Bare and Lagged Pipes Unitopsnew

Chemical Engineering Department
School Year 2018 - 2019
Experiment No. 3
BARE AND LAGGED PIPES
1. Objective:
 To determine heat flow rate through the bare and lagged pipes.
 To determine the thermal conductivity of lagging material by assuming the input to be the
heat flow rate through lagged pipe.
 To determine the efficiency of insulating materials.
2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):
The students shall be able to:
2.1 Explain the principles behind from bare and lagged pipes considering the materials used in the
system.
2.2 Apply the appropriate standards and tables in the calculation of heat losses to improve the system
efficiency
3. Discussion:
I. ABSTRACT
Thermal conductivity is the measure of the ability of a material to allow the flow of heat from
its warmer surface through the material to its colder surface; it is determined as the heat energy
transferred per unit of time and per unit of surface area divided by the temperature gradient.
Temperature gradient is defined as the difference of temperature divided by the distance
between the two surfaces usually expressed in watts per Kelvin per meter. The objectives of this
experiment are to determine the thermal conductivity and efficiency of the lagging materials.
The heat input would be assumed equal to the heat flow rate through the lagged pipe. The
material being used in this experiment is the bare and lagged pipes set-up apparatus, boiler,
digital thermometers, heat resistant gloves, and container and steam condensate collector.
Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy from one thing to another thing of different
temperature. These objects could be two solids, a solid and a liquid or gas, or even within a
liquid or gas. Heat transfer by conduction involves transfer of energy within a material without
any motion of the material as a whole. Energy transfers from more energetic to less energetic
molecules when neighbouring molecules collide. Heat flows in direction of decreasing
temperatures since higher temperatures are associated with higher molecular energy. The rate of
heat transferred naturally depends on the magnitude of the temperature difference, the thermal
resistance, and the heat transfer area. The use of insulation is the most common method of
minimizing the heat losses to the surroundings. This increases the resistance therefore lower the
rate of heat transfer. The rate of heat lost from a pipe carrying steam can be measured simply by
determining the rate of condensation of steam, m, which can be collected at a certain interval of
time.
4. Resources:
Materials/Equipment Needed:
1. Bare and Lagged Pipe Apparatus Set Up
2. Boiler
3. Digital Thermometers
4. Heat Resistant Gloves
5. Container
6. Steam Condenser Collector
5. Procedure:
The bare and lagged pipe apparatus set- up was preheated for five (5) minutes by allowing the
steam through the tubes until the temperature reading becomes stable. The valves were then
opened at the end of each tube. Then, a constant pressure of the incoming team was set by
adjusting the valve that controls the steam inflow. This was done by closing the valves at the end
of the tubes and measuring the pressure when it becomes constant. The corresponding
temperature was also measured. The valves at the end of the tubes were opened and the steam
was allowed to run through for five (5) minutes. The condensates at the end of the tubes were
collected using a metal basin. After five (5) minutes, the temperature at the inlet and outlet of
the tubes were recorded using thermometers. The temperature and the volume of the condensate
were measured. The temperature of the condensate was immediately recorded as it drops into
the metal basin so that the minimal heat is lost upon measurement.
6. Data and Results:

Table 1: Temperatures of the inlet and oulet of bare and lagged pipes
Pipe Inlet temperature (oC) Outlet Temperature (oC) Average Temperature(oC)
44 48 46
48 53 50.5
54 59 56.5
59 64 61.5
Bare Pipe 64 69 66.5
69 75 72
74 79 76.5
79 83 81
83 87 85
87 93 90
30 28 29
31 28 29.5
33 28 30.5
34 29 31.5
Insulated Pipe 36 29 32.5
38 30 34
39 31 35
40 31 35.5
42 32 37
43 33 38
Table 2: Inlet and Outlet temperature for Bare + Lagged Pipes
Outlet Temperature Average Temperature
Pipe Inlet temperature (oC)
(oC) (oC)
44 28 36
48 28 38
54 28 41
59 29 44
Bare and 64 29 46.5
Lagged pipes 69 30 49.5
74 31 52.5
79 31 55
83 32 57.5
87 33 60
Boiler Conditions:
Temperature: 200℃
Pressure: 47 psi
Steam Flow: Cannot be determined
Inlet Steam Conditions:
Trial 1:
Temperature: 120℃
Pressure: 20 psi
Flow: Cannot be determined
Trial 2:
Temperature: 140℃
Pressure: 34 psi
Flow: Cannot be determined
Surface Temperature:
Bare Pipe: 82.7℃
Painted Pipe: 72.85℃
Insulated (Pearlite) Pipe: 35.95℃
Insulated Pipe 2: 35.8℃
Bare Pipe:
Trial 1:
Temperature of Condensate: 44℃
Volume of Condensate: 92mL
Time Considered: 1min
Trial 2:
Trial 3:
Trial 4:

Trial 5:
Trial 6:
Trial 7:
Trial 8:
Trial 9:
Trial 10:

Insulated Pipe:
Trial 1:
Trial 2:
Trial 3:
Trial 4:
Trial 5:
Trial 6:

Trial 7:
Trial 8:
Trial 9:
Trial 10:
Pipe Specifications:
Bare Pipe:
Pipe inside Diameter: 0.41m
Pipe outside Diameter: 0.4395m
Pipe Thickness: 0.03m
Name of Insulator: N/A

