CONSTRUCTION

MATERIALS and
CONCRETE
CONCRETE

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WHAT IS CONCRETE?
n Construction material
n Mixture of portland cement, water,
aggregates, and in some cases, admixtures.
n The cement and water form a paste that
hardens and bonds the aggregates together.
n Often looked upon as “man made rock”.

n Versatile construction material, adaptable to

a wide variety of agricultural and residential
uses.
n Strong, durable, versatile, and economical.
CONCRETE
n Can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and
reproduce any surface texture.
n The most widely used construction material in the world.
n The ready-mix concrete producer has made concrete an
appropriate construction material for many applications.
Composition of concrete
n Water

n Aggregates

n Chemical admixtures

n Cement

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_Cracked_by_ivelt_resources.jpg
WATER
n Good water is essential for quality
concrete.
n Should be good enough to drink—
free of trash, organic matter and
excessive chemicals and/or
minerals.
n The strength and other properties
of concrete are highly dependent
http://pure-perfection.net/custom/Water-Droplet-
on the amount of water and the 1039X761.jpg

water-cement ratio.
AGGREGATES
n Aggregates occupy 60 to 80
percent of the volume of
concrete.
n Sand, gravel and crushed stone
are the primary aggregates used.
n All aggregates must be
essentially free of silt and/or
organic matter.

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driveway.jpg
CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES
n Materials in the form of powder
or fluids that are added to the
concrete to give it certain
characteristics not obtainable
with plain concrete mixes.
n In normal use, admixture
dosages are less than 5% by
mass of cement, and are added
to the concrete at the time of
batching/mixing.
http://www.cca.org.nz/images/admixtures1.jpg
CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES

The most common types of admixtures are:

n Accelerators :
- Speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete.
- Typical materials used are CaCl2 and NaCl.
n Acrylic retarders :
-Slow the hydration of concrete, and are used in large or
difficult pours.
- Typical retarder is table sugar, or sucrose (C12H22O11).
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
n Air Entraining agents:
-The most commonly used admixtures for agricultural
concrete.
-Produce microscopic air bubbles throughout the concrete.
-Entrained air bubbles:
§ Improve the durability of concrete exposed to
moisture and freeze/thaw action.
§ Improve resistance to scaling from deicers and
corrosive agents such as manure or silage.
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
n Water-reducing admixtures
-Increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete,
allowing it be placed more easily, with less consolidating
effort.
-High-range water-reducing admixtures are a class of
water-reducing admixtures
q Increase workability

q Reduce the water content of a concrete.

q Improves its strength and durability characteristics.

REINFORCEMENT
n Strong in compression, as the
aggregate efficiently carries the
compression load.
n Weak in tension as the cement
holding the aggregate in place
can crack, allowing the
structure to fail.
n Reinforced concrete solves
these problems by adding
either metal reinforcing bars,
steel fibers, glass fiber, or http://www.eurocode2.info/images/reinforcement.jpg

plastic fiber to carry tensile

loads.
CEMENT
n Crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium
compounds having hydraulic properties.
n Considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and harden
under or with excess water through the hydration of the
cement’s chemical compounds or minerals

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Cement_42_5_N_R.jpg
CEMENT
n Uses
Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars.
-Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks,
mortar, panels, plaster)
-Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts,
tunnels, parking, etc.)
-Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
-Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing,
poles, pylons, fencing)
-Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)
CEMENT
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS:
n Hydraulic lime: Only used in specialized mortars. Made
from calcination of clay-rich limestones.
n Natural cements: Misleadingly called Roman. It is made
from argillaceous limestones or interbedded limestone and
clay or shale, with few raw materials. Because they were
found to be inferior to portland, most plants switched.
n Portland cement: Artificial cement. Made by the mixing
clinker with gypsum in a 95:5 ratio.
CEMENT
n Portland-limestone cements: Large amounts (6% to
35%) of ground limestone have been added as a filler to a
portland cement base.
n Blended cements: Mix of portland cement with one or
more SCM (supplementary cementitious materials) like
pozzolanic additives.
n Pozzolan-lime cements: Original Roman cements. Mix
of pozzolans with lime.
CEMENT

n Masonry cements: Portland cement where other

materials have been added primarily to impart plasticity.

