1.

COMPANY PROFILE

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under

the Companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-7-1999 and is a company wholly owned by
the Government of Karnataka with an authorised share capital of Rs. 1000 crores. KPTCL
was formed on 1-8-1999 by carving out the Transmission and Distribution functions of the
erstwhile Karnataka Electricity Board.

KPTCL is headed by a Chairman and Managing Director at the Corporate office. He

is assisted by four functional Directors. The Board of KPTCL consists of a maximum of
twelve directors.

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the

functions of Transmission of power in the entire State of Karnataka and also Construction of
Stations & Transmission Lines and maintenance of 400/220/110/66 KV Sub-Stations. Many
new lines and Sub-Stations were added & existing stations were modified in the Transmission
network. It operates under a license issued by Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission.

KPTCL has 4 No. 400 KV Station, 97 No. of 220 KV Station, 385 No. of 110 KV
Station and 602 No. of 66 KV Station. The Total Transmission Line in CKMs is 34251 as on
31.03.2016.

The various wings of KPTCL is as follows :

 Corporate Office at Kaveri Bhavan, Bangalore
 Six Transmission zones, each zone is headed by a Chief Engineer.
 State Load Dispatch Centre
 SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

The annual turnover of the Organization was nearly Rs. 2395.80 crores during the
year 2014-15.

Government vide order No. 69 BSR 2001 Bangalore, dated 15/02/2002 has unbundled
KPTCL and formed four distribution companies. Consequent to this the function of
distribution of power has been totally separated from KPTCL. KPTCL is now vested with the

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responsibility of transmitting power all over the State and construction and maintenance of
Stations and lines of 66KV and above.

The four newly formed independent distribution companies, which were registered on
30/04/2002, are Bangalore Electricity Supply Company, Mangalore Electricity Supply
Company, Hubli Electricity Supply Company and Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company.
They have started functioning w.e.f.. 01/06/2002. These companies are incharge of
distribution of power within their jurisdiction.

The Fifth Distribution Company Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation

limited is a company incorporated under the company act 1956 and is a successor entity to
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and MESCOM in respect of
Distribution and retail supply of Electric power for five districts. Its operation started from
01.04.2005 as per the GOK order E.N.08 P.N.R 2005/262.

PCKL was incorporated on 20th August, 2007 under the Companies Act, 1956 and
commenced its business operations with effect from 16th October, 2007. PCKL is responsible
for capacity addition and procuring power on behalf of the ESCOMs from various sources
including purchase of power through Energy Exchange, Banking (SWAP) as well bilateral
transactions. PCKL also co-ordinates with other States and Central Government agencies on
power related issues.

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the

functions of Transmission and Distribution of power in the entire State of Karnataka. It
operates under a license issued by Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission. KPTCL
purchases power from Karnataka Power Corporation Limited, which generates and operates
major power generating projects in the state consisting of Hydel, Thermal and other sources.
KPTCL purchases power from KPC at the rate fixed by the State Govt. from time to time.

2
 1. ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution

system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of
several other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric
power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a

large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on
SCADA for remote supervision and control.

A 220KV substation kapnoor include two 100MVA transformers (EMCO company

manufactured ) operated in parallel to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different
transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution
system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants
were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant
instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power
station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power ratio.

As this Internship report is based on 220KV Grid Transmission Substation, kapnoor,

kalaburgi, installed in 2003; so the components used there are described below.

1. The station has double circuit lines of 220KV

2. Two incoming lines are from Shahabad 220KV sub station and Shahapur 220KV
Receiving station.

3. Recently a 220KV double circuit line has been commissioned from kapanoor to Humnabad
220KV

4. The station is LILO system.

5. There are seven outgoing 110KV lines from kapanoor 220KV receiving station.

6. Outgoing lines are namely

a. Gulbarga –I 110KV sub station

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 b. Gulbarga –II 110KV sub station
c. Gulbarga West 110KV sub station
d. Mahagaon and Margutti 110KV sub station
e. Aland and Choudapur 110KV sub station
f. Madiyal and Kadganchi 110KV sub station
h. Kapanoor 110KV sub station

7. This station is receiving auxiliary supply from kapanoor 110KV sub station

8. The station has two battery sets each battery set has 110 cells each of 2V 3000AH.

9. There is a separate PLCC battery set of 24 cells each of 2V 200AH

10. In case of failure of auxiliary supply the station has diesel generator as back up

11. There are two transformers each of 100 MVA capacity and make of EMCO

12. There are two bus in the station at 220KV and 110KV side each .

Below is the Single Line Diagram of Station.

