CHAPTER 15 ANTENNAS AND WAVEGUIDES

Items Definitions Terms

A metallic conductor system capable of radiating and capturing

1 electromagnetic energy Antenna

Couples energy from a transmitter to an antenna or from

2 antenna to a receiver Transmission Lines

A special type of transmission line that consists of a

conducting metallic tube through which high-frequency electromagnetic
energy
3 is propagated. Waveguide

Electrical energy that has escaped into free space in the form
4 of transverse electromagnetic waves Radio Waves

The plane parallel to the mutually perpendicular lines of the

5 electric and magnetic fields. Wavefront

6 The ratio of radiated to reflected energy. Radiation Efficiency

Antenna wherein two conductors are spread out in a straight

7 line to a total length of one quarter wavelength. Quarter Wave Antenna

Vertical Monopole or
8 Another name for quarter wave antenna. Marconi

9 A half-wave dipole. Hertz Antenna

A special coupling device that can be used to direct the

10 transmit and receive signals and provide the necessary isolation. Diplexer

A polar diagram or graph representing field strengths or power

11 densities at various angular positions relative to an antenna. Radiation Pattern

Radiation pattern plotted in terms of electric field strength Absolute Radiation

12 or power density. Pattern

Radiation pattern plots field strength or power density with

13 respect to the value at a reference Relative Radiation

14 The primary beam of an antenna. Major Lobes

15 The major lobes that propagates and receive the most energy. Front Lobe

16 Lobes adjacent to the front lobe. Side lobes

17 The secondary beam of an antenna. Minor Lobes

18 Lobes in a direction exactly opposite the front lobe Back Lobe

19 The ratio of the front lobe power to the back lobe power. Front to Back Ratio

20 The ratio of the front lobe to a side lobe. Front to Side Ratio

The line bisecting the major lobe, or pointing from the center Line of Shoot or Point of
21 of the antenna in the direction of maximum radiation. Shoot

Omni-directional
22 Antenna that radiates energy equally in all directions. Antenna

23 Radiates power at a constant rate uniformly in all directions. Isotropic Radiator

24 The direction in which an antenna is always pointing. Maximum Radiation

It is defined as an equivalent transmits power. It stands for

25 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power. EIRP
 The equivalent power that an isotropic antenna would have to
radiate to achieve the same power density in the chosen direction at a Effective Radiated
given Power
26 point as another antenna. (ERP) or (EIRP)

The power density in space and the actual power that a receive
27 antenna produces at its output terminals. Captured Power Density

28 It describe the reception properties of an antenna Capture Area

29 Another name for capture area. Effective Area

The relationship of captured power to the received power

30 density and the effective capture area of the received antenna. Directly Proportional

It refers to the orientation of the electric field radiated

31 from the antenna. Polarization

The angular separation between the two half-power (-3dB)

32 points on the major lobe of an antenna’s plane radiation pattern. Antenna Beamwidth

The frequency range over which antenna operation is

33 satisfactory. Antenna Bandwidth

34 Another name for antenna input terminal Feedpoint

Antenna Input
35 The feedpoint presents an ac load to the transmission line. Impedance

The simplest type of antenna.

Another names for elementary doublet
Ø Short Dipole,
Ø Elementary Dipole
Ø
Hertzian
36 Dipole Elementary Doublet

37 Any dipole that is less than one-tenth wavelength Electrically Short

Hertz antenna is name after him and he was the first to

38 demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic waves. Heinrich Hertz

A single pole antenna one quarter wavelength long, mounted

vertically with the lower end either connected directly to ground or
grounded
39 through the antenna coupling network. Marconi Antenna

Must be close to the

40 Main disadvantage of Marconi Antenna. Ground

A technique use to increase the electrical length of an

41 antenna Loading

A coil added in series with a dipole antenna which effectively

42 increases antenna’s electrical length. Loading Coil

A loading coil approximately increases the radiation

43 resistance of the antenna. 5 Ohms

An individual radiator, such as a half or quarter wave dipole.

Two types of antenna elements
Ø Driven
Ø
Parasitic

Two Elements of a single antenna

Ø Two Wire
44 Ø Antenna Element
 Folded
Dipole

Its purpose is to increase the directivity and concentrate the

45 radiated power within a smaller geographic area. Array

Elements that are directly connected to the transmission line

46 and receive power from the source. Driven

Elements are not connected to the transmission line; they

47 receive energy only through mutual induction with a driven element. Parasitic

A parasitic element that is shorter that its associated driven

48 element. Director

49 Radiation pattern depends on the relative phase of feeds. Driven

50 The simplest type of antenna arrays. Broadside Arrays

A widely used antenna commonly uses a folded dipole as the

51 driven element and named after two Japanese scientists. Yagi Uda

52 Typical directivity of a yagi-uda antenna. 7 dB and 9 dB

53 Formed by placing two dipoles at right angles to each other. Turnstile Antenna

54 A class of frequency-independent antennas. Log Periodic

A broadband VHF or UHF antenna that is ideally suited for

applications for which radiating circular rather than horizontal or vertical
polarized electromagnetic waves are required.
Modes of propagation:
Ø Normal
Ø
` Axial Helical Antenna

