltage V = I ⋅ s√[R'2 +(ω L')2]

Where, I (A) = Bus-transfer current,
s (m) = Length of current carrying loop,
R’ (Ω/m) = Resistance,
ωL’ (Ω/m) = Reactance,
ω (s-1) = 2 π f,
f (Hz) = power frequency

 rrrV = 2 ⋅ω ⋅ Z ⋅ I
Where, I (A) = Bus-transfer current,
Z (Ω) = Surge impedance,
ω (s-1) = 2 π f

P-39
 Bus-transfer voltage
Theoretical calculation [3]
Bus transfer voltage for GIS and AIS/Hybrid GIS applications by using
typical values for resistance and reactance.
The bus-transfer voltage linearly increase with length of loop.
The vertical lines indicate loop length between bays with typical distances (20 m x 50 m).
AIS and Hybrid- GIS have higher impedance values and yield higher bus
transfer voltage compared to GIS.
Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
350 800 IEC (UHV AIS)

GIS 8000A AIS 8000A

700
300

600
250
500 AIS 4000A
2nd bay 3rd bay 4th bay
200 8000A 8000A
8000A
400
GIS 4000A
150 IEC (UHV GIS)
300
IEC (800kV AIS) AIS 2000A
100 AIS 1600A
200
GIS 2000A
GIS 1600A
50 100
IEC (800k V GIS)
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Length of loop (m) Length of loop (m)
Bus-transfer voltage of GIS Bus-transfer voltage of AIS / Hybrid-GIS

P-40
2. Bus-transfer current switching by DS
17A/994/CDV（Amendment 2 to IEC 62271-102:
Highvoltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 102:
Alternating current disconnectors and earthingswitches (Addition of
1100 kV and 1200 kV), circulated on 2011-12-23） is approved [13] and
now at the stage for FDIS.

P-41
1. High Speed Earthing Switch (HSES) /
High Speed Grounding Switch (HSGS)

1.1 Introduction
- Secondary arc and HSES / HSGS
- Four-legged reactor and HSES
- Operating sequence
- Possibility and Influence of successive faults on HSES interruption

1.2 Switching Requirements for HSES

- Categories of fault conditions
- Parametric study by model networks
- Proposed values of duties

2. Bus-transfer current switching by DS

3. Induced current switching by ES

HSES:High Speed Earthing Switch

HSGS:High Speed Grounding Switch P-42
3. Induced current switching by Earthing Switches
IEC62271-102 Annex C (normative) [12]

Specification for the UHV and 800kV projects [2]

P-43
 Induced current switching by Earthing Switches
Electromagnetically (EM) induced and Electrostatically (ES) induced
current switching duty on Earthing Switches are calculated by using
EMTP-ATP.
For Line length from 120km to 375km
the load current from 4 to 8kA
Tower configuration of Japan, Korea, and Canada

1,200 300
800kV 2x Single (CA)
Line length 360/375km
800kV Double (K)
1,000 250

1100kV Double (J) 800kV Double (K)

800 200
800kV 2x Single (CA)

600 150
1100kV Double (J)
IEC (UHV ClassB)
400 100
IEC (UHV ClassB)

IEC (800kV ClassB)

200 50
IEC (800kV ClassB)

0 0
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Current in healthy line (A) Current in healthy line (A)
Recovery voltage of EM induced current
EM induced current
interruption

P-44
 Induced current switching by Earthing Switches
Electromagnetically (EM) induced and Electrostatically (ES) induced
current switching duty on Earthing Switches are calculated by using
EMTP-ATP.
For Line length from 120km to 375km
the load current from 4 to 8kA
Tower configuration of Japan, Korea, and Canada
45.0

1100kV Double (J)

40.0

35.0
IEC (UHV ClassB)
30.0

IEC (800kV ClassB)

25.0
800kV Double (K)

20.0
800kV 2x Single (CA)
15.0

Recovery voltage of ES induced current interruption

P-45
Induced current switching by Earthing Switches
17A/994/CDV（Amendment 2 to IEC 62271-102:
Highvoltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 102:
Alternating current disconnectors and earthingswitches (Addition of
1100 kV and 1200 kV), circulated on 2011-12-23） is approved [13] and
now at the stage for FDIS.

