1.

The most commonly used transmission line is a

2. Which of the following is not a common transmission line impedance?
3. For maximum absorption of power at the antenna, the relationship between the characteristic
impedance of the line Z O and the load impedance Zl should be
4. The minimum voltage along a transmission line is 260 V, while the maximum voltage is 390 V.
The SWR is
5. A popular vertical antenna is the
6. The mismatch between antenna and transmission line impedances cannot be corrected for by
7. A pattern of voltage and current variations along a transmission line not terminated in its
characteristic impedance is called
8. Three feet is one wavelength at a frequency of
9. The magnetic field of an antenna is perpendicular to the earth. The antenna’s polarization
10. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line does not depend upon its
11. An antenna that transmits or receives equally well in all directions is said to be
12. . At very high frequencies, transmission lines are used as
13. The desirable SWR on a transmission line is
14. A 50 Ω coax is connected to a 73 Ω antenna. The SWR is
15. A shorted quarter-wave line at the operating frequency acts like a(n)
16. The horizontal radiation pattern of a dipole is a
17. the length of a ground plane vertical at 146 MHz is
18. The most desirable reflection coefficient is
19. A popular half-wavelength antenna is the
20. A shorted half-wave line at the operating frequency acts like a(n)
21. The impedance of a dipole is about
22. A ratio expressing the percentage of incident voltage reflected on a transmission line is know as
the
23. The length of a doublet at 27 MHz is
24. A direction antenna with two or more elements is known as a(n)
25. The horizontal radiation pattern of a vertical dipole is
26. In a Yagi antenna, maximum direction of radiation is toward the
27. A wide-bandwidth multielement driven array is the
28. To increase the transmission distance of a UHF signal, which of the following should be done?
29. A coax has a velocity factor of 0.68. What is the length of a half wave at 30 MHz?
30. Ground-wave communications is most effective in what frequency range?
31. Conductors in multielement antennas that do not receive energy directly from the transmission
line are known as
32. A coax has an attenuation of 2.4 db per 100 ft. The attenuation for 275 ft is
33. The ionosphere causes radio signals to be
34. The ionosphere has its greatest effect on signals in what frequency range?
35. The type of radio wave responsible for long-distance communications by multiple skips is the
36. An antenna has a power gain of 15. The power applied to the antenna is 32 W. The effective
radiated power is
37. Microwave signals propagate by way of the
38. Which transmission line has the lowest attenuation?
39. The line-of-sight communications is not a factor in which frequency range?
40. Which beamwidth represents the best antenna directivity
41. A receiver-transmitter station used to increase the communications range of VHF, UHF, and
microwave signals is called a(n)
42. A microwave-transmitting antenna is 550 ft high. The receiving antenna is 200 ft high. The
maximum transmission distance is
43. The radiation pattern of collinear and broadside antennas
44. Which antenna has a unidirectional radiation pattern and gain

SATELLITE
1. As the height of a satellite orbit gets lower, the speed of the satellite
2. The main functions of a communications satellite is a a(a)
3. The key electronic component in a communications satellite is the
4. A circular orbit around the equator with a 24 h period is called a(n)
5. A satellite stays in orbit because the following 2 factor are balanced
6. The height of a satellite in a synchronous equatorial orbit is
7. Most satellites operate in which frequency band?
8. The main power sources for a satellite are
9. The maximum height of an elliptical orbit is called
10. Batteries are used to power all satellite subsystems
11. The satellite subsystem that monitors and controls the satellite is the
12. The basic technique used to stabilize a satellite is
13. The jet thrusters are usually fired to
14. Most commercial satellite activity occurs in which bands?
15. How can multiple earth stations share a satellite on the same frequency
16. The typical bandwidth of a satellite band is
17. Which of the following is not usually a part of a transponder
18. The satellite communications channels in a transponder are defined by the
19. The HPAs in most satellites are
20. The physical location of a satellite is determined by its
21. The receive GCE system in an earth station performs what function(s)
22. Which of the following types of HPA is not used in earth stations
23. A common up-converter and downconverter IF is
24. The type of modulation used on voice and video signals is
25. The modulation normally used with digital data is
26. Which of the following is not a typical output from a GPS receiver?
1. Increases
2. Repeater
3. Transponder
4. Geostationary orbit
5. Gravitational pull and inertia
6. 22300 mi
7. 3 GHz to 30 GHz
8. Solar cells
9. Apogee
10. During eclipse periods
11. Telemetry, tracking and command subsystem
12. Spin
13. Maintain altitude
14. C and Ku
15. Frequency reuse
16. 500 MHz
17. Modulator
18. Bandpass filter
19. Klystrons
20. Latitude and longtitude
21. Demodulation and demultiplexing
22. Magnetron
23. 70 MHz
24. FM
25. QPSK
26. Speed
Antennas

EXAMPLE 16 .1
Calculate the length of a half – wave dipole for an operating frequency of 20 MHz.