Fig 2.1: Single Line Diagram of 220KV kapanoor receiving Station

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LEAKAGE OF OIL WITH 100 MVA TRANSFORMER: We Planned to investigate the
transformer. First we tripped the circuit breaker at HT side from Control room. Then we
tripped the LT side only to ensure that there is no back feeding of current from Bus bar.We
opened the GOS of both HT and LT side of the transformer. We use earth rods as safety
measures.
To check for oil leakages we started inspecting for transformer. During the inspection we
observed that atop of the transformer there was oil leakage from OLTC tank.

After observing that, we arrested the oil and cleaned the surrounding of the spot as
instructed by the concerned AE maintenance of that station.

Fig 2.2: Oil Leakage test of 100 MVA Transformer

During shift duty the following points were explained by the shift engineer.
• Immediately after taking the charge of shift duties, the shift engineer shall review the Log
book for operation carried out in the previous shift.

• Outgoing shift Engineer shall brief the incoming Engineers regarding observations/
operations and pending Line clear permits.

Points to be observed soon after taking the charge.

• Communication
• All Voltages

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• Transformer Tap position
• DC Voltage
• Load on feeders and transformers
• Pending Line clear Permits
• Annunciation Healthiness
• Any Oil leakage

The detailed checkup to be made by the shift in charge after taking over shift duties:

2.1 Types of substation

2.1.1 Transmission substation

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case is
where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, substation contains high-
voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault clearance or
maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to convert between two
transmission voltages, voltage control/power factor correction devices such as capacitors,
reactors or static VAR compensators and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to
control power flow between two adjacent power systems.

2.1.2 Distribution substation

A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the
distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity consumers to
the main transmission network, unless they use large amounts of power, so the distribution
station reduces voltage to a level suitable for local distribution.

The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or sub
transmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 KV , or whatever is common in
the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are typically medium
voltage, between 2.4 KV and 33 KV depending on the size of the area served and the
practices of the local utility. The feeders run along streets overhead (or underground, in some
cases) and power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises.

6
2.1.3 Collector substation
In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm, a collector substation may be
required. It resembles a distribution substation although power flow is in the opposite
direction, from many wind turbines up into the transmission grid. Usually for economy of
construction the collector system operates around 35 KV and the collector substation steps
up voltage to a transmission voltage for the grid. The collector substation can also provide
power factor correction if it is needed, metering and control of the wind farm. In some special
cases a collector substation can also contain an HVDC converter station.

7
 3. COMPONENTS OF SUBSTATION

Various components are used at grid transmission substations. These are as follows :-

(i) Conductors
(ii) Current Transformers ( 5 Core)
(iii) Potential Transformers
(iv) Power Transformers (Auto Transformer)
(v) Capacitive Voltage Transformers
(vi) Line Isolators
(vii) Bus Isolators
(viii) Lightning Arresters
(ix) Capacitor Bank
(x) Circuit Breakers

3.1 Conductors
In physics and electrical engineering, a conductor is an object or type of material
which permits the flow of electric charges in one or more directions. For example, a wire is
an electrical conductor that can carry electricity along its length.

In metals such as copper or aluminium, the movable charged particles are electrons.
Positive charges may also be mobile, such as the cationic electrolyte(s) of a battery, or the
mobile protons of the proton conductor of a fuel cell. Insulators are non-conducting
materials with few mobile charges and which support only insignificant electric currents.