P-46
 References

[1] IEC 17A/998/CDV dated 2012-03-23 (IEC 62271-112 Ed 1.0: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 112:
Alternating current high-speed earthing switches for secondary arc extinction on transmission lines)
[2] CIGRE Technical Brochure 362 - Technical requirements for substation equipment exceeding 800kV (2008-12)
[3] CIGRE Technical Brochure 456 - Background of Technical Specifications for Substation Equipment exceeding 800 kV
AC (2011)
[4] R. M. Hasibar, et al, “The application of high-speed grounding switches for single-pole reclosing on 500 kV power
systems”, IEEE Tr. on PAS, Vol. PAS-100, No. 4, April 1981
[5] G.E. Agafonovet al., “High Speed Grounding Switch for Extra-high Voltage Lines”CIGRE 2004, A3-308
[6] S. P. Ahn,et al.,”The Investigation for adaptation of High Speed Grounding Switches on the Korean 765kV Single
Transmission Line”,IPST 05-096 Montreal 2005
[7] Y. Yamagata et al., “Development of 1,100kV GIS - Gas Circuit Breakers, Disconnectors and High-speed Grounding
Switches –”, CIGRE 1996, 13-304
[8] LI Zhen-qiang et al., “Effect of UHV Ground Wire Disposition and HSGS on Second Arc Current”, UHV transmission
technology in 2009 an international conference CP0282
[9] Y.Goda et al, “Insulation Recovery Time after Fault Arc Interruption for Rapid Auto-reclosing on UHV (1000kV class)
Transmission lines” , IEEE Transmission on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No.2, April 1995
[10] M. Toyoda, et al., “Considerations for the standardization of high-speed earthing switches for secondary arc extinction
on transmission lines”, CIGRE 2011 Bologna 2011, 295
[11] M. Toyoda, et al., “Considerations for the Standardization of High-speed earthing switches for secondary arc extinction
on transmission lines (part 2)”, CIGRE 2011 SC A3 Technical Colloquium, A3-103 2011
[12] IEC 62271-102: High-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 102: Alternating current disconnectors and earthing
switches
[13] IEC 17A/994/CDV dated 2012-12-23 (Amendment 2 to IEC 62271-102: Highvoltage switchgear and controlgear - Part
102: Alternating current disconnectors and earthing switches (Addition of 1100 kV and 1200 kV))

P-47
Thank you !

P-48
 Secondary arc For reference

Arc extinction time of secondary arc

Gap distance: 5.5m, Primary arc: 10kA,
8
Extinction time of secondary arc (sec)
Arcing time: 0.1sec, Wind velocity: 2m/sec

7 160 A

765kV-240km compensated line

6 with modified 4 legged reactors (40A)
80 A
5 230-765kV compensated lines 1000kV-210km uncompensatd line
with 4 legged reactors (20A) (150A-140kV) 40 A
4 1150kV-500km compensated line
with 4 legged reactors (106A)
20 A
3 765kV-350km compensated line
with 4 legged reactors (64A)
2 765kV-90km compensated line 10 A
wo neutral reactor (38A-94kV) secondary
1 arc current

500kV-100km uncompensated line (30A-60kV)

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
1000kV-210km
line with HSGS Recovery voltage after secondary arc extinction (kV) [2]

P-49
Four-legged reactor For reference
Suppression of secondary arc by reactor
 Figure A shows three phase circuit with single line ground fault at
phase C. If the circuit is fully transposed, three capacitances
between phases (Cij) and three capacitances between each phase
to ground (Cii) are respectively equal.
 By adding three reactors (Lij) so as to cancel the coupling between
phases, electro-statically induced voltage on phase C will also be
cancelled, and therefore the secondary arc by the electro-statically
induced current by capacitances (Cij), is not generated theoretically.
For un-transposed single circuit line, unbalanced reactors
effectively contribute to this cancellation.

