UNIVERSIDAD CENTRALDEL

DEL ECUADOR

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÌA EN CIENCIAS FÌSICAS Y MATEMÀTICAS

ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES

EJERCICIOS DE LOS TEMAS IMPARTIDOS EN LA CÁTEDRA

ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES

NOMBRE:

RAMIREZ RUEDA LEONARDO ALFREDO

CURSO: 05 PARALELO: 03

SEMESTRE: ABRIL 2018 - SEPTIEMBRE2018

1
INDICE
1) CAMPO DE PENDIENTES ........................................................................................................ 3
2) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES A VARIABLES SEPARABLES ................................................... 13
3) ECUACIÒN DIFERENCIAL HOMOGÈNEA .............................................................................. 20
4) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE LA FORMA....................................................................... 27
5) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE LA FORMA: ..................................................................... 43
6) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES EXACTAS............................................................................... 52
7) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES UTILIZANDO UN FACTOR INTEGRANTE ............................... 54
8) TRANSFORMACIÒN LINEAL ................................................................................................. 55
9) OPERADOR DIFERENCIAL LINEAL ........................................................................................ 56
10) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES HOMOGÉNEAS DE SEGUNDO ORDEN n
COEFICIENTES CONSTANTES ....................................................................................................... 60
11) ECUACIÒN DIFERENCIAL NO HOMOGÈNEA (MÈTODO DEL ANULADOR) ....................... 65
12) ECUACIÒN DIFERENCIAL NO HOMOGÈNEA (MÈTODO DE VARIACIÒN DE PARÀMETROS)
68
13) ECUACIÒN DIFERENCIAL NO HOMOGÈNEA (MÈTODO DEL OPERADOR INVERSO) ........ 77
14) SISTEMAS DE ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES DE PRIMER ORDEN .................... 80
15) LA TRANSFORMADA DE LA PLACE ................................................................................... 87

2
1) CAMPO DE PENDIENTES

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
 2) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES A VARIABLES SEPARABLES

 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 (1 − 𝑦) + (−𝑦 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (1 − 𝑦)( 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑥 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑦)

𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑦)

ln|1 − 𝑦 | − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0

𝑑𝑥
 [(𝑡 2 − 𝑥𝑡 2 ) + 𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑥 2 = 0]
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥
𝑡2 ( 1 − 𝑥 ) = − 𝑥 2 − 𝑡𝑥 2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑡2 ( 1 − 𝑥 ) = − 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
(1 − 𝑥 ) (1 − 𝑡 )
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑡
𝑥2 𝑡2
1 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑡
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 2 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑥 𝑡 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ = − ∫ 𝑡 −2 𝑑𝑡 + ∫
𝑥 𝑡

𝑥 −1 − ln 𝑥 = − 𝑡 −1 + ln 𝑡

1
− ln 𝑥 = − 𝑡 −1 + ln 𝑡
𝑥
1 1
ln 𝑡 + ln 𝑥 − − +𝐶 =0
𝑡 𝑥
 [𝑦 (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0]

13
𝑦(1 + 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑦 (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑥 𝑦

1 𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫
𝑥 𝑦

ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ln 𝑦 = 0

 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟 tan ∅ 𝑑∅ = 0
𝑑𝑟 = − 𝑟 tan ∅ 𝑑∅

𝑑𝑟
= tan ∅ 𝑑∅
𝑟
𝑑𝑟
∫ = ∫ tan ∅ 𝑑∅
𝑟

ln|𝑟| = − ln|cos ∅|

ln|𝑟| + ln|cos ∅| + 𝐶 = 0

 (cos 𝑥)(1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −
( 1 + 𝑦2)

𝑑𝑦
∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫
(1 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = −𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑦 )

𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( 𝑦 ) + 𝐶 = 0

 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦

14
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑦

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦

∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

− 𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 + C = 0

 ( 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (tan 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

∫( 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = − ∫(tan 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦

1 − cos 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|cos 𝑦 |
2
1 cos 2𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln |cos 𝑦 |
2 2
𝑥 1
− 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 + ln|cos 𝑦 | = 0
2 4
𝑥 1
ln (cos 𝑦) + − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 2𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0
2 4

 ( 𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑒 𝑦 ln 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫
𝑦 ln 𝑦

𝑢=𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑢 = ln 𝑦

15
 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑦

𝑑𝑢
− 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − ∫( − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫
𝑢

−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 ) = − ln 𝑢

−𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + ln|ln 𝑦 | + 𝐶 = 0

1
 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0

1
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = −
√𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫
√𝑥
1
𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑦 = −2 𝑥 2

𝑦 + 2√𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0

 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ( 1 − 𝑏𝑦 5 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ( 1 − 𝑏𝑦 5 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 1 + 𝑏𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦

𝑢=𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥

16
𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 + 6 ∫ 𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦

6𝑦 6
𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = −𝑦 +
6

𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦 6 + 𝐶 = 0

 2𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ( 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

2𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − ( 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

2 𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦
( 1 + 𝑒𝑥) tan 𝑦

2 𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦
( 1 + 𝑒𝑥) tan 𝑦

𝑢 = 1 + 𝑒𝑥 𝑢 = tan 𝑦

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 =
𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2∫ = −∫
𝑢 𝑢

2 ln| 𝑢 | = − ln| 𝑢 |

2 ln|1 + 𝑒 𝑥 | + 𝑙𝑛|tan 𝑦 | + 𝐶 = 0

 3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑑𝑥 + ( 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑑𝑥 = − ( 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

3𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦
( 1 − 𝑒𝑥) tan 𝑦

17
 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦
( 1 − 𝑒𝑥) tan 𝑦

𝑢 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥 𝑢 = tan 𝑦

𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
− 3∫ = −∫
𝑢 𝑢

− 3 ln| 𝑢 | = − ln| 𝑢 |

− 3 ln|1 − 𝑒 𝑥 | = − 𝑙𝑛|tan 𝑦 |

− 3 ln|1 − 𝑒 𝑥 | + 𝑙𝑛|tan 𝑦 | + 𝐶 = 0

 (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

(1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = − (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑦 2 )

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
∫ 2
= −∫
(1 + 𝑥 ) (1 + 𝑦 2 )

arc tan x – arc tan y + C = 0

 ( 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

( 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = − (𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦

𝑥 ( 𝑦 2 − 1 )𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 1 )𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ − 𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 + 1 𝑦2 − 1

18
𝑢 = 𝑥2 + 1 𝑢 = 𝑦2 − 1

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦 =
2𝑥 2𝑦

1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ = − ∫
2 𝑢 2 𝑢
1 1
ln| 𝑢 | = − ln | 𝑢 |
2 2

1 1
ln| 𝑥 2 + 1 | + ln | 𝑦 2 + 1 | + 𝐶 = 0
2 2

 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ( 1 + 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − ( 1 + 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦
( 1 + 𝑥2) 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦
𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑐𝑡𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
( 1 + 𝑥2)

𝑢 = ( 1 + 𝑥2)

𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥

1 𝑑𝑢
∫ = − ln(𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦 )
2 𝑢
1
ln(𝑢) + ln(𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦 )
2
1
ln( 1 + 𝑥 2 ) + ln(𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑦 ) + 𝐶 = 0
2

19
  2𝑥(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

2𝑥 (𝑦 + 1 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑦+1

𝑦
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑦+1

𝑢 =𝑦+1 𝑢−1=𝑦

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦

2𝑥 2 𝑢−1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑥2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − ∫
𝑢 𝑢

𝑥 2 = 𝑢 − ln|𝑢|

𝑥 2 = |𝑦 + 1 | − ln|𝑦 + 1 |

𝑥 2 − |𝑦 + 1 | + ln|𝑦 + 1 | + 𝐶 = 0

3) ECUACIÒN DIFERENCIAL HOMOGÈNEA

 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= +𝑥 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; = 𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

20
 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑢 Integrando tenemos; ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑑𝑢 =
𝑥

𝑥2
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
2𝑦 2

 (𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
√
= + 1+ 2 ; 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 = 𝑢 + √1 + 𝑢2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑥 = √1 + 𝑢2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
√1 + 𝑢2 𝑥

𝑦
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ ( ) = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥

 (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

(2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 2𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 − 2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2+𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 − 2𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2+𝑢

21
 𝑑𝑢 1 − 4𝑢 − 𝑢2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2+𝑢
2+𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒:
1 − 4𝑢 − 𝑢2 𝑥

2+𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑢 = ∫ ; 𝑤 = 1 − 4𝑢 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑤 = (4 − 2𝑢)𝑑𝑢
1 − 4𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑥
𝑑𝑤 = −2(2 + 𝑢)𝑑𝑢

1 𝑦 𝑦2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 4 − 2 | = ln |𝑥|
2 𝑥 𝑥

 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦
=− ( + )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= − ( + 𝑢) 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
=𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
2𝑢 + 2𝑥 = − ( + 𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑢 − 3𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
− = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
1 𝑥
𝑢 + 3𝑢

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
−∫ = ∫
1 𝑥
+ 3𝑢
𝑢

1 𝑦2
− ln |1 + 3 2 | = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
6 𝑥

 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

(𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥

22
 𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
= 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 )

𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2
= 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦2
( 2 + 3 2)
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ; 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 3 2 )
𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑢2 )

𝑑𝑢 𝑢3
𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑢2 )

(1 + 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑𝑢 = −
𝑢 𝑥

1 1 𝑑𝑥
∫ ( 3 + ) 𝑑𝑢 = − ∫
𝑢 𝑢 𝑥

𝑥2 𝑦
− 2
+ ln | | = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
2𝑦 𝑥

𝑑𝑦
 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦

𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 − 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= −𝑦; 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; = 𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
𝑢+𝑥 = 2−
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 − 1 − 𝑢2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
2𝑢 − 1 − 𝑢2 𝑥

23
 𝑦 2 𝑦 2
(𝑥 ) (𝑥 ) 𝑦 2 1
+ − ln |( ) − 1| + 𝑦 + 2 = ln |𝑥|
𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑦
− (𝑥 ) + 2 𝑥 − 1 2 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 2 ( − 1)
𝑥

 (5𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 − 𝑦
=−
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 𝑦
= −( − )
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= + ; 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 3𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 5 1
𝑢+𝑥 = + 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑑𝑢 5 2
𝑥 = − 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑑𝑢 5 − 2𝑢
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 3