Aluminium in place of Copper

a) Much lower cost
b) Lighter weight
c) Larger diameter
d) Lower voltage gradient less ionization/corona

Types of conductors used in 220KV substations are:-

b) AAC -> All Aluminium Conductors
c) AAAC -> All Aluminium Alloy Conductors

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 d) ACSR -> Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced
e) ACAR -> Aluminium Conductor Alloy Reinforced
All Aluminium Conductors (AAC)
Aluminium 1350-H19 wires, concentrically stranded.

Applications
AAC are used primarily for overhead transmission and primary and secondary
distribution, where ampacity must be maintained and a lighter conductor (compared to
ACSR) is desired, and when conductor strength is not a critical factor. Classes B and C are
used primarily as bus, apparatus connectors and jumpers, where additional flexibility is
required.

All Aluminium-Alloy Conductor (AAAC)

Aluminium-alloy 6201-T81 wires, concentrically stranded.

Applications
Used as bare overhead conductor for primary and secondary distribution. Designed
utilizing a high-strength aluminium-alloy to achieve a high strength-to-weight ratio; affords
good sag characteristics. Aluminium-alloy gives 6201-T81 gives AAAC higher resistance to
corrosion than ACSR.

Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR)

 Aluminium 1350-H19 wires, concentrically stranded about a steel core. Standard core wire
for ACSR is class A galvanized.
 Class A core stranding is also available in zinc-5% aluminium - mischmetal alloy coating.
 Additional corrosion protection is available through the application of grease to the core or
infusion of the complete cable with grease.
 ACSR conductor is also available in non-specular.

APPLICATIONS
Used as bare overhead transmission conductor and as primary and secondary
distribution conductor and messenger support. ACSR offers optimal strength for line design.

9
Variable steel core stranding enables desired strength to be achieved without sacrificing
ampacity.
Names of ASCR’s

S.No. Names Size(mm)*

6/1/3.55
1. Rabbit

30/7/3.00
2. Panther

54/7/3.00
3. Zebra

54/7/3.53
4. Moose

*
No. Of strands / No. Of steel Strands/diameter of strands

Aluminium Conductor Aluminium Alloy Reinforced (ACAR)

Aluminium 1350-H19 wires, concentrically stranded about an aluminium-alloy 6201-
T81 core. Although the alloy strands generally comprise the core of the conductor, in some
constructions they are distributed in layers throughout the aluminium 1350-H19 strands.

Applications
Used as bare overhead transmission cable and as primary and secondary distribution
cable. A good strength-to-weight ratio makes ACAR applicable where both ampacity and
strength are prime considerations in line design; for equal weight, ACAR offers higher
strength and ampacity than ACSR.

3.2 Transformers
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling
between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying
magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (emf)
or voltage in the secondary winding.

10
 Transformers range in size from thumbnail-sized used in microphones to units
weighing hundreds of tons interconnecting the power grid. A wide range of transformer
designs are used in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers are essential for
the transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy.

Fig. 3.2.1 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of an Ideal Transformer

Instrument transformer
Instrument transformers are high accuracy class electrical devices used to isolate or
transform voltage or current levels. The most common usage of instrument transformers is to
operate instruments or metering from high voltage or high current circuits, safely isolating
secondary control circuitry from the high voltages or currents. The primary winding of the
transformer is connected to the high voltage or high current circuit, and the meter or relay is
connected to the secondary circuit.

Instrument transformers may also be used as an isolation transformer so that

secondary quantities may be used in phase shifting without affecting other primary connected
devices.

Types of Instrument Transformers:-

 Current Transformers
 Potential Transformers

11
Current transformers
Current transformers (CT) are a series connected type of instrument transformer. They
are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate
current ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering.

Current transformers are often constructed by passing a single primary turn (either an
insulated cable or an un insulated bus bar) through a well-insulated toroidal core wrapped
with many turns of wire. This affords easy implementation on high voltage bushings of grid
transformers and other devices by installing the secondary turn core inside high-voltage
bushing insulators and using the pass-through conductor as a single turn primary.

