Statistics and Probability

STATISTICS
- a scientific body of knowledge a group of persons, places or
that deals with the collection, things
organization or presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
data - is a statistical procedure that
is used to draw inferences or
COLLECTION information about the properties
- refers to the gathering of or characteristics by a large
information or data group of people, places, or
things on the basis of the
ORGANIZATION / PRESENTATION information obtained from a small
- involves summarizing data or portion of a large group
information in textual,
graphical, or tabular forms POPULATION
- refers to a large collection of
ANALYSIS objects, persons, places, or
- involves describing the data by things
using statistical methods and
procedures SAMPLE
- a small portion or part of a
INTERPRETATION population
- refers to the process of making - could also be defined as a
conclusions based on the analyzed subgroup, subset, or
data representative of a population

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS PARAMETER

- is a statistical procedure - any numerical or nominal
concerned with describing the characteristic of a population
characteristics and properties of - a value or measurement obtained
from a population
 Statistics and Probability
- usually referred to as the true - values of a discrete variable
or actual value are obtained through the process
of counting
DATA
- facts, or a set of information CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
or observations under study - one that can assume infinite
values within a specified
QUALITATIVE DATA interval
- data which can assume values - values of a continuous
that manifest the concept of variable are obtained through
attributes measuring
- sometimes called categorical
data DEPENDENT VARIABLE
- a variable which is affected or
QUANTITATIVE DATA influenced by another variable
- data which are numerical in
nature INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
- data are obtained from counting - one which affects or influences
or measuring the dependent variable

VARIABLE FORMULA IN SAMPLE SIZE

- a characteristic or property of N
n=
a population or sample which 1+ N e2
makes the members different from where: n = sample size

each other N = population size

e = margin error

DISCRETE VARIABLE
- one that can assume a finite TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

number of values 1. PROBABILITY SAMPLING

- can assume specific values only - non-biased

- each member/ element of
population has an equal chance to
 Statistics and Probability
be selected as a member of the
sample 3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
2. NON – PROBABILITY SAMPLING - divided into groups
- biased - strata: group
- member of the sample are
selected based on the judgment of FORMULA FOR PROPORTIONAL
the researcher ALLOCATION
Nι
∗n
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING N

1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING where N ι = sub population

- e.g lottery and using table N = population size

random numbers n = sample size

- the number of digits in the

overall population is equal to FORMULA FOR EQUAL ALLOCATION

the number of digits that you’ll n

no . of groups
use in the population frame from
where: n = sample size
the table of random numbers
2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
FORMULA FOR OPTIMUM ALLOCATION
- every nth element/number
nN ι Ζ ι
N N ι=
k (interval)= N 1 Ζ 1+ N 2 Ζ 2. ..
n
where: n = sample size
r (random start )=k−x
N ι = sub population
where : N = population size
Ζ ι = standard deviation (given)
n = sample size
x = given

FORMULA FOR THE NUMBER DURING

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
nth=r +(n−1)∗k
where: n = position
r = random start
k = interval