3 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
5 − 2𝑢 𝑥

3 𝑦
− 2 ln |5 − 2 𝑥 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐

 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ( + ); 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 =( + )
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢 2
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑢2 − 2𝑢2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑢2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
2𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
1 − 𝑢2 𝑥

24
 1 𝑦 2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − ( ) | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
2 𝑥

 −𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑥2𝑦
= 3 3
; 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 +𝑦 )
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 ; 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 3 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢 = ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+ 3
𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢3
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑢 − 𝑢4
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢3
𝑑𝑢 −𝑢4
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢3

1 + 𝑢3 𝑑𝑥
−∫ 4
𝑑𝑢 = ∫
𝑢 𝑥

𝑥3 𝑦
3
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
3𝑦 𝑥

 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= + ; 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑧𝑜 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
𝑢+𝑥 = 2+𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
𝑥

1 𝑦 3
( ) = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
3 𝑥

25
 𝑦 𝑦
 𝑦´ = 𝑥 + sen 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 = 𝑢 + sen 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑥 = sen 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑢 𝑥

𝑦
𝑙𝑛 |tan ( )| = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
2𝑥

 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= −1+ ; 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑢+𝑥 = −1+𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑢
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢

𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
1−𝑢 𝑥

𝑦 𝑦
1− − ln |1 − | = ln|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦 𝑦
 𝑦´ = 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 = 𝑢 + cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑥

𝑦 𝑦
𝑙𝑛 |tan + sec | = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥

26
 𝑦 𝑥
 𝑦´ = 𝑥 + 𝑦

𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1
𝑢+𝑥 =𝑢+
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
𝑥

𝑦2
= ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
2𝑥 2

 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= − ; 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜: 𝑢= ; 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢; =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝑢+𝑥 = 𝑢−
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1 − 2𝑢2
2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
𝑑𝑢 −1 − 𝑢2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
2𝑢 𝑑𝑥
−∫ 2
=∫
1+𝑢 𝑥

𝑦 2
−𝑙𝑛 |1 + ( ) | = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥

4) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE LA FORMA

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑌′ = 𝑓 ( )
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1

PRIMER CASO: Las rectas L1 y L2 se cortan en un punto P(,)

27
 5𝑥−𝑦−2
 𝑦= 𝑥+𝑦+4

5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝐿1 : 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 => {
𝑥+𝑦+4=0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0

𝑥 = −1⁄3 𝑦 = − 11⁄3

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1⁄3 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1⁄3 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 11⁄3 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 11⁄3

′
5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑣 5(𝑢 − 1⁄3) − 𝑣 + 11⁄3 𝑑𝑣 5𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 5 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑌 = => = => = => =
𝑥+𝑦+4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1⁄ + 𝑣 − 11⁄ + 4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢+𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
3 3

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 5 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 5 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧

5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)

1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢

1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

1
− 𝑙𝑛|5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

28
 1 𝑣 𝑣2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢

1 5𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
2 𝑢2

2 2
1 5(𝑥 + 1⁄3) − 2(𝑥 + 1⁄3)(𝑦 + 11⁄3) − (𝑦 + 11⁄3)
− 𝑙𝑛 | 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
2 1
(𝑥 + ⁄3)

 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3

𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1
𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 => {
𝑥−𝑦 =3
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0

𝑥=1 𝑦 = −2

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 2

𝑥+𝑦+1 𝑑𝑣 (𝑢 + 1) + (𝑣 − 2) + 1
𝑌′ = => =
𝑥−𝑦−3 𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 + 1) − (𝑣 − 2) − 3

𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> = => =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧

29
 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 + 1
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧

𝑧2 + 1 ≠ 0

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
𝑧 +1 𝑢

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧 +1 𝑢

1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 + 1 𝑧2 + 1 𝑢

1 𝑧 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 2 + 11| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√11 √11 2

1 𝑣/𝑢 1 𝑣 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 |( ) + 11| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√11 √11 2 𝑢

𝑦+2
1 1 𝑦+2 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( 𝑥 − 1 ) − 𝑙𝑛 |( ) + 11| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√11 √11 2 𝑥−1

1 𝑦+2 1 𝑦+2 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 |( ) + 11| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√11 √11(𝑥 − 1) 2 𝑥−1

 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 + (4 − 𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−𝑦+1

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
𝐿1 : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0 => {
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0

𝑥=1 𝑦=2

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1

2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑣 2(𝑢 + 1) + (𝑣 + 2) − 4
𝑌′ = => =
𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 + 1) − (𝑣 + 2) + 1

30
 𝑑𝑣 2𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 2 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> = => =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢−𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 2 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧

2 + 𝑧2 ≠ 0

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
𝑧 +2 𝑢

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧 +2 𝑢

1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 +2 𝑧 +2 𝑢

1 𝑧 1 𝑧2
(arctan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√2 √2 √2 2

Reemplazamos el valor de z

1 𝑣/𝑢 (𝑣/𝑢)2
1
(arctan ( )− 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√2 √2 √2 2

Reemplazamos el valor de u y v

(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥−1 2
1 (𝑦 − 2) 1 (𝑦 − 2)
(arctan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√2 √2 √2 2

1 𝑥−1 (𝑥 − 1)2
1
(arctan ( )− 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√2 √2(𝑦 − 2) √2 2(𝑦 − 2)2

𝑥−𝑦+1
 𝑦′ =
3𝑥−𝑦−1

𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
𝐿1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 => {
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1

31
𝐿2 : 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0

𝑥=1 𝑦=2

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 2

𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑑𝑣 (𝑢 + 1) − (𝑣 + 2) + 1
𝑌′ = => =
3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑢 3(𝑢 + 1) − (𝑣 + 2) − 1

𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣/𝑢
=> = => =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧

𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 ≠ 0

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 =
𝑧2 − 2𝑧 + 1 𝑢

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 − 2𝑧 + 1 𝑢

1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 − 2𝑧 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 1 𝑢

𝑙𝑛|𝑧 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐

𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑙𝑛 | − 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢

𝑣
−𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢

𝑦−2
−𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑥−1

 𝑦 ′ = (2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0

32
 𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1)
2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −3
𝐿1 : 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3 = 0 => {
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −1
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0

𝑥=0 𝑦=0

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 0 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 0 => 𝑦 = 𝑣

2𝑢 6𝑣 3
2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑣 2𝑢 − 6𝑣 + 3 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑢 +𝑢
′
𝑌 = => = => = 𝑢
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 3𝑣 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 3𝑣 1
− +
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
6𝑣 3
𝑑𝑣 2 − 𝑢 + 𝑢
=> =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 3𝑣 + 1
𝑢 𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

3
𝑑𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 𝑥
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 3𝑧 + 1
𝑥

𝑑𝑧 2 − 6𝑧
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 3𝑧

2 − 6𝑧 ≠ 0

1 − 3𝑧 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 =
2 − 6𝑧 𝑢

1 − 3𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2 − 6𝑧 𝑢

1 3𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2 − 6𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 𝑢

1 1 1
− 𝑙𝑛|2 − 6𝑧| − 3(− 𝑧 − 𝑙𝑛|3𝑧 − 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
6 6 18

33
 1
1 6𝑣 𝑣 1 3𝑣
− 𝑙𝑛 |2 − | − 3 (− 6 − 𝑙𝑛 | − 1|) = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
6 𝑢 𝑢 18 𝑢
1 1
− 𝑙𝑛|2 − 0| − 3 (0 − 𝑙𝑛|0 − 1|) = 𝑙𝑛|0| + 𝑐
6 18

1
− 𝑙𝑛|2| = +𝑐
6

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦+4
 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−𝑦−6

𝑥 + 𝑦 = −4
𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0 => {
𝑥−𝑦 =6
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 6 = 0

𝑥=1 𝑦 = −5

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 5 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 5

𝑥+𝑦+4 𝑑𝑣 (𝑢 + 1) + (𝑣 − 5) + 4
𝑌′ = => =
𝑥−𝑦−6 𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 + 1) − (𝑣 − 5) − 6

𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> = => =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧

𝑧2 + 1 ≠ 0

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
𝑧 +1 𝑢

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧 +1 𝑢

34
 1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 𝑢

1
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan(𝑧) + 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 2 + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

𝑣 1 𝑣 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) + 𝑙𝑛 |( ) + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢 2 𝑢

𝑦+5 1 𝑦+5 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) + 𝑙𝑛 |( ) + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
𝑥−1 2 𝑥−1

 (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 − 3𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 −𝑦 + 1
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
𝐿1 : 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 => {
−𝑦 = −1
𝐿2 : −𝑦 + 1 = 0

𝑥 = 3/2 𝑦=1

3 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 3/2 => {
2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 1 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1

3
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑣 2 (𝑢 + 2) − 3(𝑣 + 1)
𝑌′ = => =
−𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑢 −(𝑣 + 1) + 1

𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> = => =
𝑑𝑢 −𝑣 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 −𝑧

𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧

1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧2 ≠ 0

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
1−𝑧−𝑧 𝑢

35
 1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧2 𝑢

1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1−𝑧−𝑧 1−𝑧−𝑧 𝑢

1 3 −2𝑧 − 1 + √5 −2𝑧 − 1 − √5
−2 (− 𝑙𝑛|−4𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 4| + (𝑙𝑛 | | − 𝑙𝑛 | |))
4 4√5 √5 √5
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶

1 𝑣 2 𝑣
−2 (− 𝑙𝑛 |−4 ( ) − 4 ( ) + 4|
4 𝑢 𝑢

𝑣 𝑣
3 −2 (𝑢) − 1 + √5 −2 (𝑢) − 1 − √5
+ (𝑙𝑛 | | − 𝑙𝑛 | |))
4√5 √5 √5

= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶

2
1 𝑦−1 𝑦−1
−2 − 𝑙𝑛 |−4 ( ) −4( ) + 4|
4 3 3
𝑥− 𝑥−
2 2

𝑦−1 𝑦−1
|−2 ( 3) − 1 + √5| |−2 ( 3) − 1 − √5|
3 𝑥−2 𝑥−2
+ 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛
4√5 √5 √5
| | | |
( ))
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶

𝑥−𝑦
 𝑦′ =
𝑥+𝑦+2

𝑥−𝑦 = 0
𝐿1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 => {
𝑥+𝑦+2 = 0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0