A current clamp uses a current transformer with a split core that can be easily
wrapped around a conductor in a circuit. This is a common method used in portable current
measuring instruments but permanent installations use more economical types of current
transformer.

Specially constructed wideband CTs are also used, usually with an oscilloscope, to
measure high frequency waveforms or pulsed currents within pulsed power systems. One
type provides an IR voltage output that is proportional to the measured current; another,
called a Rogowski coil, requires an external integrator in order to provide a proportional
output.

Ratio
The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary. A 1000:5
CT would provide an output current of 5 amperes when 1000 amperes are passing through its
primary winding. Standard secondary current ratings are 5 amperes or 1 ampere, compatible
with standard measuring instruments.

High Voltage Types

Current transformers are used for protection, measurement and control in high voltage
electrical substations and the electrical grid. Current transformers may be installed inside
switchgear or in apparatus bushings, but very often free-standing outdoor current
transformers are used.

12
 In a switchyard, live tank current transformers have a substantial part of their
enclosure energized at the line voltage and must be mounted on insulators. Dead tank current
transformers isolate the measured circuit from the enclosure. Live tank CTs are useful
because the primary conductor is short, which gives better stability and a higher short-circuit
current withstand rating. The primary of the winding can be evenly distributed around the
magnetic core, which gives better performance for overloads and transients. Since the major
insulation of a live-tank current transformer is not exposed to the heat of the primary
conductors, insulation life and thermal stability is improved.

A high-voltage current transformer may contain several cores, each with a secondary
winding, for different purposes (such as metering circuits, control, or protection)

Fig. 3.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of a Current Transformer

Potential transformers
Potential Transformer or Voltage Transformer are used in electrical power system for
stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and
relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are
designed for low voltage.

Potential transformers (PT) (also called voltage transformers (VT)) are a parallel
connected type of instrument transformer. They are designed to present negligible load to the
supply being measured and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable
accurate secondary connected metering.

13
Ratio
The PT is typically described by its voltage ratio from primary to secondary. A
600:120 PT would provide an output voltage of 120 volts when 600 volts are impressed
across its primary winding. Standard secondary voltage ratings are 120 volts and 70 volts,
compatible with standard measuring instruments.

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Markings
Some transformer winding primary (usually high-voltage) connection points may be
labelled as H1, H2 (sometimes H0 if it is internally designed to be grounded) and X 1, X2 and
sometimes an X3 tap may be present. Sometimes a second isolated winding (Y1, Y2, Y3) (and
third (Z1, Z2, Z3) may also be available on the same voltage transformer. The primary may be
connected phase to ground or phase to phase. The secondary is usually grounded on one
terminal to avoid capacitive induction from damaging low-voltage equipment and for human
safety.

Types of PTs
There are three primary types of potential transformers (PT): electromagnetic,
capacitor, and optical. The electromagnetic potential transformer is a wire-wound
transformer. The capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) uses a capacitance potential divider
and is used at higher voltages due to a lower cost than an electromagnetic PT. An optical
voltage transformer exploits the electrical properties of optical materials.

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage transformer
(CCVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and
provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most
basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the transmission
line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequency, and a
transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective
relay.

The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less
sensitive to changes in the burden of the connected metering or protection devices.

The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the high voltage
signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which connect to the instrumentation
or protective relay.

CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred kilovolts where the use of wound primary voltage transformers would be
uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors

15
connected in series. This provides a large voltage drop across C 1 and a relatively small
voltage drop across C2.

The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in combination with wave
traps are used for filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency. This
forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission network.

Fig.3.2.3 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of CVT

3.4 Capacitor Bank

A capacitor bank is a grouping of several identical capacitors interconnected in
parallel or in series with one another. These groups of capacitors are typically used to correct
or counteract undesirable characteristics, such as power factor lag or phase shifts inherent in
alternating current (AC) electrical power supplies. Capacitor banks may also be used in direct
current (DC) power supplies to increase stored energy and improve the ripple current
capacity of the power supply.