Antennas having half power beamwidths on the order of 1º or

less.
Three important characteristics:
Ø Front-to Back Ratio,
Ø Side-to-Side Coupling
Ø
Back-to-Back
56 Coupling Microwave Antenna

Antenna that provides extremely high gain and directivity and

are very popular for microwave and satellite communications link.
Two main part
Ø Parabolic Reflector Parabolic Reflector
57 Ø Feed Mechanism Antenna

The effective area in a receiving parabolic antenna and is

58 always less than the actual mouth area. Capture Area

1. Compared to the core, the index of ANS: D

refraction of the cladding must be:
3. Single-mode fiber is made from:
a. the same
b. greater a. glass
c. less b. plastic
d. doesn’t have an index of refraction c. both a and b
ANS: C d. none of the above
ANS: A
2. Fiber-optic cables do not:
4. Fiber-optic cable cannot be used:
a. carry current
b. cause crosstalk a. in an explosive environment
c. generate EMI b. to connect a transmitter to an
d. all of the above antenna
c. to isolate a medical patient from a c. Light Amplification by Simulated
shock hazard Emitted Rays
d. none of the above d. Light Amplification by Stimulated
ANS: B Emitted Rays
ANS: B
5. A single-mode cable does not suffer
from: 13. APD stands for:

a. modal dispersion a. Avalanche Photodiode

b. chromatic dispersion b. Advanced Photodiode
c. waveguide dispersion c. Avalanche Photo Detector
d. all of the above d. Advanced Photo Detector
ANS: A ANS: A

6. Scattering causes: 14. In a PIN diode, leakage current in

the absence of light is called:
a. loss
b. dispersion a. baseline current
c. intersymbol interference b. zero-point current
d. all of the above c. dark current
ANS: A d. E-H current
ANS: C
7. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic
cable due to the glass is about: 15. For a light detector, responsivity is
measured in:
a. 40 dB per km
b. 4 db per km a. amps per watt
c. 0.4 dB per km b. µW per amp
d. zero loss c. mA per joule
ANS: C d. µsec per µW
ANS: A
8. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic
cable due to a splice is about: COMPLETION

a. 0.02 dB 1. In the core, the angle of incidence

b. 0.2 db equals the angle of
c. 1 dB ____________________.
d. 3 dB
ANS: A ANS: reflection

9. The loss in single-mode fiber-optic 2. The core is surrounded by the

cable due to a connector is about: ____________________.

a. 0.02 dB ANS: cladding

b. 0.2 db
c. 1 dB 3. The ____________________ angle
d. 3 dB is where refraction changes to
ANS: B reflection.

10. Which of the following is a type of ANS: critical

fiber connector:
4. An electron-volt is a measure of
a. ST ____________________.
b. SC
c. SMA ANS: energy
d. all of the above
ANS: D 5. The numerical aperture is the
____________________ of the angle
11. The quantum of light is called: of acceptance.

a. an erg ANS: sine

b. an e-v
c. a photon 6. Optical fiber relies on total
d. a phonon ____________________ reflection.
ANS: C
ANS: internal
12. LASER stands for:
7. Chromatic dispersion is also called
a. Light Amplification by Simulated ____________________ dispersion.
Emission of Radiation
b. Light Amplification by Stimulated ANS: intramodal
Emission of Radiation
8. With optical fiber, 20. For safety, you should never
____________________ light is more ____________________ at the end of
common than visible light. an optical fiber unless you know it is
not connected to a light source.
ANS: infrared
ANS: look
9. In multimode fiber,
____________________ index has
less dispersion than step index.

ANS: graded

10. For laser diodes, the term

____________________ is used
instead of bandwidth.

ANS: linewidth

11. Dispersion can be expressed in

units of ____________________ rather
than bandwidth.

ANS: time

12. ____________________
interference is when one pulse merges
with the next pulse.

ANS: Intersymbol

13. The optical fiber is free to move

around in a ____________________
cable.

ANS: loose-tube

14. The optical fiber is not free to move

around in a ____________________
cable.

ANS: tight-buffer

15. A ____________________ is a
short length of fiber that carries the
light away from the source.

ANS: pigtail

16. Good connections are more critical

with ____________________-mode
fiber.

ANS: single

17. A ____________________ diode is

the usual light source for single-mode
cable.

ANS: laser

18. The quantum of light is called the

____________________.

ANS: photon

19. A ____________________ diode is

the usual light detector for single-mode
cable.

ANS: PIN