𝑥 = −1 𝑦 = −1

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 1 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 1

36
 𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑢−1−𝑣+1 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑌′ = => = => = => =
𝑥+𝑦+2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1 + 𝑣 − 1 + 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧

1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)

1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢

1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

1
− 𝑙𝑛|1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1 𝑣 𝑣2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢

1 𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢2

1 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) − (𝑦 + 1)2

− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 (𝑥 + 1)2

𝑦
 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥−𝑦+1

𝑦=0
𝐿1 : 𝑦 = 0 => {
𝑥−𝑦+1 = 0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0

37
 𝑥 = −1 𝑦=0

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 => 𝑦 = 𝑣

𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣⁄
𝑢
𝑌′ = => = => = => =
𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1 − 𝑣 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧

𝑧2 ≠ 0

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
𝑧 𝑢

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 𝑢

1 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧 𝑧 𝑢

1
− − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑧

𝑢 𝑣
− − 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑣 𝑢

(𝑥 + 1) 𝑦
− − 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
𝑦 𝑥+1

 (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3
=
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1

−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3
𝐿1 : −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 => {
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1
𝐿2 : 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0

𝑥 = −1 𝑦=2

38
 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 2

−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 𝑑𝑣 −(𝑢 − 1) + (𝑣 + 2) − 3
𝑦′ = => =
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑢 3(𝑢 − 1) + (𝑣 + 2) + 1

𝑑𝑣 −𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 −1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> = => =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢+𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 −1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧

𝑑𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧

−1 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
−1 − 𝑧 𝑢

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
−1 − 𝑧 𝑢

1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
−1 − 𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 𝑢

1
arctan(𝑧) − 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

𝑣 1 𝑣 2
arctan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 |1 + ( ) | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢 2 𝑢

𝑦−2 1 𝑦−2 2
arctan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 |1 + ( ) | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑥+1 2 𝑥+1

 (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

39
 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2

2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
𝐿1 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 => {
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −2
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2 = 0

𝑥 = −5/7 𝑦 = −3/7

5 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 5/7 => {
7 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
3
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 +7 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 3/7

5 3
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑣 2 (𝑢 − 7) − (𝑣 − 7) + 1
𝑦′ = => =
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 − 5) + 3 (𝑣 − 3) + 2
7 7

𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> = => =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧

1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)

1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢

1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

1
− 𝑙𝑛|1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

40
 1 𝑣 𝑣2 5
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + | + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢 7

1 𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2 5
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + |+𝐶
2 𝑢2 7

5 2 5 3 3
1 (𝑥 + 7) − 2 (𝑥 + 7) (𝑦 + 7) − (𝑦 + 7)2 5
− 𝑙𝑛 | 2 | = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + | + 𝐶
2 5 7
(𝑥 + 7)

𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦−4
 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥+𝑦−5

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4
𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 => {
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
𝐿2 : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5 = 0

𝑥=2 𝑦=1

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 2 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 1 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑣 (𝑢 + 2) + 2(𝑣 + 1) − 4
𝑦′ = => =
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5 𝑑𝑢 2(𝑢 + 2) + (𝑣 + 1) − 5

𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 + 2 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> = => =
𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 2 + 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 1 + 2𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 2+𝑧

𝑑𝑢 (2 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧
− =
𝑢 𝑧2 − 1

2+𝑧 ≠0

𝑧2 − 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 =
2+𝑧 𝑢

𝑧2 − 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2+𝑧 𝑢

41
 𝑧2 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2+𝑧 2+𝑧 𝑢

|𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1|3 = 𝐶|𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3|

 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3

−𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3
𝐿1 : −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 = 0 => {
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3
𝐿2 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0

𝑥=0 𝑦 = −3

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 0 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 3 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 3

−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑣 −(𝑢) + (𝑣 − 3) + 3 𝑑𝑣 −𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 −1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑌′ = => = => = => =
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 − (𝑣 − 3) − 3 𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 2 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 −1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 2−𝑧

𝑑𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 2−𝑧

𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 1 ≠ 0

2−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 =
𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 1 𝑢

2−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 −𝑧−1 𝑢

2 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 2 =∫
𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 −𝑧−1 𝑢

42
 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2∫ −∫ 2 =∫
𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 1 𝑧 −𝑧−1 𝑢

𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝑑𝑢 1
2∫ 2 −∫ =∫ ; 𝑤=𝑧−
1 5 𝑧2 −𝑧−1 𝑢 2
(𝑧 − 2) − 4

4 2(2𝑤 + 1) 𝑑𝑢
2∫ 𝑑𝑤 + ∫ =∫
4𝑤 2−5 2
4𝑤 + 5 𝑢

2 2𝑧 − 1 2𝑧 − 1 2 2𝑧 − 1 2𝑧 − 1
− 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | − 1| + 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | − 1|
√5 √5 √5 √5 √5 √5
1
+ 2(− 𝑙𝑛|−4𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 4|
4
1 2𝑧 − 1 2𝑧 − 1
+ (𝑙𝑛 | + 1| − (𝑙𝑛 | − 1|)) = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
4√5 √5 √5

2𝑣 2𝑣 2𝑣 2𝑣
2 𝑢 −1 𝑢 −1 2 𝑢 −1 −1
− 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | − 1| + 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑢 − 1|
√5 √5 √5 √5 √5 √5

1 𝑣 2 𝑣
+ 2 (− 𝑙𝑛 |−4 ( ) + 4 ( ) + 4|
4 𝑢 𝑢

2𝑣 2𝑣
1 𝑢 −1 −1
+ (𝑙𝑛 | + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑢 − 1|)) = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
4√5 √5 √5

2(𝑦 + 3) 2(𝑦 + 3)
2 −1 −1
− 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑥 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑥 − 1|
√5 √5 √5

1 𝑦+3 2 𝑦+3
+ 2 − 𝑙𝑛 |−4 ( ) + 4( ) + 4|
4 𝑥 𝑥
(
2(𝑦 + 3) 2(𝑦 + 3)
1 𝑥 −1 𝑥 −1
+ (𝑙𝑛 | + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | − 1|)
4√5 √5 √5
)
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐

5) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE LA FORMA:

𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄
𝒀′ = 𝒇 ( )
𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟏

43
2do CASO: 𝑳𝟏 ∩ 𝑳𝟐 = ∅

−𝑥+𝑦−1
 𝑌′ =
𝑥+𝑦

⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝐿1 : −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0 𝑁1 = (−1,1) => {
𝑥+𝑦=0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1,1)

𝑥 = −1⁄2 𝑦 = 1⁄2

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1⁄2 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1⁄2 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 1⁄2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1⁄2

−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑣 −𝑢 + 1⁄2 + 𝑣 + 1⁄2 − 1 𝑑𝑣 −𝑢 + 𝑣
𝑌′ = => = => =
𝑥+𝑦 1 11
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − ⁄ + 𝑣 − ⁄ + 4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢+𝑣
3 3

𝑑𝑣 −1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 −1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧

𝑑𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧

−1 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 =
−1 − 𝑧 2 𝑢

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
−1 − 𝑧 𝑢

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
−∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1+𝑧 𝑢

1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
−∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 2
=∫
1+𝑧 1+𝑧 𝑢

44
 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 2 + 1|
−𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝑧) − = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

𝑣2
𝑣 𝑙𝑛 | 2 + 1|
𝑢
−𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( ) − = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢 2

2 2
(𝑦 + 1⁄2) + (𝑥 + 1⁄2)
𝑙𝑛 | 2 |
𝑦 − 1⁄2 (𝑥 + 1⁄2)
−𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( )− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄2| + 𝐶
𝑥 + 1⁄2 2

5𝑥−𝑦−2
 𝑌′ = 𝑥+𝑦+4

⃗⃗⃗⃗ 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝐿1 : 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 𝑁1 = (5, −1) => {
𝑥+𝑦+4=0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1,1)

𝑥 = −1⁄3 𝑦 = − 11⁄3

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1⁄3 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1⁄3 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 11⁄3 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 11⁄3

5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑣 5(𝑢 − 1⁄3) − 𝑣 + 11⁄3 𝑑𝑣 5𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 5 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑌′ = => = => = => =
𝑥+𝑦+4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1⁄ + 𝑣 − 11⁄ + 4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢+𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
3 3

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 5 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 5 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧

5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 =
5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 𝑢
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

45
 𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)

1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢

1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

1
− 𝑙𝑛|5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

1 𝑣 𝑣2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢

1 5𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
2 𝑢2

2 2
1 5(𝑥 + 1⁄3) − 2(𝑥 + 1⁄3)(𝑦 + 11⁄3) − (𝑦 + 11⁄3)
− 𝑙𝑛 | 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
2 1
(𝑥 + ⁄3)

𝑥+𝑦+4
 𝑌′ =
𝑥−𝑦−6

⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑥+𝑦+4 = 0
𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0 𝑁1 = (1,1) => {
𝑥−𝑦−6 = 0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 6 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1, −1)

𝑥=1 𝑦 = −5

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 5 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 5

𝑥+𝑦+4 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 1 + 𝑣 − 5 + 4 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑌′ = => = => = => =
𝑥−𝑦−6 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 1 − 𝑣 + 5 − 6 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧

1 + 𝑧2 ≠ 0
46
 1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 =
1 + 𝑧2 𝑢

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1+𝑧 𝑢

1 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 − ∫ =∫
1+𝑧 𝑧 𝑢

𝑙𝑛|𝑧 2 + 1|
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝑧) − = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

𝑣2
𝑣 𝑙𝑛 | + 1|
𝑢2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( ) − = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢 2

(𝑦 + 5)2 + (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑦+5 𝑙𝑛 | |
(𝑥 − 1)2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( )− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
𝑥−1 2

𝑦
 𝑌 ′ = 𝑥−𝑦+1

⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑦=0
𝐿1 : 𝑦 = 0 𝑁1 = (0,1) => {
𝑥−𝑦+1 = 0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1, −1)

𝑥 = −1 𝑦=0

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 => 𝑦 = 𝑣

𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣⁄
𝑢
𝑌′ = => = => = => = 𝑣
𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1 − 𝑣 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − ⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧

