Bio Fluid Manual

Department of Biomedical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences

Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Lab Manual
Bioflud Mechanics
(BM-234)
Name: ____________________________________
Roll Number: ____________ CMS: ___________
Semester: ____________ Group: __________
Program: B.Sc. Biomedical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject: BM-234 Biofluid Mechanics
List of Experiments
Experiment No: 1
Density measurement of a unknown fluid.
Experiment No: 2
Viscosity measurement of a fluid.
Experiment No: 3
Demonstration of pressure change using a Bell Jar .
Experiment No: 4
Expansion of balloon under vacuum.
Experiment No: 5
To Study The Effect Of Pressure On Boiling Points Of Liquid
Experiment No: 6
Studying the formation of clouds using Atmospheric Properties Chamber.
Experiment No: 7
Demonstration of Bernoulli’s effect using Venturi Apparatus with air and
water.
Experiment No: 8
Calculating Mass Flow Rate, Voulumetric Flow Rate And Velocity Of Flow
Using Venturi Apparatus And Flow Sensor.
Experiment No: 9
Calculating Pulmonary Functions using Spirometer
Experiment No: 10
Calculating Lung Volume Functions using Spirometer.
Experiment No: 11
Study of Buoyant Force and Specific Heat of Different Materials.
Experiment No: 12 Measurement of Blood Pressure Using Sphygmomanometer and Differential

Pressure Sensor.
Experiment No: 13
To Study the Flow of Fluids of different temperature and densities.
To model, measure and understand the complex density driven circulation

Experiment No: 14
associated with heat transfer through convection using Density Circulation
Model.
Experiment No: 15
Project
Experiment No: 16
project

Subject: BM-234 Biofluid Mechanics
S.No Date Title of Experiments Marks Signature

1 Density measurement of an unknown fluid.
2 Viscosity measurement of a fluid.
3
Demonstration of pressure change using a Bell Jar .
4
Expansion of balloon under vacuum.
5 To Study The Effect Of Pressure On Boiling Points Of
Liquid
6
Studying the formation of clouds using Atmospheric
Properties Chamber.
7
Demonstration of Bernoulli’s effect using Venturi
Apparatus with air and water.
8
Calculating Mass Flow Rate, Voulumetric Flow Rate
And Velocity Of Flow Using Venturi Apparatus And
Flow Sensor.
9 Calculating Pulmonary Functions using Spirometer
10
Calculating Lung Volume Functions using Spirometer.
11 Study of Buoyant Force and Specific Heat of Different
Materials.
12 Measurement of Blood Pressure Using
Sphygmomanometer and Differential Pressure Sensor.
13 To Study the Flow of Fluids of different temperature
and densities.
14
To model, measure and understand the complex
density driven circulation associated with heat transfer
through convection using Density Circulation Model.
15 Project
16
Project
Subject BM-234 Biofluid Mechanics Date: …………….
Experiment 1: Density measurement of an unknown fluid
OBJECTIVES: To study Density measurement of a unknown fluid
Performance Lab Report
Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Marks Obtained Marks Obtained
Subject 5 Organization/Structure 5
knowledge
Data Analysis 5 Data Analysis & 5
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
conduct Data Presentation
Experiment
Total Marks obtained
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….
Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

Experiment No. 01:
Density measurement of an unknown fluid
Introduction:
There are several properties simple Newtonian fluids have. They are basic properties which
cannot be calculated for every fluid, and therefore they must be measured. These properties are
important in making calculations regarding fluid systems. Measuring fluid properties, density and
viscosity, is the object of this experiment .
Density Measurement:
Equipment:
Graduated cylinder or beaker
Liquid whose properties are to be measured
Scale
Procedure
1. Find the mass of an empty graduated cylinder. ...