Single capacitors are electrical or electronic components which store electrical energy.
Capacitors consist of two conductors that are separated by an insulating material or dielectric.
When an electrical current is passed through the conductor pair, a static electric field
develops in the dielectric which represents the stored energy. Unlike batteries, this stored
energy is not maintained indefinitely, as the dielectric allows for a certain amount of current
leakage which results in the gradual dissipation of the stored energy.

16
 The energy storing characteristic of capacitors is known as capacitance and is
expressed or measured by the unit farads. This is usually a known, fixed value for each
individual capacitor which allows for considerable flexibility in a wide range of uses such as
restricting DC current while allowing AC current to pass, output smoothing in DC power
supplies, and in the construction of resonant circuits used in radio tuning. These
characteristics also allow capacitors to be used in a group or capacitor bank to absorb and
correct AC power supply faults.

The use of a capacitor bank to correct AC power supply anomalies is typically found
in heavy industrial environments that feature working loads made up of electric motors and
transformers. This type of working load is problematic from a power supply

Perspective as electric motors and transformers represent inductive loads, which cause
a phenomenon known as phase shift or power factor lag in the power supply. The presence of
this undesirable phenomenon can cause serious losses in terms of overall system efficiency
with an associated increase in the cost of supplying the power.

The use of a capacitor bank in the power supply system effectively cancels out or
counteracts these phase shift issues, making the power supply far more efficient and cost
effective. The installation of a capacitor bank is also one of the cheapest methods of
correcting power lag problems and maintaining a power factor capacitor bank is simple and
cost effective.

One thing that should always be kept in mind when working with any capacitor or
capacitor bank is the fact that the stored energy, if incorrectly discharged, can cause serious
burns or electric shocks. The incorrect handling or disposal of capacitors may also lead to
explosions, so care should always be exercised when dealing with capacitors of any sort.
Here we are using 30 MVAR capacitor bank. There are 72 cells and each of 0.416 MVAR
Capacity.

17
 Fig3.4.1: Capacitor Bank Installed In a Substation

3.5 Isolators
In electrical engineering, a disconnector or isolator switch or disconnect switch is
used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energised for service or
maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and industrial
applications where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment
or repair.
High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow
isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and transmission lines,
for maintenance.

Often the isolation switch is not intended for normal control of the circuit and is used
only for isolation; in such a case, it functions as a second, usually physically distant master
switch (wired in series with the primary one) that can independently disable the circuit even
if the master switch used in everyday operation is turned on. Isolator switches have
provisions for a padlock so that inadvertent operation is not possible. In high voltage or
complex systems, these padlocks may be part of a trapped-key interlock system to ensure
proper sequence of operation.

In some designs the isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated
circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits
which inter-connect power distribution systems where both end of the circuit need to be
isolated.

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 The major difference between an isolator and a circuit breaker is that an isolator
is an off-load device intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by
some other control device. Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to
open the disconnector while it supplies a circuit.

Fig. 3.5.1:An Isolator Used In 33 KV Substations

Fig.3.5.2: A High Voltage Isolator

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3.6 Circuit Breakers
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to
resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that
protect an individual household appliance up to large switchgear designed to protect high-
voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

Operation
The circuit breaker must detect a fault condition; in low-voltage circuit breakers this
is usually done within the breaker enclosure. Circuit breakers for large currents or high
voltages are usually arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault current and to operate the trip
opening mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a
separate battery, although some high-voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current
transformers, protection relays, and an internal control power source.

Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the
circuit; some mechanically-stored energy (using something such as springs or compressed
air) contained within the breaker is used to separate the contacts, although some of the energy
required may be obtained from the fault current itself.

Small circuit breakers may be manually operated, larger units have solenoids to trip
the mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating,
and must also withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit.
Contacts are made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys, and other highly conductive
materials. Service life of the contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to
arcing while interrupting the current. Miniature and molded case circuit breakers are usually
discarded when the contacts have worn, but power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit
breakers have replaceable contacts.

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 When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled,
and extinguished in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again
withstand the voltage in the circuit. Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas,
or oil as the medium the arc forms in.