Solution
142.5
L =
f

142.5
=
20
= 7.13 m

EXAMPLE 16.2
A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67Ω and a loss resistance of 5 Ω, measured at the
feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency.

Solution
Rr
η =
RT
67
=
67 + 5
= 0.93 or 93 %

Antennas

EXAMPLE 16 .3
Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and 4.5 dBd, respectively, Which has greater gain?

Solution
G = 4.5 dBd
= 4.5 + 2.14 dBi
= 6.64 dBi

EXAMPLE 16.4
A dipole antenna has an efficiency of 85%. Calculate its gain in decibels.

Solution
2.14
-1
D = log
 10
= 1.638

G = Dη
= 1.638 X 0.85
= 1.39

G(dBi) = 10 log 1.39

= 1.43 dBi

EXAMPLE 16.6
The ERP of a transmitting station is specified as 17 W in a given direction. Express this as an EIRP
in dBm so that it can be used with the path loss equations in Chapter 15.

Solution
ERP
ERP (dBm) = 10 log
1mW
= 10 log (17 X 103)
= 42.3 dBm

EIRP(dBm) = ERP(dBm) + 2.14 dB

= 42.3 + 2.14
= 44.44 dBm

Antennas

EXAMPLE 16 .7
A helical antenna with eight turns is to be constructed for frequency of 1.2 GHz
(a) Calculate the optimum diameter and spacing for the antenna and find the total length of the
antenna
(b) Calculate the antenna gain in dBi
(c) Calculate the bandwidth.

Solution
(a) c
λ =
f
 300 X 106
=
1200 X 106
= 0.25 m

λ
D =
π

0.25
=
π
= 0.08 m
= 80 m

λ
S =
4

0.25
=
4
= .0625 m
= 62.5 m

L = NS
= 8 X 62.5 mm
= 500 mm

Antennas
EXAMPLE 16 .7

(b)
15NS(πD)2
G =
λ
 15 X 8 X 0.0625 (π X 0.08) 2
=
0.253

= 30.3
= 14.8 dBi

(c)
52 λ λ
θ =
πD NS

52 X 0.25 0.25
=
π X 0.08 8 X 0.0625

= 36.6⁰

Antennas
EXAMPLE 16 .8
Design a log – periodic antenna to cover the frequency range from 100 to 300 MHz. Use τ = 0.7
and α = 30⁰

Solution

142.5 L1
L = L2 =
 f τ

142.5 0.445
L = =
90 0.7
= 1.58 m = 0.636 m

142.5 L2
L = L3 =
320 τ
= 0.445 m
0.636
L1 α =
= tan 0.7
2D1 2 = 0.909 m

L1
D1 = α
2 tan
2

0.445
=
2 tan 15⁰
= 0.830 m

Satellite Communication

EXAMPLE 20.1

Solution
(a) 4 X 1011
v=
(d + 6400)
 4 X 1011
=
(36,000 + 6400)

= 3.07 km/s

r = 6400 km + 36,000 km = 42.4 Mm

C = 2πr
= 2π X 42.4 km
= 266.4 Mm

C
T=
V

266.4 X 106 m
=
3.07 X 103 m/s

= 86.8 X 103 s
= 24 hours

Satellite Communication

EXAMPLE 20.2
Calculate the angle of declination for an antenna using a polar mount at a latitude of 45⁰.
Solution
 6400sin45⁰
θ = arctan
36 X 103 + 6400 ( 1 - 45⁰ )

= 6.81⁰

EXAMPLE 20.3
Calculate the length of the path to geostationary satellite from an earth station where the angle
of elevation is 30⁰.

Solution
d = √ (r + h)2 – ( rcos θ)2 – r sin θ
d = √ (6400 + 36 X 103)2 – ( 6400 cos 30⁰)2 – 6400 sin 30⁰
= 39 X 103 km

EXAMPLE 20.4
A satellite transmitter operates at 4 GHz with a transmitter power of 7 W and an antenna gain of
40dBi. The receiver has an antenna gain of 30dBi, and the path length is 40,000 km. Calculate the signal
strength at the receiver.

Solution
PR
(dB) = GT (dBi) + GR (dBi) – (32.44 + 20 log d + 20 log f)
PT
= 40 + 30 – (32.44 + 20 log (40 + 103) + 20 log 4000)
= - 126.5 dB

7W
PT(dBm) = 10 log = - 88 dBm
1 mW

PR(dBm) = 38.5 dBm – 126.5 dB = -88 dBm

Satellite Communication

EXAMPLE 20.5
 A receiving antenna with a gain of 40 dBi looks at a sky with a noise temperature of 15 K. The
loss between the antenna and the LNA input, due to the feedhorn, is 0.4 dB, and the LNA has a noise
temperature of 40 K. Calculate G/T.