2. Pour 100 mL of water into the graduated cylinder. ...
3. Weigh the graduated cylinder with the water in it. ...
4. Find the mass of only the water by subtracting the mass of the empty graduated cylinder.
5. Use the mass and volume of the water to calculate density.
Problem: You are given two unknown liquids. Find the density of each.
Materials: 100ml graduated cylinder/Beaker, Electronic Balance , calculator, different unknown liquids.
Procedure:
1) Find the mass of the empty graduated cylinder.
2) Pour unknown liquid #1 into the graduated cylinder to the 50 ml. level.
3) Find the mass of the graduated cylinder with 50ml of unknown liquid #1.
4) Repeat steps 1-3 for unknown liquid #2.

We can calculate density of a liquid using the formula:
Density= Mass/Volume
where mass is that for just the liquid (you must subtract out the mass of the graduated cylinder).
Now let's calculate the densities of the two liquids using the following given data.
Liquid #1:
Given: Mass of empty graduated cylinder =
Mass of graduated cylinder with unknown liquid #1=
Find:
a) Mass of just the liquid = ____

b) Volume of liquid=_____
c) Density of liquid #1 =____
Liquid #2:
Given: Mass of empty graduated cylinder =
Mass of graduated cylinder with unknown liquid #2=
Find:
a) Mass of just the liquid = ____

b) Volume of liquid =_____
c) Density of liquid #2=____
Check your answers by inserting the value in the box below.

Using the table below it is now possible for you to determine what each liquid is.
Densities for some common liquids are:
Substance Density (gm/cu.cm)
Water 1.00
Cooking oil 0.92
Sea Water 1.025
Carbon tetrachloride 1.58
Benzene 0.87
Glycerin 1.26
Methanol 0.79
Experiment 2: Viscosity measurement of liquids
OBJECTIVES: To study Viscosity measurement of liquids

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment No. 02:
Viscosity measurement of a liquids

Objective:
To determine the viscosity of liquids by Viscometer method
Equipment:
Viscometer, stop watch, specific gravity bottle, rubber tube etc
Liquids:
Water, Olive Oil and Ethanol
Basic Concept:
Flowing is one of the characteristic properties of liquids. Some liquids flow more readily than others.
Thus ether will move over a glass plate much more quickly than glycerol. The rate of flow depends
on the nature of liquid and on the force which produces the flow.
The displacement of different layers of liquid relative to one another is opposed by internal
friction or viscosity of the liquid.
Procedure:
1. I .Take a viscometer and fix it in a stand in upright position

2. Fix small rubber tube to the limb with capillary tube near the position C to suck the liquid
in.
3. Fill the Viscometer with water and allow the water to come to the point A 4. 4.
Note the tulle of flow of water from mark A to B using stop watch.
4. Fill viscometer with acetone and note time of flow from mark A to B
Observation and Calculation:
Liquid Time of flow Density g/cm3
1.
Water 2. d=
3. mean
1.
Liquid 2. d=
3.
mean
Experiment 3: Demonstration of pressure change using a Bell Jar
OBJECTIVES: To study of pressure change using a Bell Jar

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment No. 03:
Demonstration of pressure change using a Bell Jar
Objective:
Use the Gauge Pressure Accessory with the Student Bell Jar to demonstrate the concept of gauge
pressure
Equipment:
Bell jar fitted with a pressure gauge accessory.
Basic Concept:
An object has a shape on the earth at normal atmospheric pressure. When this object is placed in a
chamber where outer pressure is lower than the internal pressure of the body, it will expand or its volume
will increase. Further decrease in pressure will lead to increase volume and at some stage, the internal
pressure will be high and the body will explode.
Procedure:
The pressure gauge is placed inside the Student Bell Jar and the syringe is used to create a vacuum. When
the air is removed from the bell jar, the gauge pressure increases from 0 to 14.7 psi or 1 atm.
Questions
What is the vacuum?

