6

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

SUBJECT : BFF2223 (FLUID MECHANICS)
SECTION : 02P
TOPIC : PROJECT FLUID
PREPARED BY : GROUP 13

NO NAME ID NUMBER H/P NUMBER

1 TAN CHEE WANG FB16039 019-5958936

2 SYARIFAH NUR HASANAH BINTI SYED FA16041 011-28949901

KAMARUDIN
3 MOHAMAD NAWAWI BIN NORDIN FA17004 011-25459834

4 WAN RASYIQAH BINTI WAN HAIRUDDIN FB17084 018-3845058

PREPARED FOR : DR NURRINA BINTI ROSLI

INTRODUCTION

In this project, we will solve the problem given by our lecturer by using
a software. The software is call as ANSYS, this software will help us to solve the
problem with few steps. ANSYS is a general purpose software, used to simulate
interactions of all disciplines of physics, structural, vibration, fluid dynamics, heat
transfer and electromagnetic for engineers. So ANSYS, which enables to simulate tests
or working conditions, enables to test in virtual environment before manufacturing
prototypes of products.

Furthermore, determining and improving weak points, computing life

and foreseeing probable problems are possible by 3D simulations in virtual
environment. ANSYS software with its modular structure as seen in the table below
gives an opportunity for taking only needed features. ANSYS can work integrated with
other used engineering software on desktop by adding cad and fea connection modules.
ANSYS can import cad data and also enables to build a geometry with its
"preprocessing" abilities. Similarly in the same preprocessor, finite element model
(a.k.a. Mesh) which is required for computation is generated. After defining loadings
and carrying out analyses, results can be viewed as numerical and graphical. ANSYS
can carry out advanced engineering analyses quickly, safely and practically by its
variety of contact algorithms, time based loading features and nonlinear material
models. ANSYS workbench is a platform which integrate simulation technologies and
parametric cad systems with unique automation and performance.

This project is involving laminar flow. What is laminar flow? Laminar

flow is a type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in which the fluid travels smoothly or in
regular paths, in contrast to turbulent flow, in which the fluid undergoes irregular
fluctuations and mixing. In laminar flow, is also referred to as streamline flow, the
velocity, pressure, and other flow properties at each point in the fluid remain constant.
Laminar flow over a horizontal surface may be thought of as consisting of thin layers,
or laminae, all parallel to each other. The fluid in contact with the horizontal surface is
stationary, but all the other layers slide over each other. Laminar flow in a straight pipe
may be considered as the relative motion of a set of concentric cylinders of fluid, the
outside one fixed at the pipe wall and the others moving at increasing speeds as the
centre of the pipe is approached. Laminar flow is common only in cases in which the
flow channel is relatively small, the fluid is moving slowly, and its viscosity is relatively
high. Oil flow through a thin tube or blood flow through capillaries is laminar. Most
other kinds of fluid flow are turbulent except near solid boundaries, where the flow is
often laminar, especially in a thin layer just adjacent to the surface.

Experiments in fluid mechanics are undoubtedly very important part of

investigation. Their significance is dual for inspirational and proving. Experiments can
give an impetus to theoretical studies, modelling of flow fields and flow effects, and
preparation of numerical simulations.

An example of significance of experiment in fluid mechanics is the case of a

colossus of science in ancient times, the founder of the science of fluid mechanics and
its application in engineering, Greek scientist - Archimedes of Syracuse. His most
important discovery of all concerns the force acting on a body immersed in a liquid. It
is said that he discovered this principle while in the public baths in Syracuse when he
immersed himself in a full tub. He related the force lifting him to the amount of water
that overflowed from the tub. He stated that “Any object, wholly or partially immersed
in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the
object.” Thus Archimedes discovered this famous physical law of hydrostatics.

Another example of significance of experiment in fluid mechanics is the public

demonstration of flow development performed by Osborne Reynolds in 1883. He
proved by his experiment that a fluid movement can be realized in two different ways
as a laminar flow or a turbulent flow. Since that time, a lot of studies like theoretical
solutions, experimental modelling and numerical simulations of laminar and turbulent
flows were carried out to show its specific flow behaviour and effects.
METHODOLOGY FOR SOLUTION

Question 1

Density, Ρ = 1kg / m3

Dynamic Viscosity, μ = 2 x 10−3 kg / m.s

Velocity, v = 1m / s

Diameter, D = 0.2 m

𝜌𝑣𝐷
Re = 𝜇

(1)(1)(0.2)
= 2 𝑥 10−3

= 100

= 100 ≤ 2300

It is Laminar Flow (proven)

Question 2
1) Starting

i. To define the concern of the problem.

ii. The concern is rectangle with L is equal to the length of the pipe and D is the
diameter of the pipe.
iii. Open Ansys workbench 16.0.
iv. After that, under the analysis system drag fluid flow (fluent) to the project.
v. The first thing to do is to set the analysis to 2D.
vi. There are five steps to solve our problem which is geometry, mesh, setup,
solution and design.
vii. To solve the first question which is to plot and explain velocity magnitude
contours, double click on geometry to start the geometry engine.
viii. Design modeler is the place where we are going to specify the domain of our
problem.

