FACTORISATIO

R
4d+ac+ad+4c
4d+4c+ac+ad
x2 + 14x+ 24

SI
4(d+ c) + a(c + d)
x2 + lZx+ 2x + 24 (4+ a)(c+ d)
x(x + 12) + 2(x + 12)
(x + 2)(x+ 12)

IL
25 - x 2
M (5 + x)(5 - x)
+ 6x
3x 2
3x(x + 2) Note: Fa, ii to be factorized & to use
the difference of two squares, there
must be negative sign between them.
JA
• General equation
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0

R
•
• Solve quadratics by

SI
• Trinomial factorization
• Quadratic formula
−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
• 𝑥=

IL
2𝑎
• IMPORTANT!
• When question says “give your answer to two decimal places”, USE FORMULA!
M
JA
• Gradient of a Straight Line:
𝑦 −𝑦
• 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 2 1

R
𝑥2 −𝑥1
• Equation of Line:

SI
• 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
• Find the gradient, 𝑚
• Find the 𝑦-intercept, 𝑐

IL
• Midpoint of Graph:
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
• ,
2 2 M
• Length between two points:
• 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 2 + 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 2
JA
 R
SI
𝑓 𝑥 =1 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2

IL
M
JA

1 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥3 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 𝑥2
• From O to A : Uniform speed

R
• From B to C : Uniform speed (return journey)
• From A to B : Stationery (speed = 0)

SI
IL
M
JA

• Gradient = speed
• From O to A : Uniform speed

R
• From A to B : Constant speed (acceleration = 0)
• From B to C : Uniform deceleration / retardation

SI
IL
M
• Area under a graph = distance travelled.
JA
• Gradient = acceleration.
• If the acceleration is negative, it is called deceleration or retardation. (The moving body is
slowing down.)
• Sum of angles at a point =360 • Corresponding angles

R
• Angles on a straight line = 180
• Sum of angles in a triangle =180

SI
• For regular polygon • Alternate angles
360
• External angles =
𝑛
360
• Internal angles = 180 −

IL
𝑛
• For irregular polygon: • Allied angles
• Sum of exterior angles =360
•
M
Sum of interior angles =180(n-2)
• Vertically opposite angles • Exterior angle=sum of interior opposite ∠
JA
• The bearing of a point B from another point A is:

R
• An angle measured from the north at A.
• In a clockwise direction.

SI
• Written as three-figure number (i.e. from 000 ° to 360°)

• Eg: The bearing of B from A is 050°

IL
M
JA
 R
SI
Angle at centre = twice Angle subtended by same arc Angles in semicircle
angle on circumference at circumference are equal are 90°

IL
M
JA

Opposite angles in a cyclic Tangents from one point are equal. Alternate segment
quadrilateral = 180° ∠ between tangent and radius is 90° theorem
• Rectangle: Opposite sides parallel and equal,

R
all angles 90°, diagonals bisect each other.
• Parallelogram : Opposite sides parallel and

SI
equal, opposite angles equal, diagonals
bisect each other
• Rhombus: A parallelogram with all sides

IL
equal, opposite angles equal, diagonals
bisect each other
•
M
Trapezium: One pair of sides parallel
JA
• Kite: Two pairs of adjacent sides equal,
diagonals meet at right angles bisecting one
of them
• Area:

R
• Parallelogram = 𝑏 × ℎ OR 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
1
• Triangle= 𝑏 × ℎ
2

SI
1
• Trapezium= 𝑎 + 𝑏 ℎ
2
• Circle= 𝜋𝑟 2
𝜃
• Sector= 𝜋𝑟 2 ×

IL
360
• Volume and surface area:
• Cylinder • Sphere
M
• 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ • 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
4
• 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
• 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 3
JA
• Cone • Hemisphere
• 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑟𝑙 • 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 2𝜋𝑟 2
1 2
• 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ) • 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝜋𝑟 3
3 3
• Volume:

R
SI
• Capacity and Mass:

IL
M
• Connecting volume and capacity:
JA
• 1𝑚𝑙 = 1𝑐𝑚3
• 1𝑘𝑙 = 1𝑚3
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
• Density =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
• Right angled triangles:
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
• sin 𝑥 =

R
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

SI
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
• cos 𝑥 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
• tan 𝑥 =

IL
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡

• For any other triangle:

• Sine rule:
•
𝑎 𝑏
M
𝑐
• Cosine rule

sin 𝑎
=
sin 𝑏
=
sin 𝑐
• To find the angle given 3 sides
𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
JA
One pair of information needed • cos 𝑎 =
2𝑏𝑐
• To find side given angle and two sides
• 𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝑎
• Pythagoras theorem

R
• To find hypotenuse
• 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2

SI
• To find one of the shorter sides
• 𝑎2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑏 2
• 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2

IL
• Angle of elevation:
•
M
Angle above the horizontal line.
• Angle of depression:
JA
• Angle below the horizontal line.

1
• Area of a triangle: 𝑎𝑏 sin C
2
 𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
• 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 • =
𝑏 𝑏𝑚

R
𝑚
• 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 • 𝑛
𝑎 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛

SI
• 𝑎𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 • 𝑎× 𝑏= 𝑎×𝑏

IL
𝑎 𝑎
• 𝑎0 = 1 • =
𝑏 𝑏

• 𝑎−𝑛 =
1
𝑎𝑛
M • 𝑎 2 =𝑎
JA
• 𝑎×𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚

• Exponential equations:
• Equations involving unknown indices
• Probability is the study of chance, or the likelihood of an event happening.
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
• Probability of an event =

R
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
• If probability = 0, the event is impossible and if probability =1, the event is certain to happen

SI
• All probabilities lie between 0 and 1.
• Exclusive events:
• Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time.

IL
• The OR Rule:
• For exclusive events A and B
M
• p(A or B) = p(A) + p(B)
• Independent events:
JA
• Two events are independent if occurrence of one is unaffected by occurrence of other.
• The AND Rule:
• p(A and B) = p(A) × p(B)