Fluid Mechanics FB = Vρg

LECTURE 1
V

Mg
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Fluid Mechanics FB = Vρg

LECTURE 1
V

Mg
 Hydrostatics & Hydrodynamics

Study of Fluids at REST Study of Fluids in MOTION

Fluids
Liquids and gases are fluids.
Some properties of Fluids
2 Important Properties to deal with extended system of matter like FLUIDS:

Density Pressure

These physical quantities are defined at a point inside the fluids.

 Density
In a fluid , at a point density(𝞺) is defined as

In case of homogeneous isotropic substance, it has no directional

properties, so is a scalar.

Dimension : [ M1L-3T0 ]

S.I Unit : kg/m3

 Relative Density

Density of Substance
Relative Density =
Density of reference substance
Example Density of Water = 1000 kg/m3
Density of Mercury = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3
Relative density of mercury w.r.t water = ?
Solution:

Density of Water = 1000 kg/m3

Density of Mercury = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3

Relative density of mercury w.r.t water

Density of Mercury
=
Density of Water

=
13.6 x 103 kg/m3
1000 kg/m3
= 13.6
 Specific Gravity
Density of Substance
Specific Gravity of Substance =
Density of Water

When the reference substance is water , the relative density is also known
as specific gravity of the substance

Specific Gravity of mercury is 13.6

Specific Gravity of water is 1
Fluid Statics
Fluids
Substance which DO NOT have shape but have definite volume are called
fluids (Liquid/Gas), [almost constant density].

interfaces
Air (gas)

solid

Fluid separated by an interface from solids or gases.

The fluid interface bounded by a gas (air) is called free surface of the fluid.
Pressure in Fluids
When an external force is applied on a fluid body, it develops an internally
distributed pressure at all points of fluid body.
This pressure is called Fluid Pressure.

g
Important Points about Fluid Pressure
➔ It acts at all points of fluid body (distributed).
➔ At one point in fluid body it acts uniformly in all directions.
➔ If fluid is in contact with any solid surface fluid pressure will exert a force
normal to that surface.

g P
g P
 A
F

F=PA

A
Floatation of a body due to Fluid Pressure

FBD
Equilibrium of the
body at REST

All the forces on body surface due to fluid pressure have their horizontal components
balanced.
Vertical components of forces due to the fluid pressure balance the weight of the
floating body.
Fluid Pressure due to Gravity

Fluid Pressure at point A due to the whole weight of the liquid.

vacuum
Pressure at A

ρ PA=
h
g

Surface Area = S

h = height of fluid column above A

Fluid Pressure due to Gravity

Fluid Pressure at point A due to the whole weight of the liquid.

vacuum
Pressure at A
ρ
Mg (ρSh) g
h PA = =
S S

A PA= hρg

Surface Area = S

h = height of fluid column above A

Pressure increases with Depth
For Atmospheric Pressure
Patm Patm
Net Pressure at A

h PA =

Patm
Net Pressure at x

h1 Px =

X
For Atmospheric Pressure
Patm Patm
Net Pressure at A

PA = Patm + hρg

Patm

h Px = Patm + hρg

X
Fluid Pressure does NOT depend on shape of Vessel
Patm

PA = PB = PC = PD =
A B C D

Patm

h Px =

x
Fluid Pressure does NOT depend on shape of Vessel
Patm

PA = PB = PC = PD = Patm + hρg
A B C D

h Px = Patm + hρg

x
Average Pressure on side walls of a Vessel

h ρ y h
A
dy dF
ρ

A
 Pressure due to fluid at point behind element.

y h P = y ρg
ρ
dy
Outward force on
element

A Total force of sidewall

Average Pressure
on sidewall

Half pressure which fluid excess on bottom.

Average Pressure Trick
➔ The average pressure is at half-depth

➔ The magnitude of the resultant force exerted on

the wall by the water is

Where A is the area of rectangular plane area.

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