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Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.3
Reservoir and Surface Volumes
1 m3
Rp m3
Rs m3
Bg m3
Bo m3
1 m3
Bw m3 1 m3
RESERVOIR SURFACE
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.4
© .
Gas Equations of State
Real Gas
– e.g. van der Waals (p+a/V2)(V-b) = nRT
– Experimental pV = znRT
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.5
Determination of z Factor
Law of Corresponding States
All pure gases have identical physical properties at
the same values of reduced pressure and temperature
pr = p
pc
andT r = T
Tc p pr = p and T pr = T
p pc T pc
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.7
Gas Deviation Factor
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.8
Gas Properties
Chemical Composition
– major components
– trace elements
Physical Properties measure
– gas gravity
– critical pressure and temperature
Gas gravity γg =
Density of gas at atmospheric conditions
Density of air at atmospheric conditions
Always related to air = 1.0
M
γg ≈
29
– M = average molecular weight of gas mixture
– 29 = average molecular weight of air
pV = znRT
Vrc zrnRTr p s
Bg = = .
Vsc z snRTs pr
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.12
Gas PVT Properties
Bg Factor versus Pressure
0.20
Gas Formation Volume
0.10
0.05
0.00
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Pressure (psia)
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.13
Gas PVT Properties
1 1 ∂z 1
cg = − ≈
p z ∂p p
Page 3-31
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.15
Gas PVT Properties
Gas Viscosity at 1 Atm
Page 3-36
Figure 3-21
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.16
Gas PVT Properties
Gas Viscosity at Reservoir Conditions
Page 3-37
Figure 3-22
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.17
Gas Condensate Reservoirs
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.18
Reservoir Gas (Wellstream) Specific Gravity
Rγ g + 4602γ o
γw =
γo
R + 133316
Mo
Where:
R = producing gas-oil ratio scf/bbl
γ = specific gravity of gas (g) or oil (o)
Mo = molecular weight of produced oil (condensate)
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.19
Gas Condensate Reservoirs
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.20
Gas Analysis Needed for Process Design
Hydrocarbons
– C1 to C16 (C20) Full analysis including Paraffin
Naphthene Aromatic (PNA)
distribution
– Heavier components Describe by M.W., density, PNA
& distillation range (if possible)
Other Components
Hydrogen sulphide Carbonyl sulphide (COS)
Carbon dioxide Sulphur
Nitrogen Mercury
Helium Radon
Mercaptans
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.21
Useful Formulae
(psi)(ft 3 ) (kPa)(m3 )
Universal Gas Constant R: 10.732 o
or 8.314
(lbmol)( R) (kgmol)(o K)
Molecular Weight: M= ∑ yM i i
M
Gas Gravity: γg =
28.97
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.22
Useful Formulae
pM
Gas Density: ρg =
zRT
1 1 ∂z
Compressibility: cg = −
p z ∂p
Formation Volume Bg =
5. 04 zT Bg in res bbl/Mscf
T in deg R
Factor: p p in psia
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties 3.2.23