Four-legged reactor
In case of single circuit line, reactors with delta or un- Fig A. Three phase circuit (fully transposed)
earthed star are to be connected to the three phase. with single line ground fault
Theoretically, for un-transposed single circuit line,
unbalanced reactors have to be connected, in case of un-
transposed double circuits’ line, 15 (=6C2) reactors between
phases are necessary.
On the other hand, when the reactive compensation of
lines is needed shunt reactors are installed in the order of
40-50% compensation. The reactors are often installed at
the both ends of the circuit by dividing into two.
In case of single circuit, combination of earthed (for
compensation) and un-earthed reactors (for secondary arc
extinction) is generally replaced by four-legged reactors. Fig B. principle of 4-legged reactor
(See Figure B)

P-50
 Operating sequence
Relation between dielectric recovery of insulation
at fault point and operating sequence of HSES (1100kV Systems）

Switching surge
when CB re­close

Recovery voltage
when HSES open

Insulation recovery after

primary arc extinction

Insulation recovery after

secondary arc extinction

Fault occurs HSES close HSES open CB re­close

Fault clearing
About 200 ms is necessary to Recovery characteristics after primary
confirm both line end HSESs open arc extinction [2][9]
It takes around 0.6-0.9 sec for the dielectric recovery of the insulation enough to
withstand 1.6 pu, which is switching overvoltage level of UHV transmission lines.
 Around 1 sec is required as the dead time of re-closing.
P-51
Multi-phase auto-reclosing scheme
For reference
Definition:
Auto-reclosing scheme applied to double circuit overhead lines in
which all faulted phase circuits are tripped and re-closed independently
provided that at least two, different phase circuits remain un-faulted.

Up to four phases faults out Only faulted Both terminals

of six phases phases reclosed
(2 circuits × 3 phases) cleared simultaneously

NOTE: At least two different Remarks

electrical phases must be remaining
○：Closed CB
●：Reclosed CB
×：Opened CB

P-52
Observation result showing possibility of successive fault
Data provided by TEPCO, Japan

Measurement data of the direct lightning surges at substations

Transmission line date No. time Phase of lightning

1 02:14:06.895 1L-Middle
① Higashi-gunma 2000/05/08
2 02:14:07.077 1L-Middle

1 12:41:17.850 1L-Upper

② Minami-iwaki 2000/07/04 2 12:41:18.028 1L-Lower

3 12:41:18.missed 1L-Lower

1 11:29:14.957 2L-Upper

③ Minami-niigata 2004/08/07 2 11:29:15.449 2L-Upper

Cf. 11:29:35.600 2L-Upper

※ Yellow cells show 1LG occurrence

P-53
 Calculation results of interruption on HSES
for 1LG with successive fault on the line For reference
HSES interruption current becomes almost 10 times Higher

The EM current decreases with increasing line length.

20
EM induced current (kA peak)

18
16
Successive fault occurred on
） 14
1LG on V Phase
12
V phase circuit - 1
10
1LG on W Phase
8
W phase circuit -1
6
4 1LG on U Phase
U phase circuit -1
2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
送電線長（k
m）
Line length (km)
Successive fault occurred in the other system on
the same tower than first 1LG system.
P-54
Successive fault location of the
transmission line For reference

I2
I1 I2
Line #1 Line #1

M1 M2 M

Line #2
Line #2

EM induced current

I1 and I2 are in the opposite direction Short circuit current depends on the line
impedance, which corresponds to line length.

fault location at the centre of the line fault location near the line end
⇒the EM current will be smaller ⇒the EM current will be larger

P-55
 Parametric study
For reference
Categories 0 & 1
Rated PF recovery voltage
Electro-magnetically (EM)

Breaking current (Arms) RRRV (kV peak/us) (kV rms) or (kV peak)
1200
0.22 300
current (A rms)

voltage (kV peak)

0.2

Rated power frequency

1000
class H1 250
0.18 class H1
class H1

(kV peak/us)
800 0.16
Breaking遮断電流[A]

[rrrV]上昇率[kV/μA]
200

recovery 波高値[kV]
0.14
600 0.12
150
0.1
400
0.08
　　　　　13GW 100
0.06
200 　　　　　10GW 　　　　　13GW 　　　　　13GW
　　　　　 8GW 0.04 50 　　　　　10GW
　　　　　10GW
0 0.02 　　　　　 8GW 　　　　　 8GW
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 0
線路長[km] 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length (km) Line length (km)
線路長[km] Line length (km)
線路長[km]
Electro-statically (ES)