n Aluminous cements: Limestones and bauxite are the

main raw materials. Used for refractory applications (such as
cementing furnace bricks) and certain applications where rapid
hardening is required. It is more expensive than portland.
 PORTLAND CEMENT

n Most active component of

concrete
n The greatest unit cost in
concrete
n Its selection and proper use are
important in obtaining most
economically the balance of
properties desired for any http://www.cement.org/decorative/images/overview2.jpg
particular concrete mixture.
PORTLAND CEMENT
n The production process for portland cement first involves
grinding limestone or chalk and alumina and silica from shale
or clay.
n Type I/II portland cements are the most popular cements used
by concrete producers
-Type I cement is the general purpose cement and most
common type. Unless an alternative is specified, Type I is
usually used.
-Type II cement releases less heat during hardening. It is
more suitable for projects involving large masses of concrete--
heavy retaining walls
Types of Portland cement
Cement Use
type
I1 General purpose cement, when there are no extenuating
conditions
II2 Aids in providing moderate resistance to sulfate attack
III When high-early strength is required
IV3 When a low heat of hydration is desired (in massive
structures)
V4 When high sulfate resistance is required
IA4 A type I cement containing an integral air-entraining agent
IIA4 A type II cement containing an integral air-entraining agent
IIIA4 A type III cement containing an integral air-entraining agent
PORTLAND CEMENT

Physical Properties of Portland Cements

1) Fineness
2) Soundness
3) Consistency
4) Setting time
5) Compressive strength
6) Heat of hydration
7) Loss of ignition
Concrete production

n This process develops physical and chemical properties like

mechanical strength, low moisture permeability, and chemical
and volumetric stability.
A properly proportioned concrete mix will provide
n Mixing concrete

n Workability

n Curing
 Mixing concrete
n Essential for
I. The production of uniform concrete,
II. High quality concrete.
n Equipment and methods should be capable
of effectively mixing

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Workability

n The ease with which freshly mixed concrete can be placed and
finished without segregation.
n Difficult to measure but ready-mix companies usually have
experience in determining the proper mix.
n Important to accurately describe what the concrete is to be
used for, and how it will be placed.
Curing
n Concrete that has been
specified, batched, mixed,
placed, and finished "letter-
perfect" can still be a failure if
improperly or inadequately
cured.
n Usually the last step in a
concrete project and,
unfortunately, is often
neglected even by
professionals.
Curing

n Curing has a major influence on the properties of hardened

concrete such as durability, strength, water-tightness, wear
resistance, volume stability, and resistance to freezing and
thawing.
n Proper concrete curing for agricultural and residential
applications involves keeping newly placed concrete moist and
avoiding temperature extremes (above 90°F or below 50°F)
for at least three days.
n A seven-day (or longer) curing time is recommended.
Curing
n The best curing method depends on:
q Cost,

q Application equipment required,

q Materials available,

q Size and shape of the concrete surface.

n Prevent the loss of the mixing water from concrete by sealing

the surface.
n Can be done by:
q Covering the concrete with impervious paper or plastic

sheets,
q Applying membrane-forming curing compounds.
Curing

n Begin the curing as soon as the concrete has hardened

sufficiently to avoid erosion or other damage to the freshly
finished surface.
n Usually within one to two hours after placement and finishing.

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1055.jpg
Properties of concrete

n Strength
n Elasticity
n Cracking
n Shrinkage cracking
n Tension cracking
Strength
Concrete has relatively
n High compressive strength,

n Low tensile strength

n Fair to assume that a concrete sample's tensile strength is about

10%-15% of its compressive strength
n The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by

- water-cementitious ratio
-the design constituents
- the mixing
-placement
-curing methods
Elasticity
n Function of the modulus of elasticity of the aggregates and the
cement matrix and their relative proportions
n The American Concrete Institute allows the modulus of
elasticity to be calculated using the following equation:

where
wc = weight of concrete (pounds per cubic foot) and where

f'c = compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (psi)

Cracking

n All concrete structures will crack to some extent.

n Cracks due to tensile stress induced by shrinkage or stresses
occurring during setting or use

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ions/shibboleth01.jpg
Shrinkage cracking

n Occur when concrete members undergo restrained volumetric

changes (shrinkage) as a result of either drying, autogenous
shrinkage or thermal effects.

n The number and width of shrinkage

cracks that develop are influenced by
-the amount of shrinkage that occurs
-the amount of restraint present
-the amount and spacing of reinforcement provided.

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sion_joint.jpg/550px-216_Removal_of_existing_expansion_joint.jpg
Tension cracking

n Most common in concrete beams where a transversely applied

load will put one surface into compression and the opposite
surface into tension due to induced bending.
n The size and length of cracks is dependent on
- The magnitude of the bending moment
- The design of the reinforcing in the beam at the point
under consideration.
Types of concrete
Ø Regular concrete
Ø High-strength concrete
Ø Stamped concrete
Ø High-performance concrete
Ø Self-consolidating concretes
Ø Vacuum concretes
Ø Shotcrete
Ø Pervious concrete
Ø Cellular concrete,
Ø Cork-cement composites
Ø Roller-compacted concrete
Ø Glass concrete
Ø Asphalt concrete
Ø Rapid strength concrete
Ø Rubberized concrete
Ø Polymer concrete
Ø Geopolymer or green concrete
Ø Limecrete
Ø Refractory Cement
Ø Concrete cloth
Ø Innovative mixtures
Ø Gypsum concrete
 Concrete testing