𝑧2 ≠ 0

47
 1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 =
𝑧2 𝑢

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧 𝑢

1 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧 𝑧 𝑢

1
− − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑧

𝑢 𝑣
− − 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑣 𝑢

(𝑥 + 1) 𝑦
− − 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
𝑦 𝑥+1

2𝑥
 𝑌 ′ = 𝑥−𝑦+1

⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2𝑥 = 0
𝐿1 : 2𝑥 = 0 𝑁1 = (2,0) => {
𝑥−𝑦+1 = 0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1, −1)

𝑥=0 𝑦=1

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 1 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1

2𝑥 𝑑𝑣 2𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
𝑌′ = => = => = => =
𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 − 1 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 2
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧

2 − 𝑧 + 𝑧2 ≠ 0

1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
2−𝑧+𝑧 𝑢

48
 1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2 − 𝑧 + 𝑧2 𝑢

2𝑧 − 1 1 𝑑𝑢
∫( 2 − 2
) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2(𝑧 − 𝑧 + 2 2(𝑧 − 𝑧 + 2 𝑢

2𝑧 − 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( )
√7 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2|
− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
√7 2

𝑣
2( ) − 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( 𝑢 ) 𝑣2 𝑣
√7 𝑙𝑛 | − + 2|
𝑢2 𝑢
− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
√7 2

𝑦−1
2( 𝑥 ) − 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( ) 𝑣 2 − 𝑢𝑣 + 2𝑢2
√7 𝑙𝑛 | |
𝑢2
− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
√7 2

𝑦−1
2( 𝑥 ) − 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( ) (𝑦 − 1)2 − 𝑥(𝑦 − 1) + 2𝑥 2
√7 𝑙𝑛 | |
𝑥2
− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
√7 2

𝑥−𝑦
 𝑌 ′ = 𝑥+𝑦+2

⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑥−𝑦 = 0
𝐿1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 𝑁1 = (1, −1) => {
𝑥+𝑦+2 = 0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1,1)

𝑥 = −1 𝑦 = −1

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 1 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 1

𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑢−1−𝑣+1 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑌′ = => = => = => =
𝑥+𝑦+2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1 + 𝑣 − 1 + 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧

49
 𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧

1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)

1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢

1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

1
− 𝑙𝑛|1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1 𝑣 𝑣2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢

1 𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢2

1 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) − (𝑦 + 1)2

− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 (𝑥 + 1)2

𝑥−𝑦−5
 𝑌 ′ = 𝑥+𝑦+1

⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑥−𝑦−5 = 0
𝐿1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 5 = 0 𝑁1 = (1, −1) => {
𝑥+𝑦+1 = 0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1,1)

𝑥=3 𝑦 = −2

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 3 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 3 => {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 2

50
 𝑥−𝑦−5 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 3 − 𝑣 + 2 − 5 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑌′ = => = => = => =
𝑥+𝑦+1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 3 + 𝑣 − 2 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢

𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧

𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧

1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
𝑑𝑧 =
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢

𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)

1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢

1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2

1
− 𝑙𝑛|1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1 𝑣 𝑣2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢

1 𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢2

1 (𝑥 − 3)2 − 2(𝑥 − 3)(𝑦 + 2) − (𝑦 + 2)2

− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
2 (𝑥 − 3)2

51
 6) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES EXACTAS

Teorema:

Sean las primeras derivadas parciales de M(x, y) y N(x, y) continuas en un rectángulo R.

Entonces la ecuación diferencial

M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0
M N
es exacta si y sólo si  , ( x, y )  R
y x

Solución:

Sea la ecuación diferencial exacta

M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy  0

Entonces cumple:

Paso 1

dF ( x, y )  M ( x, y )dx  N ( x, y )dy
dF ( x, y )  0
F ( x, y )  C

Solución implícita

Paso 2

52
 F
M ( x, y )  ( x, y )
x
F ( x, y )   M ( x, y )dx   ( y )

Paso 3

F
N ( x, y ) 
y

y
 M (x, y)x   ( y)   N ( x, y)

´( y )  N ( x, y ) 
y  M ( x, y )dx
  
 ( y)    N ( x, y )  y  M ( x, y )dx dy

 3x2 + 2xy + 3y2 + (x2 + 6xy)y´ = 0

(3𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥2 + 6𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = (3𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 )

𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥2 + 6𝑥𝑦

𝜗𝑀 𝜗𝑁
= 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 6𝑦
𝜗𝑦 𝜗𝑥

Por lo tanto es exacta

Integro con respecto a x

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2

∫ 3𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑔(𝑦)

Derivo con respecto a y

53
𝜕
(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑔(𝑦)) = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝑔′ (𝑦) = 0

𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶1

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑔(𝑦)

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝐶1 = 0

𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = C

7) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES UTILIZANDO UN FACTOR

INTEGRANTE

 (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟒 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚𝟑 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 4

𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 3

𝜗𝑀 𝜗𝑁
= 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 3 = 6𝑥 + 6𝑦 3
𝜗𝑦 𝜗𝑥

Factor integrante:

𝜗𝑀 𝜗𝑁
𝜗𝑦 − 𝜗𝑥 2𝑥 + 𝑦 3 − 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 3 −4𝑥 − 2𝑦 3 −2(2𝑥 − 𝑦 3 ) 2
= = = =
−𝑀 −(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 4 ) −(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 4 ) −𝑦(2𝑥 + 𝑦 3 ) 𝑦

𝑑𝑥
2∫ 2
𝑢(𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑙𝑛𝑦 =𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑦 2

(𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟔 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙𝒚𝟓 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 6 ; 𝑁 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 5
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= (6𝑥𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 5 ) ; = 6𝑥𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 5 Es Exacta
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Integro con respecto a x

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 6

54
 ∫ 2𝑥𝑦 3 + 𝑦 6 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 6 𝑑𝑥

𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 6 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

Derivo con respecto a y

𝜕
(𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 6 + 𝑔(𝑦)) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 5
𝜕𝑦

3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 5 + 𝑔′ (𝑦) = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 5

𝑔′ (𝑦) = 0

𝑔(𝑦) = 𝐶1

𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 6 𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦)

𝑥 2 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 6 𝑥 + 𝐶1 = 𝐶2

𝑥2𝑦3 + 𝑦6𝑥 = 𝐶

8) TRANSFORMACIÒN LINEAL

Definición:

Dados dos espacios vectoriales V y W, diremos que la función T: V → W es una

transformación lineal de V en W

Si se cumplen las siguientes condiciones:

1) T (v1 + v2) = T (v1) + T (v2) para todo v1, v2 ∈ V. (Propiedad aditiva)

2) T (αv1) = αT (v1) para todo v1 ∈ V y todo ¸ ∈ R. (Propiedad homogénea)

 Dada la función 𝑻: 𝑹𝟐 → 𝑹𝟐 , definida por

⃗ ) = 𝑻(𝒙, 𝒚) = (−𝒙, −𝒚)
𝑻(𝑽

Verificar que T es una transformación lineal

Si:

𝑉1 = (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝑉2 = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
55
 𝑇 (𝑉1) = 𝑇(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−𝑥1 , − 𝑦1 )

𝑇 (𝑉2 ) = 𝑇(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (−𝑥2 , − 𝑦2 )

𝛼 (𝑉1 ) + 𝛽(𝑉2 ) = 𝛼(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) + 𝛽(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )

= (𝛼𝑥1 , 𝛽𝑥2 ; 𝛼𝑦1 , 𝛽𝑦2 )

𝑇(𝛼𝑉1 + 𝛽𝑉2 ) = (−𝜶𝒙𝟏 , −𝜷𝒙𝟐 ; −𝜶𝒚𝟏 , − 𝜷𝒚𝟐 )

𝛼𝑇(𝑉1 ) + 𝛽𝑇(𝑉2 ) = 𝛼(−𝑥1 , − 𝑦1 ) + 𝛽(−𝑥2 , − 𝑦2 )

= (−𝜶𝒙𝟏 , −𝜷𝒙𝟐 ; −𝜶𝒚𝟏 , − 𝜷𝒚𝟐 )

i. 𝑇 (𝑉1+ 𝑉2 ) = 𝑇 (𝑉1 ) + 𝑇 (𝑉2 )

ii. 𝑇(𝛼𝑉1 + 𝛽𝑉2 ) = 𝛼𝑇(𝑉1 ) + 𝛽𝑇(𝑉2 )

∴Si es una transformación lineal.

9) OPERADOR DIFERENCIAL LINEAL

Escribir cada uno de los siguientes productos de operadores en la forma: an (x)Dn + … + a1

(x)D + a0 (x).

1) (xD)D
L1= xD ; L2 = D
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD (D f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD (f´(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xf´´(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x D2

2) D( x D )
L1= D ; L2 = xD
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D(xD f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D(x f´(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = f´(x) + x f´´(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD2 f(x) + D f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD2 + D)(f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD2 + D

3) (x2D + x)2
L1= x2D + x ; L2= x2D + x

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 (L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D + x)((x2D + x)(f(x)))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D + x)(x2 f´(x) + x f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2(2x f´(x) + x2 f´´(x)) + x3 f´(x) +x2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) =2x3 f´(x) + x4 f´´(x) + x3 f´(x) +x2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x4D2 f(x) + (2x3 + x3)D f(x) + x2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x4D2 + (2x3 + x3)D + x2) f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x4D2 + (2x3 + x3)D + x2

4) (D-x)(x2D+1)
L1= D-x ; L2= x2D+1
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D-x)( ( x2D+1)( f(x) ) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D-x)(x2 f´(x) + f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2 f´´(x)+ 2x f´(x) + f´(x) – x3 f´(x) – x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D2 f(x) + 2xD f(x) + D f(x) – x3D f(x) – x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 + 2xD + D - x3D – x) (f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 + (-x3 + 2x + 1)D – x) (f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D2 - (x3 - 2x - 1)D – x

5) (x2D+1)(D-x)
L1= x2D+1 ; L2= D-x
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D+1)( (D-x)(f(x)) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D+1)(f´(x) – x f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2 f´´(x) – (x2 (x f´(x)) + f(x)) + f´(x) – x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2 f´´(x) – (x3 f´(x) + f(x)) + f´(x) – x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D2 f(x) – x3D f(x) – f(x) + D f(x) – x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 – x3D – 1 + D - x)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 – (x3 - 1)D – x – 1) ( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D2 – (x3 - 1)D – x – 1