250
250
class H1 class H1
(A rms)

(kV rms)
Rated power frequency
200
200
遮断電流[A]
Breaking current

150

波高値[kV]
150

recovery voltage
100
100

50 　　　　　13GW
50 　　　　　13GW
　　　　　10GW
　　　　　10GW
　　　　　 8GW 　　　　　 8GW
0 • Duties for EM; Recovery voltage increases in proportion 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length (km) to line length though current and RRRV stays. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
線路長[km] Line 線路長[km]
length (km)
• Duties for ES; Current increases in proportion to line
length though recovery voltage stays. P-56
 Parametric study
For reference
Categories 2
Rated PF recovery voltage
Electro-magnetically (EM)

Breaking current (Arms) RRRV (kV peak/us) (kV rms) or (kV peak)
current (A rms)

8000 700

(kV peak)
class H2 1 class H2

Rated power frequency

7000
class H2
0.9 600

(kV peak/us)
6000 0.8
500
遮断電流[A]

0.7

実効値[kV]
上昇率[kV/μs]
5000

recovery voltage
0.6 400
4000
0.5
300
Breaking

3000 0.4

[rrrV]
0.3 200
2000

　　　　　13GW 0.2 100 　　　　　13GW

1000 　　　　　13GW
　　　　　10GW 0.1 　　　　　10GW
　　　　　10GW
0 0
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
線路長[km]
Line length (km) 線路長[km]
Line length (km)
Line length (km)
線路長[km]
Electro-statically (ES)

300
current (A rms)

class H2 250

波高値[kV] (kV rms)

Rated power frequency
250
class H2
200
Breaking 遮断電流[A]

200

recovery voltage
150
150

100 100

50 50
　　　　　13GW 　　　　　13GW
　　　　　10GW • Duties for EM; Current & RRRV decrease in 　　　　　10GW
0
350 proportional to line length though recovery
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line 線路長[km]
length (km) voltage increases. 線路長[km]
Line length (km)
• Duties for ES; Current increases in proportional
to line length though recovery voltage stays. P-57
Comparison of the HSES breaking duties for HQ­ and KEPCO­800kV system , China­1100kV system
( EM induced current breaking of class H2 ; category 2 ) For reference
1LG (successive fault) : Fault phase (Current based on the 1LG is flowing)
A s/s B s/s : Healthy phase (Current based on the power flow is flowing)
L2 (120km) : HSES closed phase (EM induced current is flowing)
Power flow : 6GW (China),
Fault current
4GW (KEPCO),
CB CB
3GW (HQ) China 1100kV system
L1 (120km) (double circuit tower)
Only one phase HSES HSES Only one phase
is opened is opened KEPCO 800kV system L1 L2

Closed position EM induced

(double circuit tower) 6.0kA
current breaking A C
L1 L2
4.0kA
HQ 800kV system B B
A C

39.5m
(single circuit tower)

19.7m
5.2kA

37.0m
4.0kA B B
4.0kA C 31.0m A

18.5m
63m 3.6kA
L1 12m L2 C 29.9m A

42.0m
C 3.7kA
A B C B A
26.4m
22.8m

2.3kA 1LG (20.1kA)

3.0kA 1LG (12.2kA) 1LG (15.1kA)
Successive fault
Successive fault Successive fault

EM breaking duties of HSES EM breaking duties of HSES EM breaking duties of HSES

I=3.0kA, Uc=387kV, 3rV=0.53kV/μs I=2.3kA, Uc=307kV, 3rV=0.38kV/μs I=3.7kA, Uc=394kV, 3rV=0.49kV/μs
( Z= dv/dt / di/dt = 331ohm ) ( Z= dv/dt / di/dt = 310ohm ) ( Z= dv/dt / di/dt = 298ohm )

他回線(上記では２L側)で継続している地絡事故(1LG)電流は、当該回線(上記では１L側で1LG事故を遮断した回線)にも流れ
ているため、同じ系統電圧であれば、2回線鉄塔の送電線路に比べて、相間距離の短い１回線鉄塔(電力線水平位置)の方が、
HSESに流れる電磁誘導電流は大きくなる。その結果、TRV上昇率、波高値も高くなる。
P-58
Category 3
Table B.1 - Preferred values for single-phase earth faults with delayed For reference
current zero phenomena in the presence of a successive fault