Solution
G = 40 dBi – 0.4 dB
= 39.6 dBi

L = antilog (0.4/10) = 1.096

( L – 1) 290 + Tsky
Ta =
L

( 1.096 – 1) 290 + 15
Ta =
1.096
= 39 K

G/T (dB) = GR (dBi) – 10 log (Ta + Teq)

= 39.6 – 10 log (39 +40)
= 20.6 dB

EXAMPLE 20.6
A receiver has noise figure 1.5 dB. Find its equivalent noise temperature

Solution
NF = antilog ( 1.5/10)
= 1.41

Teq = 290 (NF – 1)

= 290 (1.41 – 1)
= 119 K
Satellite Communication

EXAMPLE 20.7
The receiving installation whose G/T was found in Example 20.5 is used as a ground terminal to
receive a signal from a satellite at a distance of 38,000 km. The satellite has a transmitter power of 50
watts and antenna gain of 30 dBi. Assume losses between the satellite transmitter and its antenna
negligible. The frequency is 12 GHz. Calculate the carrier – to – noise ratio at the receiver, for a
bandwidth of 1 MHz.

Solution
PT (dBW) = 10 log 50 = 17 dBW

EIRP (dBW)= 17 dBW + 30 dBi = 47 dBw

FSL (dB) = 32.44 + 20 log d + 20 log f

= 32.44 + 20 log 38,000 + 20 log 12,000
= 205.6 dB
C/N(dB) = EIRP(dBW) – FSL(dB) – Lmisc + G/T – K(dBW) – 10 log B
= 47 dBW – 205.6 dB + 20.6 dB + 228.6 dBW – 10log (1 X 106)
= 30.6 dB
EXAMPLE 20.9
A typical TVRO installation for use with C – band satellites ( downlink at approximately 4 GHz)
has a has a diameter of about 3 cm and an efficiency of about 55%. Calculate its gain and beamwidth.

Solution
c
λ=
f

300 X 106 m/s

=
4 X 109 HZ
= 7.5 cm

0.55 π2 X 32
λ=
0.0752
= 8.69 X 103
= 39 dB
70λ
θ=
D
70 X 0.075
=
 3
= 1.75⁰

Satellite Communication

EXAMPLE 21.1
A Vehicle travels through a cellular system at 100 kilometer per hour. Approximately how often
will handoffs occur if the cell radius is:
(a) 10 km
(b) 500 m

Solution
100 km/hr X 1000 m/km
v=
3600 s/hr
= 27.8 m/s

d
t=
v

1 X 103 m
=
27.8 m/s
= 36 s

EXAMPLE 21.2
A cellular telephone system uses a 12 – cell repeating pattern. There are 120 cells in the system
and 20,000 subscribers. Each subscriber uses the phone average 30 minutes per day, but on average 10
of those minutes are used during the peak hour.

(a) The average and peak traffic in erlangs for the whole system
(b) The average and peak traffic in erlangs for one cell, assuming callers are evenly distributed over
the system
(c) The approximate average call – blocking probability
(d) The approximate call – blocking probability during the peak hour.

Solution
(a) 0.5 416
T = 20,000 X t=
24 120
= 416 E = 3.47 E

10 3333
 T = 20,000 X t=
60 120
= 3333 E = 27.8 E

Satellite Communication

EXAMPLE 21.3
Calculate the maximum distance between base and mobile that can be accommodated with a
guard time of 123µs.

Solution
d = ct
= 300 X 106 m/s X 123 X 10-6 s
= 36.9 km

Personal Communication Systems

EXAMPLE 22.1
A CDMA mobile measures the signal strength from the base as -100 dBm. What should the
mobile transmitter power be set to as a first approximation?

Solution
PT = -76 dB – PR
= -76 dB – (-100 dBm)
= 24 dBm
= 250 mW

Paging and Wireless Data Networking

EXAMPLE 23.1
Suppose the POCSAG system is used with simple tone pagers, which require only an address
field. If all the frames are used for address, how many pages could be transmitted by this system in 1
minute if it operates at the slowest POCSAG rate of 512b/s? Assume that only one preamble is needed.

Solution
Total number of usable bits/minute = 512 X 60 – 576 = 30, 144 bits

bits/min
batches /min =
bits/batch

30,144
 =
544
= 55,412 batches/min

Address/min = batches/min X address/batch

= 55.412 X 16
= 886