2) Create sketch

i. Sketch the rectangle on the xy plane (before we start sketching we need to

make sure that the units is on metre).
ii. After that, set the length and radius
 Length = 3m
 Radius = 0.1m

3) Create area

i. To create the rectangle from the sketch, click concept, click surfaces from
sketches then click anyway on the sketch and click apply.
ii. And the tools know that we need to create the area based on the command.
iii. Click generate and area will appears.
iv. Since the surface body is a flow domain, set the details of the surface body to
fluid domain.
v. Save project.
4) Create mesh

i. To start on mesher, double click on mesh and the meshing tool will appear.
ii. Highlight mesh in the tree and click update.
iii. Next step is mesh control. Select mesh control and click sizing.
 iv. After you completed the Effect on numerical solution procedure and label
boundaries, the step for mesh is completed.

5) Setup

i. To define the governing equation, double click on setup.

6) Governing equation

i. Click on the material. Right click on the fluid and click new
ii. Change the name, density and viscosity.
iii. Next, under the cell zone conditions, double click on the flow_domain (fluid)
and change the material to go – big – red.

7) Absolute and gage pressure

i. Under the boundary conditions, make sure that the operating pressure is 1 atm.

8) Define the boundary conditions

i. First, select the inlet and set the velocity.

 ii. Next, click outlet and set the gage pressure to zero.
iii. After that, select the pipe wall and set the type to wall and click edit.
iv. Select centerline and set the type to axis.

9) Setup for iterating

i. Under the solution tree, highlight monitors and under the residuals, statistic, and
force monitors, click on the edit.

ii. The residual monitors should be set like shown above.

iii. Click solution initialization and change hybrid initialization to standard
initialization and set the initial values like shown below. After that select
initialize.

iv. To check the result, choose graphic and then double click the contours and
choose contours of axial velocity. Make sure that none of the surfaces is selected
and click display.
 v. The result contours of axial velocity is shown below. From the result, we can
see that the axial velocity of the pipe is different. This is because the fluid
flowing near the wall is slower compared to the fluid flowing towards the
centerline.

10) Run iteration once

i. Next, in order to run the iteration, click on the run calculation and set the
number of iterations, reporting interval and also profile update interval to 1
and press calculate.
ii. In order to see the result, choose contour and set the contour like shown
below and click display.

iii. The result will come out like shown below.

iv. Besides, we also can see the result for contours of mass imbalance.
v. To change iterate to convergence, change the number of iterations to 4 and
press calculate. Repeat step 2 and the result is shown below.
vi. The results below is the result residuals.

vii. For drag monitor implementation, highlight monitors and under create
select drag. Then tick print to console, plot and write. After that, choose the
pipe wall. The direction is X and make sure the force vector of X=1, Y=0
and Z=0.
viii. Set the area references value as shown below.
ix. Then, re-initialize the solution and set the number of iterations to 1000 and
run the calculation.
11) Results

1. First, select the contour icon and insert contours and name it as velocity
magnitude contour. Under location, choose periodic 1 and under variable,
choose velocity. Set # of contours to 51 as shown below :

2. Select view and tick apply reflection/mirroring in ZX plane and click apply.
After that, go to the default transform and untick the instancing info from
domain and tick apply reflection under ZX plane.

3. To determine the velocity flowing in the pipe at different point, choose probe
from the taskbar and change the setting to velocity. Click anywhere at the pipe
to determine the velocity at that point.
4. The full diagram of the velocity magnitude contours in the pipe.
5. To plot the pressure contours, select velocity contour, duplicate it and rename it
as pressure contours. Untick the velocity magnitude contours and double click
the pressure contours. Change the variable to pressure and apply it.

6. The pressure at the entrance is higher than the exit as shown below. The pressure
at the inlet is higher than the pressure at the outlet. This is because the velocity
at the inlet is much slower than the outlet. Since pressure is inversely
proportional to the velocity, therefore when the velocity is slow, the pressure
will be higher. Since the velocity at inlet is slower, it will experience higher
pressure, while velocity at the outlet is faster, the pressure will be lower.
7. To create the velocity vectors in the pipe, the following steps have to be done.

8. To plot velocity vectors, select vector and name it as velocity vectors and
change the location to periodic 1 and apply. Untick the pressure contours and
change the symbol size to 0.1 under symbol and apply.

9. From the taskbar, under location, choose line and name it as axial locations.
From the box, apply the following conditions as shown below. Choose velocity
vectors and set the locations as axial location and apply. Under symbol, set the
symbol to arrow 3D and symbol size of 0.5.
10. By using the parabolic velocity profile formula;

𝑟 2
𝑢 = 2𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 [1 − ( ) ]
𝑅

Where u is the velocity profile, vavg is the average velocity, r is the radial
distance from the pipe centroid, and R is the radius.

The velocity profile is obtained as shown in the Excel in the appendix. Then,
save the Excel in the project file.

11. Under data series, choose files and choose the Excel and apply it. Under general,
change the title as Velocity Profile. Under X axis, change the custom label as
Axial Velocity (m/s). Under Y axis, change the custom label as r (m). Under
data series, change the name of the “my outlet” to Fluent Solution and the “the
Excel” to Analytical Solution. The graph comparing Fluent Solution to
Analytical Solution as shown below.