Different techniques are used to extinguish the arc are :-

Lengthening / deflection of the arc Intensive cooling (in jet chambers) Division into
partial arcs Zero point quenching (Contacts open at the zero current time crossing of the AC
waveform, effectively breaking no load current at the time of opening. The zero crossing
occurs at twice the line frequency i.e. 100 times per second for 50 Hz .

Connecting capacitors in parallel with contacts in DC circuits.

Finally, once the fault condition has been cleared, the contacts must again be closed to
restore power to the interrupted circuit.

Types of circuit breakers

1. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) high-voltage circuit breakers
A sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulphur
hexafluoride gas to quench the arc. They are most often used for transmission-level voltages
and may be incorporated into compact gas-insulated switchgear. In cold climates,
supplemental heating or de-rating of the circuit breakers may be required due to liquefaction
of the SF6 gas. Issues related to SF6 circuit breakers.

Issue Related To SF6

The following issues are associated with SF6 circuit breakers:-

(a)Toxic lower order gases

When an arc is formed in SF6 gas small quantities of lower order gases are formed.
Some of these by-products are toxic and can cause irritation to eyes and respiratory systems.

(b)Oxygen displacement
SF6 is heavier than air, so care must be taken when entering low confined spaces due
to the risk of oxygen displacement.

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(c)Greenhouse gas
SF6 is the most potent greenhouse gas that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change has evaluated. It has a global warming potential that is 23,900 times worse than
CO2.

Alternatives to SF6 circuit breakers

Circuit breakers are usually classed on their insulating medium. The follow types of
circuit breakers may be an alternative to SF6 types.
 Air blast
 Oil
 Vacuum
 CO2

Fig. 3.6.1:High Voltage SF6 Circuit Breaker

2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) High-Voltage Circuit Breakers

In 2012 ABB presented a 72.5 KV high-voltage breaker that uses carbon dioxide as
the medium to extinguish the arc. The carbon dioxide breaker works on the same principles
as an SF6 breaker and can also be produced as a disconnecting circuit breaker. By switching
from SF6 to CO2 it is possible to reduce the CO 2 emissions by 10 tons during the product’s
life cycle.

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 Fig.3.6.2: High Voltage CO2 Circuit Breaker (maker ABB)

3.7 Lightning Arresters

Lightning arresters are protective devices for limiting surge voltages due to lightning
strikes or equipment faults or other events, to prevent damage to equipment and disruption of
service. Also called surge arresters.

Lightning arresters are installed on many different pieces of equipment such as power
poles and towers, power transformers, circuit breakers, bus structures, and steel
superstructures in substations.

Lightning, is a form of visible discharge of electricity between rain clouds or between

a rain cloud and the earth. The electric discharge is seen in the form of a brilliant arc,
sometimes several kilometres long, stretching between the discharge points. How
thunderclouds become charged is not fully understood, but most thunderclouds are negatively
charged at the base and positively charged at the top. However formed, the negative charge at
the base of the cloud induces a positive charge on the earth beneath it, which acts as the
second plate of a huge capacitor.

When the electrical potential between two clouds or between a cloud and the earth
reaches a sufficiently high value (about 10,000 V per cm or about 25,000 V per in), the air
becomes ionized along a narrow path and a lightning flash results.

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 The conductor has a pointed edge on one side and the other side is connected to a long
thick copper strip which runs down the building. The lower end of the strip is properly
earthed. When lightning strikes it hits the rod and current flows down through the copper
strip. These rods form a low-resistance path for the lightning discharge and prevent it from
travelling through the structure itself.

The lightning arrestor protects the structure from damage by intercepting flashes of
lightning and transmitting their current to the ground. Since lightning strikes tend to strike the
highest object in the vicinity, the rod is placed at the apex of a tall structure. It is connected to
the ground by low-resistance cables. In the case of a building, the soil is used as the ground,
and on a ship, water is used. A lightning rod provides a cone of protection, which has a
ground radius approximately, equal to its height above the ground.