Compression testing of a concrete cylinder

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Same cylinder after failure

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content/uploads/BreakageCylinder.jpg
General test methods
n Compaction Factor Test (Compacting Factor Test, Glanville)
n Compaction Test
n Free Orifice Test (Orimet Test)
n K-Slump Tester
n Free Flow Test Methods n Cone Penetration Test

n Slump Test n Moving Sphere Viscometer

n Modified Slump Test n Flow Trough Test

n Slump Rate Machine n Delivery-Chute Torque Meter

n Kelly Ball Test n Delivery-Chute Depth Meter

n Ring Penetration Test n Surface Settlement Test

Concrete recycling

n increasingly common method of disposing of concrete

structures
n recycling is increasing due to
-improved environmental awareness
- governmental laws
-economic benefits
n Recycling concrete provides
-environmental benefits
-conserving landfill space
Construction materials

n Asphalt
n Aggregate
n Brick
n Gypsum
ASPHALT
n Also known as bitumen
n Dark brown to black
n Highly viscous
n Hydrocarbon produced from
http://www.ekocozum.com/blog/wp-
petroleum distillation residue. content/uploads/2008/05/asfalt.jpg

n At least 80% carbon, which explains

its deep black color.
n Sulphur is another ingredient.
n Primarily used as a sealant for
rooftops and a durable surface for
roads, airport runways, playgrounds
and parking lots.
ASPHALT

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n Asphalt can be separated
from the other components in
crude oil
n By the process of fractional
distillation, usually under
vacuum conditions.
TYPES OF ASPHALT

n The major types of asphalt

used in construction are ;
n Rolled asphalt http://www.pkeenanroads.com/wp-content/gallery/stone/rolled.jpg

.jpg
http://www.highwaysmaintenance.com/JPEGsurf/smisSMA
n Mastic asphalt.
Rolled Asphalt
n Made of aggregate, or solid materials such as sand, gravel, or
recycled concrete, with an asphalt binder.
n Used to make roads and other surfaces, such as parking lots,
by being applied in layers and compacted.
n Different types of rolled asphalt are distinguished according to
the process used to bind the aggregate with the asphalt.
TYPES OF ROLLED ASPHALT

n Hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC)

- Produced at 160 degrees
Celsius.
-This high temperature serves to
decrease viscosity and
moisture during the
manufacturing process,
resulting in a very durable
material.
-HMAC is most commonly used
for high-traffic areas, such as http://www.crossroadspaving.com/images/asphalt-paving-repair.jpg

busy highways and airports.

ROLLED ASPHALT
n Warm mix asphalt concrete
(WAM or WMA)

-Reduces the temperature

required for manufacture by adding
asphalt emulsions, waxes, or
zeolites.

-Benefits both the environment

and the workers, as it results in less
fossil fuel consumption and reduced
emission of fumes. http://www.wispave.org/images/iStock_000007064664XSmall.jpg
ROLLED ASPHALT
n Cold mix asphalt concrete,

-Emulsified in soapy water before

mixing it with the aggregate,
eliminating the need for high
temperatures altogether.

-The asphalt produced is not

nearly as durable as HMAC or WAM
http://www.dykespaving.com/wp-content/themes/classic/images/coldmix.jpg

-Typically used for low traffic

areas or to patch damaged HMAC.
ROLLED ASPHALT
n Cut-back asphalt concrete
-Illegal in the United states since the 1970s, but many other
countries around the world still use it.
-The least environmentally friendly option, resulting in
significantly more air pollution than the other forms.
-Made by dissolving the asphalt binder in kerosene
beforemixing it with the aggregate, reducing viscosity
while the concrete is layered and compacted.
MASTIC ASPHALT

n Also called sheet asphalt.

n Lower bitumen content than the rolled asphalt.
n Used for some roads and footpaths.
n Used also in roofing and flooring
.

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MASTIC ASPHALT

n Stone mastic asphalt (SMA), is another variety.

n Becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to rolled

asphalt.
n Benefits include
-Anti-skid property
-The absence of air pockets
But if laid improperly
-May cause slippery road conditions.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT

n Durability
- A measure of how asphalt binder physical properties
change with age.
- Sometimes called age hardening
. - In general, as an asphalt binder ages, its viscosity
increases and it becomes more stiff and brittle.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT
n Rheology
n The study of deformation and flow of matter.

n Deformation and flow of the asphalt binder in HMA is

important in HMA performance.

n HMA pavements that deform and flow too much may be

susceptible to rutting and bleeding, while those that are too
stiff may be susceptible to fatigue cracking.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT
n Safety
n Asphalt cement like most other materials, volatilizes (gives
off vapor) when heated.
n Flash point.
n For safety reasons, the flash point of asphalt cement is tested
and controlled.

n Purity.
n Asphalt cement, as used in HMA paving, should consist of
almost pure bitumen.
n Impurities are not active cementing constituents and may be
harmful to asphalt performance.