Rated Electromagnetic coupling Electrostatic coupling

voltage U r
Rated Rated power First TRV Time to first Rated Rated induced
induced frequency peak peak induced voltage
current recovery +10 +10 current +10
voltage rms ( - 0 %) ( - 0 %) ( - 0 %)
+10 +10
( - 0 %) ( - 0 %)
+10
( - 0 %)
kV
A(rms) (kV) kV(peak) (ms) A(rms) kV(rms)
550 7800 70 170 0,4 7800 100
800 7800 70 170 0,4 7800 150
1100-1200 7800 70 170 0,4 7800 200

NOTE 1 A typical delayed current zero period is 80ms, considering relay time, break time of the circuit-breaker and
the time between current zeros. This period should be specified by the users. During this period current zero should
not occur.
NOTE 2 This duty is the case considering the interruption occurs after the delayed current zero phenomena have
disappeared and the interruption duty is not severe as the case of Table 1 caused by low di/dt.

• Type tests for HSES indicated in Table B.1 should be included to verify the arcing time of more than 80 ms with the condition specified in Table B.1.
• Table B.1 indicates the duty corresponding to single-phase earth fault with delayed current zero phenomena in the presence of successive single-
phase earth fault. A HSES will interrupt the current at current zero. The first prospective current zero crossing should come after 80 ms, whereas the
d.c. time constant of the fault current is 120 ms.
• The duty during the delayed current zero phenomena is to confirm that the HSES can withstand such stress during that period. Only after the delayed
current zero period finishes, interruption should be conducted.

P-59
Category 4
For reference

Table B.2 － Preferred values for multi-phase earth faults in a

double-circuit system

Rated Electromagnetic coupling Electrostatic coupling

voltage U r
Rated Rated power First TRV Time to first Rated Rated induced
induced frequency peak peak induced voltage
current recovery +10 +10 current +10
voltage rms ( -0 %) ( -0 %) ( -0 %)
+10 +10
( -0 %) ( -0 %)
+10
( -0 %)
kV
A(rms) (kV) kV(peak) (ms) A(rms) kV(rms)
550 1400 100 250 1,25 150 125
800 1400 100 250 1,25 210 180
1100-1200 1400 100 250 1,25 290 245

•Table B.2 indicates the duty for HSES corresponding to up to four-phase earth faults where a multi-phase auto-reclosing scheme is applied.

P-60
Operating sequence (1)
• Rated operating sequence For reference

C – ti1 – O or C - ti1 – O - ti2 – C - ti1 – O.

• ti1 is a time that is longer than the time required for secondary arc extinction and for dielectric recovery
of air insulation at the faulted point. ti1 is determined by users considering system stability;
• ti2 is the intermediate time that is given by the system protection. ti2 covers the time of closing of the
circuit-breakers after the HSESs open, a fault is detected on the line, the circuit-breakers open again
and HSESs are released to close.
• In this case the HSES shall be able to operate without intentional time delay.
Closed

Ope n

Circ uit b reak er Clos ed Clos ed

O pe n

HS E S C urrent flow in HS ES C urren t f low in HSE S

ti1 t i2 ti1 tim e

① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥

Circuit-breaker Transmission line circuit-breakers that interrupts 3 Contact touch of HSESs

the fault
HSES High-speed earthing switches 4 Energizing of the opening release of the HSESs
1 Energizing of the closing circuit of the HSESs 5 Contact separation of HSESs
2 Current start in HSESs 6 Arc extinction in HSESs
ti1, ti2 Times defined in 4.102 7 Fully open position of HSESs

P-61
 Operating sequence (2)
For reference
• Number of operation of HSES
(considering the coordination with CBs)

2 classes:
– Class M0: 1000 operations (for normal application);
– Class M1: 2000 operations (for special requirement where
frequent lightning strokes occur).

For other items such as design, test conditions, condition after test,
etc. will be somewhat in between of CBs and Earthing switches.
Therefore new standard for HSES will refer often to IEC 62271-100, -
102, and -1.

P-62