A. _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What happens to human body if it is placed in a vacuum chamber?

A. _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Experiment 4: Expansion of balloon under vacuum
OBJECTIVES: To study effect of external vacuum on object

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment No. 04:
Expansion of balloon under vacuum
Objective:
To determine the influence of decrease in pressure on the air filled balloon
Equipment:
Bell jar fitted with a suction cup
A balloon filled with air
Basic Concept:
An object has a shape on the earth at normal atmospheric pressure. When this object is placed in a
chamber where outer pressure is lower than the internal pressure of the body, it will expand or its volume
will increase. Further decrease in pressure will lead to increase volume and at some stage, the internal
pressure will be high and the body will explode.
Procedure:
A balloon filled with air is placed in a vacuum chamber where pressure is lower than the normal. This
results in expansion of the balloon. If pressure will be further lowered than balloon will expand further till
its elastic limit is reached. After that it will burst.
Questions
What is the vacuum?

A. _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What happens to human body if it is placed in a vacuum chamber?

A. _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Experiment 5: To Study Boiling Points of liquids under various external pressures
OBJECTIVES: To Study the Effect Of Pressure On Boiling Points Of Liquid

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment No. 5
To Study The Effect Of Pressure On Boiling Points Of Liquid

Objectives:
To study the effects of pressure on boiling points of liquids.
Basic Concept:
Boiling point of any liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquids
becomes equal to the pressure surrounding the liquid. Therefore the boiling point of a liquid depends on
its surrounding pressure. At this temperature, the liquid start changing its phase from a liquid to gas
throughout the bulk of the liquid. This process is known as vaporization.
It should be noted that a liquid may also change its state to a gas below this temperature through the
process of evaporation, which only takes place at the surface of the liquid.
At sea level elevation, the atmospheric pressure is usually 1atm (101.3 kpa) and water boils at 100oC.
Decreasing the surrounding pressure, like at high altitude places or in a vacuum chamber, boiling point of
water will decrease. Similarly increasing the surrounding pressure of water, like in a pressure cooker, the
boiling temperature of water will increase.
Basic Setup Of Equipment
For this experiment, a chamber with controlled and measured atmospheric conditions is utilized. The
chamber consists of a built in thermistor, one sensor connection assembly to measure absolute pressure
inside the chamber. A hermetically sealed rubber stopper with temperature sensor attached. A removable
rubber stopper which will be used to empty/refill the small jar inside the chamber. A small jar is also
placed inside the chamber.
Both pressure and temperature sensors are attached to PASCO 850 Universal Lab Interface. This
Interface is used in conjunction with PASCO Capstone Software.
Experiment Procedure:
1. Connect the pressure sensor and temperature sensor on their respective marked ports on the
Interface.
2. Connect the One-way valve system to
3. Turn on The Pasco Interface, and open Pasco Capstone Software n the connected computer. A
Shortcut to which can be found on the desktop. Make sure that the interface is connected to PC
through USB cable.
4. Remove the removable rubber stopper to access the small jar inside the chamber. Empty the
contents of the jar using pipette.
5. Again using the same pipette put some hot water in the small jar and put the removable rubber
stopper back on the chamber to hermetically seal the chamber again.
6. Using the attached
Syringe/pump Temperature sensor
Pressure sensor
Hot
water
Experiment 6: Studying the formation of clouds using Atmospheric Properties Chamber
OBJECTIVES: To study the formation of clouds using Atmospheric Properties Chamber

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment No. 06:
Studying the formation of clouds using Atmospheric Properties Chamber
Objective:
Recreate the conditions that lead to cloud formation
Measure changing temperature and pressure
Plot graph of temperature and pressure
Equipment:
Bell jar fitted with a suction cup
A Built-in fast response temperature probe
Procedure:
Add a small amount of water and seal the chamber with the rubber stopper. Students add pressure to the
chamber using the included syringe. When the pressure is high enough, the rubber stopper will blow out
and a cloud will form.
Questions:
Why cloud is formed?
A. _____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Experiment 7: Demonstration of Bernoulli’s effect using Venturi Apparatus with air &
water.
OBJECTIVES: To study of Bernoulli’s effect using Venturi Apparatus with air & water.