Thermal Conductivity of Insulator: N/A
Insulation Thickness: N/A
Length of Pipe: 2.657m
Insulated Pipe :
Pipe inside Diameter: 0.41m
Pipe outside Diameter: 0.4395m
Pipe Thickness: 0.03m
Name of Insulator: N/A
Thermal Conductivity of Insulator: N/A
Insulation Thickness: N/A
Length of Pipe: 2.657m
For trial 1,
Q/m = 2243.8744 kJ/kg
k insulator = 1.338
Lagging efficiency = 56.52%
Lagging efficiency is a quantity that characterizes the materials capability in performing as an insulator,
that is, it is a measure of the materials propensity of impeding the movement of heat or rather the loss of
heat from its respective source. For insulators, it is then apparent that such materials must possess a
large lagging efficiency while conductors should have lower values in comparison. This quantity is
often measured as the volume of condensate of an Insulated pipe against the volume of condensate of a
bare pipe under the same operating conditions. The Bare pipe has a lagging efficiency equivalent to
zero since the said pipe does not possess any form of insulation and it is the point of reference for the
efficiency.
Subject: Unit Operations Lab 1 Experiment No: 3

Group No: 1 Section: 51102
Group Members: Date Performed:
Calasanz, Bllie Jean S. & Castasus, Nicole Faye Date Submitted: November 13, 2018.
Flores, Jernel G. & Layug, Kez M. Instructor: Engr. Robert Delfin

Martinez, Ryan Christopher S.
7. Calculations:
a. Insulated Pipe
For Trial 1:
At Steam: Ts = 120 ºC = 393.15K

Ps = 20 psi ~ 137.86 kPa
Cp = 1.897 kJ/kg-K
Tsaturation = 108.8 ºC = 381.95 K
Ts > Tsaturation
Therefore, steam is in superheated state
At Tsaturation = 381.95 K
Hvap = 2678.852 kJ/kg
Hliq = 456.224 kJ/kg
Heat flow rate:
Q/m = 2243.8744 kJ/kg
From Table 2,
Tave of pipe = 36ºC = 309.1 K
k insulator = 1.338
Lagging Efficiency
Where Vb = volume of condensate in bare pipe

Vl = volume of condensate in lagged pipe (on this case, insulated pipe 1)
8. Conclusion:
It can be concluded that the determined experimental and theoretical heat losses for each pipe
shows reasonably same results through the use of the heat transfer coefficient for convection and
radiation in computing for heat losses. The Insulated Pipe, gave the highest lagging efficiency among
all the pipes.
Upon completing the experiment, we were able to come up with a multitude of conclusions and
inferences to the topic at hand, some of which required our previous knowledge from other courses and
others that are new to us and have been concretized and founded in this experiment. First of all, we
were able to conclude that the pressure of the inlet is a significant variable that affects the amount of
steam that is allowed to flow through the pipes, in a nutshell, the pressure is directly proportional to the
amount of steam supplied. As a consequence, the amount of heat that is transferred during the
displacement is also multiplied by a certain factor but is often minimized through the utilization of an
insulator. This flow concept is often quantized and given a through explanation by the principles of
Momentum Transfer and Heat Transfer. The flow however is a quantity that cannot be accurately
measured nor precisely computed since the variable s necessary in obtaining such a value cannot be
attained. The thermal conductivity of each lagging material was computed. Since thermal conductivity
is the opposite of the function of an insulator, it is only correct, that such a constant must be low since
insulators do not conduct but rather they impede such movement of heat. This quantity however is
prone to deviations due to several factors such as the age of the equipment, particularly the quality of
the pipes, the instruments available in measuring the quantities needed, and the amount of data
available regarding the specifications of the tube itself. Lastly, the lagging efficiency is used in order to
measure the performance of an insulator. Among the insulators installed, the Perlite showed the highest
lagging efficiency which conform the standards utilized in the industry.
9. Pictures:
10. Further Readings:
Cao, E. (2010). Heat transfer in process engineering. Boston: McGraw-Hill Professional.

Cengel,Y.A. and Ghajar, A.J. (2011). Heat and mass transfer: fundamentals and applications (4th ed.).
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hellemans, M. (2009). The safety relief valve handbook: design and use of process safety valves to
ASME. Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Kakac,S., Liu, H., and Pramuanjaroenkij, A. (2012). Heat exchangers: selection, rating and thermal
design. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Kothandaraman, C.P. and Rudramoorthy, R.(2011). Fluid mechanics and machinery (3rd ed.). United
Kingdom: New Academic Science.
Strathmann, H. (2011). Introduction to membrane science and technology. Germany: Wiley-VCH
Verlag & Co.
13. Assessment (Rubric for Laboratory Performance):

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Chemical Engineering Department

School Year 2018 - 2019

6. Data and Results:

Temperature of Condensate: 59℃

Temperature of Condensate: 87℃

Temperature of Condensate: 38℃

Name of Insulator: N/A

Lagging efficiency = 56.52%

Subject: Unit Operations Lab 1 Experiment No: 3

Flores, Jernel G. & Layug, Kez M. Instructor: Engr. Robert Delfin

At Steam: Ts = 120 ºC = 393.15K

Heat flow rate:

Q/m = 2243.8744 kJ/kg

Where Vb = volume of condensate in bare pipe

10. Further Readings:

Cao, E. (2010). Heat transfer in process engineering. Boston: McGraw-Hill Professional.

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