6) (D-1)(xD+2)
L1= D - 1 ; L2= xD + 2
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D - 1)((xD + 2)(f(x)))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D - 1)(x f´(x) + 2 f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = f´(x) + x f´´(x) + 2 f´(x) – x f´(x) – 2 f(x)

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 (L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D f(x) + xD2 f(x) + 2D f(x) – xD f(x) - 2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD2 + (3 – x)D – 2)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD2 + (3 – x)D – 2

7) (D-2)(x3D2+2x)
L1= D - 2 ; L2= x3D2 + 2x
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D – 2)((x3D2 + 2x)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D – 2)(x3 f´´(x) + 2x f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = 3x2 f´´(x) + x3 f´´´(x) + 2( f(x) + x f´(x)) – 2x3 f´´(x) – 4x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = 3x2D2 f(x) + x3D3 f(x) + 2 f(x) + 2xD f(x) – 2x3 D2 f(x) – 4x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x3D3 + (3x2 – 2x3)D2 + 2xD – 4x + 2)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x3D3 - (2x3 – 3x2)D2 + 2xD – 4x + 2

8) (x3D2+2x)(D-2)
L1= x3D2 + 2x ; L2= D – 2
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x3D2 + 2x)((D – 2)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x3D2 + 2x)( f´(x) – 2 f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x3 f´´´(x) – 2x3 f´´(x) + 2x f´(x) – 4x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x3D3 f(x) – 2x3D2 f(x) + 2xD f(x) – 4 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x3D3 + 2x3D2 + 2xD - 4)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x3D3 + 2x3D2 + 2xD – 4

9) (xD+2)2(D-1)
L1= (xD + 2)(xD + 2) ; L2= D – 1
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD + 2)(xD + 2)((D – 1)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD + 2)(xD + 2)( f´(x) – f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD + 2)(x f´´(x) – x f´(x) + 2 f´(x) – 2 f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2 f´´´(x) – (f´(x) + x f´´(x)) + 2x f´´(x) – 2x f´(x) + 2x f´´(x)
– 2x f´(x) + 4 f´(x) – 4 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D3 f(x) – D f(x) – xD2 f(x) + 2xD2 f(x) – 2xD f(x) + 2xD2 f(x)
– 2xD f(x) + 4D f(x) – 4 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D3 + 5xD2 + (3 – 4x)D – 4) ( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D3 + 5xD2 + (3 – 4x)D – 4

10) (D-2)(x2D+2x)
L1= D – 2 ; L2= x2D + 2x
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D – 2)((x2D + 2x)( f(x) ))

58
 (L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D – 2)(x2 f´(x) + 2x f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = 2x f´(x) + x2 f´´(x) + 2( f(x) + xf´(x)) – 2x2 f´(x) – 4x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = 2xD f(x) + x2D2 f(x) + 2 f(x) + 2xD f(x) – 2x2D f(x) – 4x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 + (4x – 2x2)D – 4x + 2)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 – (2x2 – 4x)D – 4x + 2)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D2 – (2x2 – 4x)D – 4x + 2

11) (xD3-x2)(xD2)
L1= xD3 - x2 ; L2= xD2
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD3 - x2)(( xD2)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD3 - x2)(x f´´(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD2(x f´´´(x) + f´´(x)) – x3 f´´(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD( f´´´(x) + x f´´´´(x) + f´´´(x)) – x3 f´´(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x( f´´´´(x) + f´´´´(x) + x f ´´´´´(x) + f´´´´(x)) – x3 f´´(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD4 f(x) + xD4 f(x) + x2D5 f(x) + xD4 f(x) – x3D2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D5 + 3xD4 – x3D2)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D5 + 3xD4 – x3D2

12) (D4-1)(D2+1)
L1= D4 - 1 ; L2= D2 + 1
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D4 – 1)((D2 + 1)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D4 – 1)( f´´(x) + f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = fVI(x) + f´´´´(x) – f´´(x) – f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D6 f(x) + D4 f(x) – D2 f(x) – f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D6 + D4 – D2 – 1)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D6 + D4 – D2 – 1

13) (D2-1)3
L1= (D2 – 1)2 ; L2= D2 – 1
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D2 – 1)2((D2 – 1)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D2 – 1)2( f´´(x) – f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D2 – 1)( f´´´´(x) – f´´(x) – f´´(x) + f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = fVI(x) – f´´´´(x) – f´´´´(x) + f´´(x) – f´´´´(x) + f´´(x) + f´´(x) – f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D6 f(x) – 2D4 f(x) + D2 f(x) – D4 f(x) + D2 f(x) + D2 f(x) – f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D6 – 3D4 + 3D2 – 1)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D6 – 3D4 + 3D2 – 1

59
10) ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES HOMOGÉNEAS
DE SEGUNDO ORDEN n COEFICIENTES CONSTANTES

 (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟓)𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝐷 − √5)(𝐷 + √5) = 0

𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 √5 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −√5

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
 =𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐

D2 = 0

𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥

 (𝑫𝟐 − 𝑫 − 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 1) = 0

𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥

𝒅𝟐 𝒚
 +𝒚=𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐

(D2 + 1)𝑦 = 0

𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

60
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟒𝒅𝒚
 + + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

(D2 + 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0

(𝐷 + 2)2 = 0

𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥

 (𝑫𝟐 + 𝑫 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟎

1 √3
𝛼1 = − + 𝑖
2 2
 Dónde:

1
𝑎=−
2

√3
𝑏=
2
1 √3 1 √3
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −−2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2

 (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝟎

√12
𝛼1 = −1 + 𝑖
2
 Dónde:

𝑎 = −1

61
 √12
𝑏=
2

√12 √12
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2

 (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟎

√8
𝛼1 = 1 +
2
 Dónde:

𝑎=1

√8
𝑏=
2

√8 √8
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 1𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 1𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2

 (𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟓)𝒚 = 𝟎

𝛼1 = −1 + 2𝑖

 Dónde:

𝑎 = −1

𝑏=2

𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑥)

 (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 1) = 0

𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥

 (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 − 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝟎
62
 √12
𝛼1 = 1 +
2
 Dónde:

𝑎=1

√12
𝑏=
2

√12 √12
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2

 (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟓)𝒚 = 𝟎

𝛼1 = 2 + 2𝑖

 Dónde:

𝑎=2

𝑏=2

𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑥)

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟒𝒅𝒚
 − + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙

(D2 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0

(𝐷 − 2)2 = 0

𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥

63
 𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟔𝒅𝒚
 − 𝒅𝒙𝟐 + + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙

(D2 + 6𝐷 + 12)𝑦 = 0

√44
𝛼1 = −3 + 𝑖
2
 Dónde:

𝑎 = −3

√44
𝑏=
2

√44 √44
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2

64
11) ECUACIÒN DIFERENCIAL NO HOMOGÈNEA (MÈTODO
DEL ANULADOR)

 (𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = cos(2𝑥)

(𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 0

𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶2𝑒 −𝑋

𝐿2 = (𝐷 2 + 4)

(𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 2 + 4) = cos(2𝑥)

𝑌𝑃 = 𝐾1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −𝑋 + 𝐾3𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋)

(𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 2)(𝐾1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −𝑋 + 𝐾3𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋)) = cos(2𝑥)

−4𝐾2𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 2𝐾2𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑋) − 2𝑘2𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) = cos(2𝑥)

−6𝐾2𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 2𝐾2𝑆𝑒𝑛2𝑋) = cos(2𝑥)

−6𝐾2𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) = cos(2𝑥)

1
𝐾2 =
6

𝑌𝐺 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶2𝑒 −𝑋 + 1/6(𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋))

 (𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 𝑋𝑒 5𝑥
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 ∓ 3)𝑦 = 0

𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 −3𝑥

𝐿2 = (𝐷 − 5)2

𝑌𝑃 = 𝐾1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐾2𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐾3𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐾4𝑋𝑒 5𝑥

(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)(𝐾1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐾2𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐾3𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐾4𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 𝑋𝑒 5𝑥

(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)(𝐾3𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐾4𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 𝑋𝑒 5𝑥

24𝐾3𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐾4(𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 6)(𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑒 5𝑥

(𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 6)(𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 𝑒 5𝑥 ((𝐷 + 5)2 + (𝐷 + 5) − 6)(𝑋)

(𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 6)(𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 ) = (1 + 24𝑋)

65
 24𝐾3𝑒 5𝑥 + 11𝐾4 + 24𝐾4𝑋 = 𝑋

24𝐾4𝑋 = 𝑋
1
𝐾4 = −
24

𝑌𝐺 = 𝐾1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐾2𝑒 −3𝑥 − (𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 )24

 (𝐷 2 − 4)𝑌 = 𝑥
(𝐷 2 − 4)𝑌 = 0

𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶2𝑒 −2𝑋

𝐿2 = (𝐷 2 )

(𝐷 2 − 4)(𝐷 2 ) = 𝑥

𝑌𝑃 = 𝐾1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −2𝑋 + 𝐾3 + 𝐾4𝑋

(𝐷 2 − 4)(𝐾1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −2𝑋 + 𝐾3 + 𝐾4𝑋) = 𝑥

(𝐷 2 − 4)(𝐾3 + 𝐾4𝑋) = 𝑥

−4𝐾3 − 4𝐾4𝑋 = 𝑋

−4𝐾4𝑋 = 𝑋

1
𝐾4 = −
4

𝑌𝐺 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶2𝑒 −2𝑋 − 1/4(𝑋)

 (𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)𝑌 = 𝑥

(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)𝑌 = 0

𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3𝑒 3𝑥

𝐿2 = 𝐷 2

(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)(𝐷 2 ) = 𝑥

𝑌𝑃 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐾4 + 𝐾5𝑋

(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)(𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐾4 + 𝐾5𝑋) = 𝑥

66
 (𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)(+𝐾4 + 𝐾5𝑋) = 𝑥

11𝐾5 − 6𝐾4 − 6𝐾5𝑋 = 𝑋

−6𝐾5𝑋 = 𝑋

1
𝐾5 = −
6

𝐾4 = 11/36

𝑌𝐺 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑋/6 + −11/36

 𝑌 2 + 4𝑌 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
(𝐷 2 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

(𝐷 2 + 4)𝑦 = 0)

𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋)