Surges due to lightning are mostly injected into the power system through long cross-
country transmission lines. Substation apparatus is always well shielded against direct
lightning strokes. The protection of transmission lines against direct strokes requires a shield
to prevent lightning from striking the electrical conductors.

Terminal equipment at the substation is protected against by surge diverters, also

called surge arrester or lightning arresters. A diverter is connected in parallel or shunt with the
equipment to be protected at the substation between the line and ground.

Ideally, it should:
 become conducting at voltage above diverter rating
 become non conducting again when the line-to-neutral voltage becomes lower than
the design value. In other words, it should not permit any power follow-on current;
 not conduct any current at normal or somewhat above normal power frequency
voltages.

Earthing screen and ground wires can well protect the electrical system against direct
lightning strokes but they fail to provide protection against travelling waves, which may
reach the terminal apparatus.

A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device, which conducts the high
voltage surges on the power system to the ground.

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Fig. 3.7.1:Lightning Arresters Used In Substations

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 4. DESCRIPTION OF A SUBSTATION

It is divided into two parts:-

1) Panel Section
(a) Control Panel Section
(b) Relay & Protection Panel Section

2) Yard

(a) 220 KV Section

(b) 110 KV Section

3) Battery Room(Extra)

Fig.4.1: A 220KV Transmission Substation

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1. Panel Section
It is a room which contains all types of panels:-

(a) Control Panel Section

(i) Control And Relay Panel
(ii) Feeder
(iii) Bus Coupler Control Panel
(iv) Distribution Bus
(v) Remote Tap Changer
(vi) Auto Transformer On Load Tap Changing Control Panel
(vii) Direct Current Distribution Box
(viii) Float And Boost Charger
(ix) Capacitor Bank Panel
(x) Transformer H.V. and L.V. Side Control Panel
(xi) Triple Feeder
(xii) L.T. Distribution Board
(xiii) 100MVA Transformer

(b) Relay And Protection Panel Section

(i) Relay Panel
(ii) Protection Panel
(iii) Rotational Load Shedding
(iv) Line Protection Panel
(v) Transformer Control Panel
(vi) Apex Metering Panel
(vii) Auto Transformer PROIN

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Some Full Forms Related To Substations

S.No. Short Forms Full Forms

1. PLCC Power Line Carrier Communication

2. LA Lightning Arresters

3. CBT Capacitor Bank Transformer

4. CT Current Transformer

5. PT Potential Transformer

6. CVT Capacitive Voltage Transformer

7. LV Low Voltage

8. HV High Voltage

9. DCDB Direct Current Distribution Board

10. CTR Current Transfer Ratio

11. VTR Voltage Transfer Ratio

12. LSI Line Side Isolator

13. BSI Bus Side Isolator

14. CB Circuit Breaker

15. TI Tendom Isolator

16. BCT Base Current Transformer

17. MRI Meter Reading Instrument

18. OTI Oil Temp. Indicator

19. WTI Winding Temp. Indicator

20. KV Kilo Voltage

Components Used In Yard (220KV Substation Kapnoor, Kalaburgi)

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 Wave Trap (A Type Of Inductor)
 Two Transformer (100MVA)(220/110KV )
 One Capacitor Bank (30 MVAR)
 Junction Box
 Insulator Disc (To Isolate Pillar And Power Line Wire)
 Jumper (A Small Piece Of Power Line Wire)
 Panther Wire(Used In 33KV And 132KV Power Line)
 Zebra, Moose And Dear Wires(Used In 220KV Power Line)
 Transformer Cooling By Mulsifier System

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 CONCLUSION

Now I have studied a lot about the electrical transmission system. One must have
never thought that so many things are required for just switching on a television or a
refrigerator or say an electric trimmer. The three wing of electrical system viz.

Generation, transmission and distribution are connected to each other and that too very
perfectly. Here man and electricity work as if they are a family. Lots of labour, capital and
infrastructure is involved in the system just to have a single phase,220V,50Hz power supply
at our houses.

At last I would say...

Energy Saved Is Energy Produced….

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