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A brief history of discoveries

S&T in the ancient times


• Stone tools have been the first recognized technology (or craft?)
• Characterized by:
➢Hunting & gathering (or foraging?)
➢Use of fire (man’s earliest conquest)
➢Agricultural revolution (farming)
➢ Use of metal, instead of stone tools, towards the end
• Civilization began to arise
(manufacturing, trading, villages have rulers, etc.)
S&T in the ancient times

“With the beginnings of metallurgy, the Stone


Age of man comes to an end; with the
beginnings of writing, prehistory comes to an
end; with the beginnings of agriculture, man's
parasitism on nature gives way to co-operation
with nature”
– R.J. Forbes
S&T in “Antiquity” (Middle/Medieval Ages)

• Started with the rise of Greek civilization


➢developed institutions such as the Academy,
Lyceum, and Museum
➢were the first to believe that humans could
understand the universe using reason alone rather
than through mythology or religion (philosophers)
• Characterized by war between religion and science
The Industrial revolution (18th Century)
• Development of machines that would make work faster or
more efficient
➢Interest in thermodynamics rose as a result of the steam
engine
➢Concepts of work and power began to be formalized
• Encyclopaedias were the new form of publication
• The profession of engineer was one of the great inventions
S&T in the 19th Century (1820 through 1894)

• Much 19th century science started with the


discovery of electromagnetism by Hans Christian
Oersted
• Science and the teaching of science underwent a
number of changes
➢Many new fields of science were born
(Anthropology, Archaeology, Cell biology,
Psychology, Organic Chemistry)
S&T in the 19th Century (1820 through 1894)
• Science became professional
➢Occupation of science became a paid profession
➢universities developed into centers where science flourished
➢Teaching of science became linked to scientific research
➢Publication of scientific information started
➢Scientists started meeting at national scientific congresses
➢The idea that science could ultimately explain all phenomena
in nature became stronger
S&T in the 19th Century (1820 through 1894)
• The relationship between scientific education and
technological progress became fully understood
➢Technical schools were founded
➢Scientific thought was much more generally known
by the public (faced general public criticism of some
scientific ideas, e.g. age of the Earth and the theory
of evolution by Darwin)
Rise of modern S&T (1895 through 1945)
• Large number of scientists
• Science became much more of a communal effort
• Science started having an effect on society directly (the time
span between a discovery and its technical application
became shorter)
• Science became highly successful in explaining the nature of
matter, mechanisms of chemical reactions, fundamental
processes of life, and the general structure of the universe
Rise of modern S&T (1895 through 1945)

• Quantum theory changed the way philosophers think about


the universe
• Technology did not remain confined to large enterprises only
(became an important part of everyday life)
• Enormous growth of automobile industry
• Electricity revolutionized technology
• Laboratories for testing and development of new products
were established
Big science and the Post-industrial society
(1946 through 1972)
• Discoveries and inventions reached practical
applications as a result of WW2 (synthetic
rubber, radar, DDT, penicillin, fusion and fission
bombs, jet powered aircraft, helicopter, ballistic
missiles, nuclear weapons, and the electronic
digital computer)
Big science and the Post-industrial society
(1946 through 1972)
• Science became “big”
➢Equipment/instruments were shared
(interdisciplinary)
➢Even larger number of scientists, scientists having
specialization
• Science changed society
➢Availability of automobiles changed how people
migrate
➢Automation allowed many manufacturing processes
to be done by less skilled workers
Activity: “Standing on the Shoulders of
Giants”
• What are the major achievements of S&T in the ancient, middle and
modern ages? How about in the Philippines?
• Semi-group activity
• Each member chooses 1 major achievement of the assigned period
(no member should pick the same achievement, as much as possible,
achievements come from different fields)
• Draw it on 1/8 illustration board and report on how it works and what
pushed it to be invented or achieved (historical antecedent)
• Time limit: 2 mins per member, 15 mins per group (max)
Requirements next meeting

✓Activity: Drawing inventions of different periods

Bring the following


✓1/8 illustration board
✓Any drawing materials
Rubrics : Standing on the shoulders of giants
Name: ____________________________ Section: _______________
Category Scoring Criteria Total Points Score
Organization Information is presented in a logical order 2
( 4 points )
Presentation appropriately cites requisite number of references 2
Content Introduction is attention-getting, lays out the problem well, and establishes a framework for 2
( 14 points ) the rest of the presentation.
Technical terms are well defined in language appropriate for the target audience. 2
Presentation contains appropriate information. 3
Material included is relevant to the overall message/purpose 3
Visual aid was well prepared , informative, effective, and not distracting. 4
Presentation Speaker maintains good eye contact with the audience and is appropriately animated. 2
( 12 points )
Speaker uses a clear, audible voice 2
Delivery is poised, controlled, and smooth. 2
Good language skill and pronunciation are used. 2
Length of presentation is within the assigned time limits. 2
There is coherence with the rest of the group. 2
Score Total points 30
Rubrics : Standing on the shoulders of giants
Name: Philo Ancient_______________________ Section:
_______________
Category Scoring Criteria Total Points Score
Organization Information is presented in a logical order 2 2
( 4 points )
Presentation appropriately cites requisite number of references 2 2
Content Introduction is attention-getting, lays out the problem well, and establishes a framework for 2 2
( 14 points ) the rest of the presentation.
Technical terms are well defined in language appropriate for the target audience. 2 2
Presentation contains appropriate information. 3 2
Material included is relevant to the overall message/purpose 3
Visual aid was well prepared , informative, effective, and not distracting. 4
Presentation Speaker maintains good eye contact with the audience and is appropriately animated. 2
( 12 points )
Speaker uses a clear, audible voice 2
Delivery is poised, controlled, and smooth. 2
Good language skill and pronunciation are used. 2
Length of presentation is within the assigned time limits. 2
There is coherence with the rest of the group. 2
Score Total points 30
Rubrics : Standing on the shoulders of giants
Name: ____________________________ Section: _______________
Category Scoring Criteria Total Points Score
Organization Information is presented in a logical order 2
( 4 points )
Presentation appropriately cites requisite number of references 2
Content Introduction is attention-getting, lays out the problem well, and establishes a framework for 2
( 14 points ) the rest of the presentation.
Technical terms are well defined in language appropriate for the target audience. 2
Presentation contains appropriate information. 3
Material included is relevant to the overall message/purpose 3
Visual aid was well prepared , informative, effective, and not distracting. 4
Presentation Speaker maintains good eye contact with the audience and is appropriately animated. 2
( 12 points )
Speaker uses a clear, audible voice 2
Delivery is poised, controlled, and smooth. 2
Good language skill and pronunciation are used. 2
Length of presentation is within the assigned time limits. 2
There is coherence with the rest of the group. 2
Score Total points 30

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