𝐿2 = (𝐷 2 + 1)

(𝐷 2 + 4)(𝐷 2 + 1) = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

𝑌𝑃 = 𝐶1𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 𝐾3𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) + 𝐾4𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠2(𝑋)

(𝐷 2 + 4)(𝐶1𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 𝐾3𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) + 𝐾4𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠2(𝑋)) = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

(𝐷 2 + 4)(𝐾3𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) + 𝐾4𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠2(𝑋)) = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

3𝐾4𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

1
𝐾4 =
3

𝑌𝐺 = 𝐶1𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋)/3

67
12) ECUACIÒN DIFERENCIAL NO HOMOGÈNEA (MÈTODO
DE VARIACIÒN DE PARÀMETROS)

𝟏
 𝒚´´ + 𝟑𝒚´ + 𝟐𝒚 =
𝟏+𝒆𝒙

𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥
−𝑥
W = | 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 | = −𝑒 −3𝑥
−𝑒 −2𝑒 −2𝑥
1
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) =
(1+𝑒 𝑥 )

𝑒𝑥
𝑈´1 =
1 + 𝑒𝑥

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑈´2 = − = − 𝑒𝑥
1 + 𝑒𝑥 1 + 𝑒𝑥
Entonces:

𝑈1 = ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )

𝑈2 = ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 𝑥

𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 𝑥

𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑥 ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )

 𝒚´´ + 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒏(𝒙)
𝑚2 + 1 = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

cos(𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
W=| |=1
−𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) cos(𝑥)

Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = sen(𝑥) obtenemos:

𝑈´1 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛2 (𝑥)

𝑈´2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥). sec(𝑥)

Entonces:

68
 1 1 1 1
𝑈1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑥) − 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) cos(𝑥) − 𝑥
𝑦 2 2 2

1
𝑈2 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)
2
1 1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 sen(𝑥) + sen(x). 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (x) − cos(x) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (x)
2 2 2
1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 sen(𝑥) − x. cos(x)
2

 𝒚´´ + 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒙)

𝑚2 + 1 = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

cos(𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
W=| |=1
−𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) cos(𝑥)

Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)

𝑈´1 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)

𝑈´2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (𝑥) = cos(𝑥)(1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥)

Entonces:

1 1
𝑈1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (𝑥) ; 𝑈2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) − 𝑠𝑒𝑛3 𝑥
3 3
1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛4 𝑥
3 3
1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥) + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
3
1 2
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
3 3
1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) + + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
3 3

 𝟑𝒚´´ − 𝟔𝒚´ + 𝟑𝟎𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟑𝒙

69
 3𝑚2 6𝑚 + 30 = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 3𝑥)

𝑌𝑃1 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥

(27𝐴 − 6𝐵)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + (6𝐴 + 27𝐵)𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 15𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥

27𝐴 − 6𝐵 = 0 𝑦 6𝐴 + 27𝐵 = 15

2 9
𝐴= 𝑌 𝐵=
17 17
2 9
𝑌𝑃1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
17 17
𝑒 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 sen 3𝑥
W=| 𝑥 | = 3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑒 cos 3𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sen 3𝑥 3𝑒 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sen 3𝑥
1
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥
3

1 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 3𝑥 1
𝑈´1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛 3𝑥 tan 3𝑥 = ( ) = − (sec 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥)
9 9 cos 3𝑥 9

1
𝑈´2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛 3𝑥
9
Entonces:

1 1
𝑈1 = − ln(sec 3𝑥 + tan 3𝑥) + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 3𝑥
27 27
1
𝑈2 = − cos 3𝑥
27
1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑌=− 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 (𝑙𝑛|sec 3𝑥 + tan 3𝑥| − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 3𝑥) − 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛 3𝑥. cos 3𝑥
27 27
1 𝑥
𝑌=− 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 (𝑙𝑛|sec 3𝑥 + tan 3𝑥|)
27
2 9
𝑌 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 3𝑥) + cos 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
17 17
1 𝑥
− 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 (ln|sec 3𝑥 + tan 3𝑥|)
27

 𝒚´´ + 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄(𝒙)
𝑚2 + 1 = 0

70
 𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

cos(𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
W=| |=1
−𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) cos(𝑥)

Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = sec(𝑥) obtenemos:

𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥). sec(𝑥)
𝑈´1 = − = −tan(𝑥)
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥). sec(𝑥)
𝑈´2 = − =1
1
Entonces 𝑈1 = 𝑙𝑛|cos(𝑥)| , 𝑈2 = 𝑥

𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 sen(𝑥) + cos(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛|cos(𝑥)| + xsen(x)

 𝒚´´ − 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝒙)
𝑚2 − 1 = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
W=| 𝑥 | = −2
𝑒 −𝑒 −𝑥
1
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = cosh(x) = 2 (𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )

1 −2𝑥 1
𝑈´1 = 𝑒 +
4 4
1 1
𝑈´2 = − + 𝑒 2𝑥
4 4
Entonces:

1 −2𝑥 1
𝑈1 = − 𝑒 + 𝑥
8 4
1 2𝑥 1
𝑈2 = − 𝑒 − 𝑥
8 4
1 −𝑥 1 1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥. 𝑒 −𝑥
3 4 3 4
1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
4
1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ(𝑥)
2

71
 𝒚´´ − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 /𝒙
𝑚2 − 4 = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥
2𝑥
W = | 𝑒2𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 | = −4
2𝑒 −2𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥

1
𝑈´1 = 𝑥
4
𝑒 4𝑥
𝑈´2 = −
4𝑥
Entonces:

1
𝑈1 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|
4
1 𝑥 𝑒 4𝑡
𝑈2 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑡
4 𝑥0 𝑡

𝑥 4𝑡
2𝑥 −2𝑥
1 2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑒
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 + (𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|) − 𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ; 𝑥0 > 0
4 𝑥0 𝑡

 𝒚´´ + 𝟑𝒚´ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒏 𝒆𝒙

𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥
−𝑥
W = | 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 | = −𝑒 −3𝑥
−𝑒 −2𝑒 −2𝑥

Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = sen 𝑒 𝑥

𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑒 𝑥
𝑈´1 = = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑒 𝑥
𝑈´2 = − = −𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑒 𝑥
−𝑒 −2𝑥
Entonces:

𝑈1 = − cos 𝑒 𝑥

𝑈2 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑒 𝑥

72
 𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑒 𝑥

𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑒 𝑥

 𝒚´´ + 𝟐𝒚´ + 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕 𝒍𝒏 𝒕
𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 1 = (𝑚 + 1)2 = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡
−𝑡
W = | 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 | = 𝑒 −2𝑡
−𝑒 −𝑡𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑡
−𝑡

Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑡

𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 ln 𝑡
𝑈´1 = − = −𝑡 ln 𝑡
𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 ln 𝑡
𝑈´2 = = ln 𝑡
𝑒 −2𝑡
Entonces:

1 1
𝑈1 = − 𝑡 2 ln 𝑡 + 𝑡 2
2 𝑦

𝑈2 = t ln 𝑡 − 𝑡

1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 ln 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 ln 𝑡 − 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡
2 4
1 2 −𝑡 3
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑒 ln 𝑡 − 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡
2 4

 𝟑𝒚´´ − 𝟔𝒚´ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙

3𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 6 = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥)

𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 sen 𝑥
W=| 𝑥 | = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
1
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 sec 𝑥
3

(𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 sec 𝑥)

3 1
𝑈´1 = − = − tan 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 3
(𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 sec 𝑥)
3 1
𝑈´2 = 2𝑥
=
𝑒 3
73
Entonces:

1
𝑈1 = ln(cos 𝑥)
3
1
𝑈2 = 𝑥
3
1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ln(cos 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
3 3

𝒙⁄
 𝟒𝒚´´ − 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆 𝟐 ; y(0)=1 ; 𝒚´ (𝟎) = 𝟎
4𝑚2 − 1 = (2𝑚 − 1)(2𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑥⁄ 𝑥⁄
𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − 2

𝑥 𝑥⁄
𝑒 ⁄2 𝑒− 2
W = |1𝑥/2 1 | = −1
− 2 𝑒 −𝑥/2
2

𝑥
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 ⁄2 /𝑦

𝑥
𝑈´1 =
𝑦

−𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑈´2 = −
4
Entonces:

𝑥2
𝑈1 =
8
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
𝑈2 = − +
4 4
𝑥⁄ 𝑥⁄ 1 2 𝑥⁄ 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − 2 + 𝑥 𝑒 2 − 𝑥𝑒 ⁄2 + 𝑥𝑒 ⁄2
8 4 4
𝑥⁄ 𝑥⁄ 1 2 𝑥⁄ 1 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − 2 + 𝑥 𝑒 2 − 𝑥𝑒 ⁄2
8 4
𝑥⁄ 𝑥⁄ 1 2 𝑥⁄ 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − 2 + 𝑥 𝑒 2 + 𝑥𝑒 ⁄2 − 𝑒 ⁄2
16 8 4
La condición inicial:

𝐶3 + 𝐶2 − 1

74
 1 1 1
𝐶3 − 𝐶2 − = 0
2 2 4
3 1
𝐶3 = 𝑌 𝐶2 = −
4 4
3 𝑥⁄ 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑌= 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 − ⁄2 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 ⁄2 − 𝑒 ⁄2
4 4 8 4

 𝒚´´ + 𝟐𝒚´ − 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 ; y(0)=1 ; 𝒚´ (𝟎) = 𝟎

𝑚2 + 2𝑚 − 8 = (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 + 4) = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥
2𝑥
W = | 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 −4𝑥 | = −6𝑒 −2𝑥
2𝑒 −4𝑒 −4𝑥

Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥

1 −4𝑥 1 −3𝑥
𝑈´1 = 𝑒 − 𝑒
3 6
1 5𝑥 1 2𝑥
𝑈´2 = 𝑒 − 𝑒
6 3
Entonces:

1 −4𝑥 1 −3𝑥
𝑈1 = − 𝑒 + 𝑒
12 18
1 3𝑥 1 2𝑥
𝑈2 = − 𝑒 + 𝑒
18 6
1 −2𝑥 1 −𝑥 1 −𝑥 1 −2𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 𝑒
12 18 18 6
1 −2𝑥 1 −𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥 − 𝑒 + 𝑒
4 9
𝑥⁄ 𝑥⁄ 1 −2𝑥 1 −𝑥
𝑌 = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2 − 4𝐶2 𝑒 − 2 + 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 9
La condición inicial:

5
𝐶3 + 𝐶2 − =1
36
7
2𝐶3 − 4𝐶2 + =0
18
25 4
𝐶3 = 𝑌 𝐶2 =
36 9
75
 25 2𝑥 4 −4𝑥 1 −2𝑥 1 −𝑥
𝑌= 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 𝑒 + 𝑒
36 9 4 9
𝟏⁄
 𝒙𝟐 𝒚´´ + 𝒙𝒚´ + (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏⁄𝟒)𝒚 = 𝒙 𝟐

1⁄ 1⁄
𝑌1 = 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 ; 𝑌2 = 𝑥 − 2 sen 𝑥

1 ´ 1 1
𝑦 ´´ + 𝑦 + (1 − 2
) 𝑦 − 𝑥 − ⁄2
𝑥 4𝑥
1 1⁄ 1⁄
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − ⁄2 ; 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 ; 𝑦2 = 𝑥 − 2 sen 𝑥

1 1
𝑥 − ⁄2 cos 𝑥 𝑥 − ⁄2 sen 𝑥 1
W(𝑦1 . 𝑦2 ) = | −1⁄ 1 3 1 1 −3⁄ |=𝑥
−𝑥 2 sen 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − ⁄2 cos 𝑥 𝑥 − ⁄2
cos 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 sen 𝑥

𝑈´1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥

𝑈´2 = cos 𝑥

Entonces:

𝑈1 = cos 𝑥

𝑈2 = sen x
1⁄ 1⁄
𝑌𝑃 = 𝑥 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
1⁄ 1⁄ 3⁄ 1⁄
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥− 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥− 2

 𝒚´´´ − 𝒚´ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝑚3 + 𝑚 = ln(𝑚2 + 1) = 0

𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶3 sen 𝑥

1 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑊 = |0 −𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 | = 1
0 − cos 𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥

0 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑈´1 = 𝑊1 = | 0 −𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥 | = tan 𝑥
tan 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥

76
 1 0 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑈´2 = 𝑊2 = |0 0 cos 𝑥 | = −𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
0 tan 𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥
1 cos 𝑥 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1
𝑈´3 = 𝑊3 = |0 −𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 0 | = −𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥. tan 𝑥 = = cos 𝑥 − sec 𝑥
cos 𝑠
0 −cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥
Entonces:

𝑈1 = −ln(cos 𝑥)

𝑈2 = cos 𝑥

𝑈2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥 − ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)

𝑌 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶3 sen 𝑥 − ln(cos 𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥. ln(sec 𝑥

+ tan 𝑥)

𝑌 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶3 sen 𝑥 − ln(cos 𝑥) − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥. ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)

13) ECUACIÒN DIFERENCIAL NO HOMOGÈNEA (MÈTODO

DEL OPERADOR INVERSO)

 (D2 + 4)y = 64x sen 2x+ 32 cos 2x

(D2 + 4)y = 64x sen 2x+ 32 cos 2x

1
𝑌𝑝 = [64x sen 2x + 32 cos 2x]
5 + 2𝐷 + 𝐷2

1 2
( − 𝐷) [64x sen 2x + 32 cos 2x]
5 25
1 2
= (64x sen 2x + 32 cos 2x) − (128𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)
5 25

77
𝑌 = 12 x sen 2x − 8𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥

 (D2 + 16)y = x cos 4x

1
𝑌𝑝 = [x cos 4x]
𝐷2 − 16

1
𝑌𝑝 = [[x cos 4x]]
17 + 2𝐷 + 𝐷2

1 4
( + 𝐷) [[x cos 4x]]
64 64

1 4 𝑥
𝑌= 𝑥 cos 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 4𝑥 )
64 64 4

 y´´´ -5y´´ + 6y´ = 2 sen x + 8

D3 - 5 D2 + 6D = 2 sen x + 8

1
𝑌𝑝 = [2 sen x + 8]
6𝐷 − 5𝐷2 + 𝐷 3
1
𝑌𝑝 = [2 sen x + 8]
6(𝐷 − 1) − 5(𝐷 − 1)2 + (𝐷 − 1)3

1
𝑌𝑝 = [2 sen x + 8]
−12 + 19𝐷 + 8(𝐷)2 − (𝐷)3
1 19
(− − 𝐷) [2 sen x + 8]
12 144

1 19
= − (2 sen x + 8) − (2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
12 144

78
  (D2 + 9 )y = 36 sen 3x

1
𝑌𝑝 = [36 sen 3x]
9 + 𝐷3
1
𝑌𝑝 = [36 sen 3x]
8 + 3𝐷 − 3𝐷2 − 𝐷3

1 3
( − 𝐷) [36 sen 3x]
8 64

1 9
= (36 sen 3x) − ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥)
18 64

 y′′−2y′= x2 – 5
(D2 – 2D) y = x2 – 5

1
𝑌𝑝 = [𝑥 2 – 5]
𝐷2 − 2D
1
𝑌𝑝 = [𝑥 2 – 5]
𝐷(𝐷 − 2)

1
𝑌𝑝 = [𝑥 2 – 5]
(𝐷 − 1)2 − 2(𝐷 − 1)

1
𝑌𝑝 = [𝑥 2 – 5]
3 − 4𝐷 + 𝐷2
1 4 1 2 4
( + 𝐷) [𝑥2 – 5] = (𝑥 – 5) + (2𝑥)
3 9 3 9
3𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 15
9

2𝑋
5 8𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 + (− + + )
3 9 3

 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 cos(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 cos(2𝑥)
𝐷

79
 1
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 cos(2𝑥)
𝐷−1

1 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
= − (2 ∗ (1 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (2𝑥) − 2 cos(2𝑥)) + (2 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (2𝑥) + cos(2𝑥)))
5 1+4 5

2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (2𝑥) + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 cos(2𝑥)

+
5
2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑥)+𝑥𝑒 𝑥 cos(2𝑥) 1 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (2𝑥)+𝑒 𝑥 cos(2𝑥)−4𝑒 𝑥 cos(2𝑥)
= − ∗
5 5 5

𝑒𝑥 3 4
[𝑥 cos(2𝑥) + cos(2𝑥) + 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛 (2𝑥) − 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝑥] + 𝐶
5 5 5

 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 3 1 2𝑥
𝑥 ∗ 𝑒
𝐷 𝐷
1 1
𝑥3 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝐷−3 𝐷−2

1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 2 1 1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 3
−3 ( − 2 (− ∗ + )) + ( ))
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 3 1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 2 1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥
−3 ( −2 ( − ))
2 2 2 2 2 4

4𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 3 − 6𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 2 + 6𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑒 2𝑥
8
𝑒 2𝑥 3 3 2 3 3
(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − ) + 𝐶
2 2 2 4

14) SISTEMAS DE ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES

DE PRIMER ORDEN

80
Y´ (x) = AY (x)

𝟐 𝟏
 𝑨 = ( )
−𝟏 −𝟒
|𝐴 − 𝜆 𝐼| = 0

2− 𝜆 1
| |=0
−1 4− 𝜆
(2 − 𝜆) (4 − 𝜆) + 1 = 0

9 − 6𝜆 + 𝜆2 = 0

( 𝜆 − 3) ( 𝜆 − 3) = 0

𝜆1 = 3

𝜆2 = 3

 Para 𝜆1 = 3 = 𝜆2

2 1 𝑥 𝑥
( ) (𝑦) = 3 (𝑦)
−1 −4

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 𝑥 → x =𝑦

−𝑥 − 4 𝑦 = 3 𝑦 → −x = 7𝑦 → y = 0

1 1
𝑉´1 = ( ) = 𝑥 ( ) ; 𝑥 ≠0
0 0

1
𝑌1(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 3𝑥 ( )
0
1
𝑌2(𝑥) = 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ( )
0

𝟐 𝟔
 𝑨 = ( )
−𝟐 −𝟒

|𝐴 − 𝜆 𝐼| = 0

81
 2− 𝜆 6
| |=0
−2 −4 − 𝜆
(2 − 𝜆) (−4 − 𝜆) − ( −12) = 0

4 + 2𝜆 + 𝜆2 = 0

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

−(2) ± √(2)2 − 4(1)(4)

𝑥=
2(1)

−(2) ± √−8
𝑥=
2

𝑥1 = −1 + √3 i 𝑥2 = −1 − √3 i

 Para 𝜆1 = −1 + √3 i

2 6 𝑥 𝑥
( ) ( 𝑦 ) = −1 + √3 i ( 𝑦 )
−2 −4

6𝑦
2𝑥 + 6𝑦 = (−1 + √3 i )𝑥 → x = − 3−√3𝑖 x=0

2𝑥
−2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = (−1 + √3 i )𝑦 → y =
−3 − √3𝑖
0 0
𝑉´2 = ( ) = 𝑥 ( ) ; 𝑥 ≠0
0 0

0
𝑌1(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 ( )
0
0
𝑌2(𝑥) = 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 ( )
0

𝟐 𝟏
 𝑨 = ( )
−𝟏 𝟐
82
|𝐴 − 𝜆 𝐼| = 0

2− 𝜆 1
| |=0
−1 2− 𝜆
(2 − 𝜆) (4 − 𝜆) + 1 = 0

5 − 4𝜆 + 𝜆2 = 0

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

−(−4) ± √(−4)2 − 4(1)(5)

𝑥=
2(1)

(4) ± √−4
𝑥=
2
𝑥1 = 2 + i 𝑥2 = 2 − i

 Para 𝜆1 = 2 + i

2 1 𝑥 𝑥
( ) (𝑦) = 2+i (𝑦)
−1 2

2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2x + ix → y = 𝑥𝑖

−𝑥 + 2 𝑦 = 2y + yi → −x = 𝑦𝑖 → y = 0

𝑦𝑖 1
𝑉´1 = ( ) = 𝑥 ( ) ; 𝑥 ≠0
𝑥𝑖 1

1
𝑌1(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 (2+i )𝑥
( )
1
1
𝑌2(𝑥) = 𝐶2 𝑒 (2−i )𝑥
( )
1

