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Fluid Properties

Gas, Oil and Water


Key Properties

ƒ Formation Volume Factor: Reservoir


volume occupied by unit surface volume.
(Bo,g,w)
ƒ Dissolved Gas Oil Ratio: Volume of
surface gas dissolved in unit surface
liquid volume. (R)
ƒ Viscosity: Resistance of fluid to shear
which retards flow. (μ)
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.2
Key Properties
ƒ Density: Mass per unit volume. Controls
gravity segregation. (ρ)
ƒ Compressibility: Change in fluid volume per
unit volume per unit pressure change. (c)
ƒ Bubble Point Pressure: Saturation pressure
in oil reservoir where gas first comes out of
solution. (Pbp)
ƒ Dew Point Pressure: Saturation pressure in
gas reservoir where liquid first condenses. (Pdp)

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.3
Reservoir and Surface Volumes

1 m3

Rp m3

Rs m3
Bg m3

Bo m3
1 m3
Bw m3 1 m3
RESERVOIR SURFACE

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.4
© .
Gas Equations of State

ƒ Ideal Gas pV = nRT (Charles’s Law)

ƒ Real Gas
– e.g. van der Waals (p+a/V2)(V-b) = nRT

– Experimental pV = znRT

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.5
Determination of z Factor
Law of Corresponding States
All pure gases have identical physical properties at
the same values of reduced pressure and temperature

Use (pseudo)reduced pressure and


(pseudo) reduced temperature

pr = p
pc
andT r = T
Tc p pr = p and T pr = T
p pc T pc

Single component Multi-component


pc & Tc known ppc = Σnipci
Tpc = ΣniTci
ni= mole fraction component i
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.6
Tpc and Ppc for Gas Mixture
Critical Critical
Mole temperature, pressure,
Component fraction degree R psia

nj Tcj njTcj Pcj njPcj

C1 0.85 343.1 291.6 667.8 567.6

C2 0.09 549.8 49.5 707.8 63.7

C3 0.04 665.7 26.6 616.3 24.7

n-C4 0.02 765.3 15.3 550.7 11.0

1.00 Tpc = 383.0 Ppc = 667.0

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.7
Gas Deviation Factor

ƒ From Z Factor versus Tpc and Ppc Correlation


– Figure 3-15 (OGCI book), Page 3-20

ƒ From Gas Gravity Correlation


– Figure 3-16

ƒ From Laboratory Measurement

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.8
Gas Properties
ƒ Chemical Composition
– major components
– trace elements
ƒ Physical Properties measure

– gas gravity
– critical pressure and temperature

then knowing Tres and Pres, deduce: calculate or


correlate
– gas density and gradient
– dew point pressure
– compressibility factor
– viscosity
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.9
Gas Gravity

ƒ Gas gravity γg =
Density of gas at atmospheric conditions
Density of air at atmospheric conditions
ƒ Always related to air = 1.0
M
γg ≈
29
– M = average molecular weight of gas mixture
– 29 = average molecular weight of air

ƒ Typically, only reservoir gas rich in CO2 or


H2S will have gas gravity > 1.0
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.10
Gas Formation Volume Factor

Volume at reservoir conditions


Bg =
Volume at standard conditions

pV = znRT
Vrc zrnRTr p s
Bg = = .
Vsc z snRTs pr

p z T vol 5 .04 zT bbl


Bg = s . r r [ ] Bg = [ ]
Ts pr vol p Mscf

Bg = 0.0283 zT/P (rcf/scf) Where:


T in °R and P in psia
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.11
Gas PVT Properties

ƒ Gas formation volume factor non-linear

ƒ In simulation, insert more points to


define non-linear portion of curve

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.12
Gas PVT Properties
Bg Factor versus Pressure

0.20
Gas Formation Volume

Gas Volume Factor


0.15
(rcf/scf)
Factor

0.10

0.05

0.00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure (psia)
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.13
Gas PVT Properties

ƒ Equation for gas density ρ = PM


g
zRT
ƒ Example:
Reservoir T = 212 °F p = 5647 psia
M = 27.11 z = 1.03
(5647)(27.11)
ρg = = 20.61lb/ft 3
(1.03)(10.73)(212 + 460)

ƒ Simulation models use ρ g,s.c.


ρg =
Bg
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.14
Gas PVT Properties

ƒ Gas compressibility and viscosity

1 1 ∂z 1
cg = − ≈
p z ∂p p
Page 3-31

ƒ Gas viscosity (μg) from correlations

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.15
Gas PVT Properties
Gas Viscosity at 1 Atm

Page 3-36
Figure 3-21

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.16
Gas PVT Properties
Gas Viscosity at Reservoir Conditions

Page 3-37
Figure 3-22

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.17
Gas Condensate Reservoirs

ƒ If “wet gas”, then only vapor phase


exists in reservoir
– Make sure that specific
gravity/compositions include
recombined separator gas and liquid
– All properties as previously described

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.18
Reservoir Gas (Wellstream) Specific Gravity

Rγ g + 4602γ o
γw =
γo
R + 133316
Mo
Where:
R = producing gas-oil ratio scf/bbl
γ = specific gravity of gas (g) or oil (o)
Mo = molecular weight of produced oil (condensate)

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.19
Gas Condensate Reservoirs

ƒ If “Retrograde Condensate”, then hydrocarbon


liquid phase forms in the reservoir.
– For simulation studies, need to know liquid properties,
and for gas properties, how much condensate is
vaporized in gas.
– For conventional analysis, need laboratory volumetric
depletion study to determine:
• 2 phase Z-factors
• Liquid content of produced gas

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.20
Gas Analysis Needed for Process Design
ƒ Hydrocarbons
– C1 to C16 (C20) Full analysis including Paraffin
Naphthene Aromatic (PNA)
distribution
– Heavier components Describe by M.W., density, PNA
& distillation range (if possible)

ƒ Other Components
Hydrogen sulphide Carbonyl sulphide (COS)
Carbon dioxide Sulphur
Nitrogen Mercury
Helium Radon
Mercaptans

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.21
Useful Formulae

Equation of State pV = znRT

(psi)(ft 3 ) (kPa)(m3 )
Universal Gas Constant R: 10.732 o
or 8.314
(lbmol)( R) (kgmol)(o K)

Molecular Weight: M= ∑ yM i i

M
Gas Gravity: γg =
28.97

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.22
Useful Formulae

pM
Gas Density: ρg =
zRT

0. 01875 γ gp Gradient in psi/ft


Gas Gradient: =
zT
p in psia
T in deg R

1 1 ∂z
Compressibility: cg = −
p z ∂p

Formation Volume Bg =
5. 04 zT Bg in res bbl/Mscf
T in deg R
Factor: p p in psia

Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.23

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