83
 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
 𝑨 = (−𝟐 𝟏 𝟎)
𝟎 𝟎 𝟑

1−ƛ 2 1
|𝐴 − ƛ𝐼|𝐴 = ( −2 1 − ƛ 0 )
0 0 3−ƛ
|𝐴 − ƛ𝐼|𝐴 = (1 − ƛ) (1 − ƛ)(3 − ƛ) − (3 − ƛ)(4)

-λ3+ 5λ2- 11λ+ 15 = 0

ƛ1 = 3 ƛ2 = 1 + 2𝑖 ƛ3 = 1 − 2𝑖

 PARA ƛ1 = 3
A V1 = ƛ𝑉1

1 2 1 𝑋 𝑋
(−2 1 0) (𝑌 ) = 3 (𝑌 )
0 0 3 𝑍 𝑍

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3x z = 4y

−2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3 y x = −y

3𝑧 = 3z

1/4 1/4
𝑉1 = (−1/4) 𝑌(𝑥)1 = (−1/4) ∗ 𝑒 3𝑋
4 4

 PARA ƛ2 = 1 + 2𝑖
A V2 = ƛ𝑉2

84
 1 2 1 𝑋 𝑋
(−2 1 0) (𝑌 ) = 1 + 2𝑖 (𝑌 )
0 0 3 𝑍 𝑍

−2 𝑦 − 𝑧
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 2𝑖𝑥 x=−
2𝑖
𝑥
−2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 2𝑖𝑦 y=−
𝑖
3𝑧 = 𝑧 + 2𝑖𝑧 z=0

1 1
𝑉1 = (1) 𝑌(𝑥)2 = (1) ∗ 𝑒 (1 +2𝑖) 𝑋

0 0

𝟏 𝟎 𝟏
 𝑨 = (−𝟏 𝟐 𝟏)
−𝟏 𝟏 𝟏

1−ƛ 0 1
|𝐴 − ƛ𝐼|𝐴 = ( −1 2 − ƛ 1 )
−1 1 1−ƛ
|𝐴 − ƛ𝐼|𝐴 = (1 − ƛ) (1 − ƛ)(2 − ƛ)(− 1) + (2 − ƛ)

−𝜆3 + 4𝜆2 − 5𝜆 + 2 = 0

ƛ1 = 1 ƛ2 = 2

 PARA ƛ1 = 1
A V1 = ƛ𝑉1

1 0 1 𝑋 𝑋
(−1 2 1) (𝑌 ) = 1 (𝑌 )
−1 1 1 𝑍 𝑍

𝑥+ 𝑧 = x → z =0

85
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = y → −x = −𝑦

−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = z → −x = −𝑦

1 1
𝑉1 = (1) 𝑌(𝑥)1 = (1) ∗ 𝑒 𝑋
0 0

 PARA ƛ1 = 2
A V2 = ƛ𝑉2

1 0 1 𝑋 𝑋
(−1 2 1) (𝑌 ) = 2 (𝑌 )
−1 1 1 𝑍 𝑍

𝑥 + 𝑧 = 2x → z =𝑥

−𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 y → −x = −𝑧

−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2z → y = 2z

1 1
𝑉2 = (2) 𝑌(𝑥)1 = (2) ∗ 𝑒 2𝑋
1 1

𝟐 −𝟐 𝟎
 𝑨= ( 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎)
−𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

2 − ƛ −2 0
|𝐴 − ƛ𝐼|𝐴 = ( 0 2−ƛ 0 )
−2 2 2−ƛ
|𝐴 − ƛ𝐼|𝐴 = (2 − ƛ) (2 − ƛ)(2 − ƛ)

(−ƛ + 2)3 = 0

ƛ1 = ƛ2 = ƛ3 = 2

 PARA ƛ1 = 2

86
A V1 = ƛ𝑉1

2 −2 0 𝑋 𝑋
(0 2 0) (𝑌 ) = 2 (𝑌 )
−2 2 2 𝑍 𝑍

2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2x → −y = 0

2𝑦 = 2 y

−2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2z → x=0

0 0
𝑉1 = (1) 𝑌(𝑥)1 = (1) ∗ 𝑒 2𝑋
1 1

15) LA TRANSFORMADA DE LA PLACE

 f(t)=t² ,∀ t≥0

ℒ{f(t)}=ℒ{t²}=∫₀^{+∞}e^{st}t²dts

=((-te^{-st})/s)∣₀^{+∞}+(2/s) ∫₀^{∞}e^{st}tdt= ››0

=(2/s)ℒ{t}=(2/s)((1/(s²)))=(2/(s³)) ℒ{t²}=(2/(s³)),s›0

 f(t)=t³ ,t≥0

ℒ{f(t)}=∀ t≥0=∫₀^{+∞}e^{-st}t³dt

=((-t³e^{-st})/s)∣₀^{+∞}+(3/s) ∫₀^{+∞}e^{-st}t²dt= ››0

=(3/s)ℒ{t²}=(3/s)((2/(s³)))=(6/(s⁴)) ℒ{t³}=(6/(s⁴)),s›0

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  f(t)=e^{αt}
f(0)=1

f′(t)=αe^{αt}

=αf(t)

ℒ{f′(t)}=αℒ{f(t)}

sℒ{f(t)}-f(0)=αℒ{f(t)}

(s-α)ℒ{f(t)}=1

∴ℒ{f(t)}=(1/(s-α))

 ∫e^{-st}cost dt
= cos t ((e^{-st})/s)+ ∫e^{-st}sin t dt

u=cos t du=e^{-st}

du=-sin tdt u=-((e^{-st})/s)

u=sin t du=e^{-st}

du=cos tdt u=-((e^{-st})/s)

=cos t((e^{-st})/(s²+1))-((e^{-st})/s)sin t-∫e^{-st}cos tdt

=((sin te^{-st})/(s²+1))-((se^{-st})/(s²+1))cost

=ℒ{cos t}= ((e^{-st})/(s²+1))∣₀^{+∞}- ((se^{-st}cos t)/(s²+1))∣₀^{+∞}

∴ℒ{cos t}=(s/(s²+1)),s › 0

 ℒ{f(t)}= ℒ {t}=∫₀^{∞t}e^{-st}tdt u=t du=dt

du=e^{-s} u=-((e^{-st})/s)

ℒ {t}=-((te^{-st})/s)∣₀^{+∞}+ (1/s)∫₀^{+∞}e^{st}dt

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 s= 0(1/s)ℒ {1}=(1/(s²))=ℒ {t}=(1/(s²)),s›0

 ∫sint dt
=∫₀^{+∞}e^{-st}sin t dt

u= sin t dv=e^{-st}

du=costdt v=-((e^{-st})/s)

= -((e^{-st}sin t)/s)+(1/s)∫e^{-st}cos t dt

u= cos t dv=e^{-st}

du=-sentdt v=-((e^{-st})/s)

=-((e^{-st}sin t)/s)+(1/s)[((e^{-st}cos t)/s)-(1/s)∫e^{-st}sin t dt]

(1+(1/(s²)))∫e^{-st}sint dt=-((e^{-st}sin t)/s)-((e^{-st}cos t)/s)

= ((-se^{-st}sin t)/(s²+1))∣₀^{+∞}- ((e^{-st}cos t)/(s²+1))∣₀^{+∞}

= (1/(s²+1))

∴ℒ{sin t}=(1/(s²+1)),s › 0

 f(t)=cos(αt)
f(0)=1

f′(t)=-αsin(αt)

f(0)=0

f′′(t)=-α²cos(αt)

f′′(t)=-α²f(t)

ℒ{f′′(t)}=-α²ℒ{f(t)}

s²ℒ{f(t)}-sf(0)-f′(0)=-α²ℒ{f(t)}

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 (s²-α²)ℒ{f(t)}=s

∴ℒ{f(t)}=(s/(s²-α²))

 f(t)=sin(αt)
f(0)=0

f′(t)=αcos(αt)

f′(0)=α

f′′(t)=-α²sin(αt)

f′′(t)=-α²f(t)

ℒ{f′′(t)}=-α²ℒ{f(t)}

s²ℒ{f(t)}-sf(0)-f′(0)=-α²ℒ{f(t)}

(s²-α²)ℒ{f(t)}=α

∴ℒ{f(t)}=(α/(s²-α²))

 ℒ{∫₀^{t}e^{2u}cos(3u)du}=((F(s))/s)
f(u)=e^{2u}cos(3u)

f(t)=e^{2t}cos(3t)⇒F(s)=((s-2)/((s-2)²+9))

ℒ{∫₀^{t}cos(u)du}=((F(s))/s)

=((((s-2)/((s-2)²+9)))/s)

=((s-2)/(s(s-2)²+9s))

 ℒ{e^{(1/3)t}}=ℒ{e^{(1/3)t}⋅1}F(s-(1/3))
α=(1/3)

f(t)=1⇒F(s)=(1/s)

ℒ{e^{(1/3)t}}=F(s-(1/3))=(1/(s-(1/3)))

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 ℒ{t²⁰e^{3t}}=(-1)⁽²⁰⁾F⁽²⁰⁾(s)
n=20

f(t)=e^{3t}⇒F(s)=(1/(s-3))

ℒ{t²⁰e^{3t}}=(-1)⁽²⁰⁾F⁽²⁰⁾(s)

=-((d⁽²⁰⁾)/(ds⁽²⁰⁾))((1/(s-3)))

=-((d⁽²⁰⁾)/(ds⁽²⁰⁾))(s-3)⁻¹

=((20!)/((s-3)²¹))

 ℒ{e^{3t}t⁵}=F(s-3)
α=3

f(t)=t⁵⇒F(s)=((5!)/(s⁶))

ℒ{e^{3t}t⁵}=F(s-3)=((5!)/((s-3)⁶))

 ℒ{e^{2t}sin(t)}=F(s-2)
α=2

f(t)=sin(t)⇒F(s)=(1/(s²+1))

ℒ{e^{2t}sin(t)}=F(s-2)=(1/((s-2)²+1))

 ℒ{e^{((-1)/2)t}cos(t)}=F(s+(1/2))
α=-(1/2)

f(t)=cos(t)⇒F(s)=(s/(s²+1))

ℒ{e^{2t}sin(t)}=F(s-2)=((s+(1/2))/((s+(1/2))²+1))

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