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment No. 07:
Demonstration of Bernoulli’s effect using Venturi Apparatus with air and

water.
Objective:
To record flow speed
Record flow pressure at four points.
Draw relationship between flow speed and pressure.
Equipment:
Venturi Apparatus,
Venturi Chamber Tubing (for both air and water)

Restriction Clamps (2)
Quick Connect Couplers
Basic Concept:
Bernoulli’s equation applies to the streamline flow of an incompressible fluid of density d with negligible
viscosity (internal friction). According to this equation, which is derived from the law of conservation of
energy, the quantity p + dhg + ½dv2 has the same value at all points in the motion of such a fluid, where p
is the absolute pressure, h is the height above an arbitrary reference level, and v is the fluid velocity. Thus
at the two locations 1 and 2
p1 + dgh1 + ½ dv12 = p2 + dgh2 + ½ dv2
Procedure:
The Venturi Apparatus has a channel with varying cross-section to study the relationship between flow
speed and pressure. The open design (2-D cross section) allows students to see inside and directly
measure all needed dimensions.
There are four built-in ports to attach pressure sensors to measure the pressure at four places along the
stream line simultaneously. Pressure changes caused by both fluid speed and viscosity (drag) can be
measured.
Experiment 8: Measurement of viscosity Venturi Apparatus with air and water.
OBJECTIVES: To study of viscosity Venturi Apparatus with air and water.

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment No. 08:
Measurement of viscosity Venturi Apparatus with air and water.
Objective:
To record flow speed
Record flow pressure at four points.
Draw relationship between flow speed and pressure.
Equipment:
Venturi Apparatus,
Quad Pressure Sensor,
Motion Sensor,
Quad Pressure Sensor
Water Reservoir.
PASPORT Interface
Procedure:
The Venturi Apparatus has a channel with varying cross-section to study the relationship between flow
speed and pressure. The open design (2-D cross section) allows students to see inside and directly
measure all needed dimensions.
There are four built-in ports to attach pressure sensors to measure the pressure at four places along the
stream line simultaneously. Pressure changes caused by both fluid speed and viscosity (drag) can be
measured.
Experiment 9: Calculating Pulmonary Functions using Spirometer

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment 09
Calculating Pulmonary Functions using Spirometer
Introduction:
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) is the process by which the body mechanically moves air into
and out of the lungs. A spirometer is an instrument that measures the amount of air that is moved during
pulmonary ventilation. A pulmonary function test (PFT) is a common clinical test that uses a spirometer
to measure how well a subject's lungs are working. During this test, a subject breaths through the
spirometer for several quiet breathing cycles and one forced breathing cycle. A comprehensive PFT may
include the measurements of four specific lung volumes and four specific lung capacities. Notice in the
Graph-1 that the first four lung volumes do not overlap:
1. Tidal volume (TV) is the volume of one breath, or the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs
during quiet breathing (breathing without effort).
2. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the amount of air moved out of the lungs during a forced
expiration, below the level of tidal expiration.
3. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the amount of air moved into the lungs during a forced
inspiration, above the level of tidal inspiration.
4. Residual volume (RV) is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a forced expiration.
This volume is not directly measurable using a spirometer, but it can be measured using other techniques.
It is typically 1.2 L for a 150 pound male subject.
5. Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1.0) is the volume of air moved out of the lungs
in the first second of a forceful expiration following a maximal inspiration. This is a valuable test for
pulmonary function, especially in cases of asthma or emphysema.
Graph-1
Lung Capacities involve sums of different lung volumes. There are four important measurable lung
capacities that pertain to pulmonary ventilation. Graph-2 shows Important Lung capacities.
1. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
(IC = TV+IRV).
2. Vital Capacity (VC) is the maximum movable amount of air contained by the lungs (VC =
TV+IRV+ERV).
3. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration
(FRC = RV+ERV). Because RV cannot be directly measured using a spirometer, FRC cannot be directly
measured. Volume measurements in this exercise assume a normal FRC of 2.5 liters.
1. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) is the total volume that the lungs can hold during a maximum
inspiration (TLC = RV+ERV+TV+IRV). Because it involves the residual volume, TLC cannot
be measured in spirometry.
Graph 2
Working Principle and Setup of Sensor:

When the test subject breathes through the mouthpiece, a screen in the
mouthpiece induces a minute resistance to the air flow. This resistance leads to
a pressure differential across the screen that is measured via two air lines that
lead to a differential pressure transducer in the electronics enclosure. The
Spirometer contains onboard reference data of differential pressures from
known flow rates (a non-linear relationship). It determines the test subject's
flow rate by comparing the measured differential pressure to the stored
reference data. It calculates volume exchanged by integrating the flow rate over
time.
Sensor Setup: Connect a mouthpiece to the handle; note the small pin on the
mouthpiece and the aligning notch on the handle. Connect the electronics
enclosure of the sensor to your PASPORT interface. When you remove a used mouthpiece, pull it straight
out from the handle without rocking or wiggling it.
Procedure and Data Collection:
1. Use a nose clip or have the test subject hold his or her nose to ensure that all breathing is done
through the mouth.
2. Hold the mouthpiece of the Spirometer stationary and away from air currents (including expired
air). Start data collection; note the flashing red WAIT indicator on the sensor. Wait until the green
READY indicator is illuminated before you move the mouthpiece or expose it to air currents.
3. After the green READY indicator has illuminated, place the tapered end of the mouthpiece
between the test subject’s front teeth with the lips creating a seal to ensure that all inspired and
expired air flows through the mouthpiece.
4. Have the test subject perform the following sequence of breathing:
• Breathe quietly for about four breaths.

• Perform a forced inspiration followed immediately by a maximum-effort forced
expiration.
• When performing the forced inspiration and expiration, the subject should try
to fill his or her lungs to maximum capacity, then exhale as fast and completely
as possible.
• Breath quietly for two breaths.
5. Stop data collection.
Interpretation of PFT Data Total Flow vs. Time
Total Flow is the net volume of air that flows out from the lungs through the Spirometer, equal to the total
expired volume minus the total inspired volume. View the graph of Total Flow vs. Time. Four specific
lung volumes and two lung capacities can be interpreted from this graph.
TASK1. Calculate the values of following 4 volumes and 2 capacities.
Tidal Volume (TV) is the volume of one breath, or the amount of air moved into and out of the
lungs during quiet breathing (breathing without effort).
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) is the amount of air moved out of the lungs during a forced
expiration, beyond the level of tidal expiration.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is the amount of air moved into the lungs during a forced
inspiration, beyond the level of tidal inspiration.
Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1.0) is the volume of air moved out of the
lungs in the first second of a forceful expiration following a maximal inspiration.
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal
expiration (IC = TV + IRV).
Vital Capacity (VC) is the maximum movable amount of air contained by the lungs (VC = TV
+ IRV + ERV).
Lung
Volume vs. Time
Lung Volume is the constantly-changing amount of air in the lungs. A spirometer can measure how it
changes, but cannot directly measure its absolute value. Lung volume can be calculated if one of two
specific absolute volumes, residual volume (RV) or functional residual capacity
(FRC), is known or estimated.
Residual volume (RV) is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a forced expiration. A
typical RV is 1.2 L.
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the amount of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration
(FRC = RV + ERV). A typical FRC is 2.5 liters.
The formula for Lung Volume is: Lung Volume = V0 - TotalFlow
V0 is the lung volume when the subject first starts to breathe through the Spirometer. Set V0 equal to the
subject's FRC, or 2.5 L. Once you have acquired data, you may need to adjust V0 so that the graph
reflects the subject's known or estimated FRC or RV.*
TASK 2 : Use the calculator tool on the capstone software to calculate and
graph a new variable “Lung Volume”.
Experiment 10: Calculating Lung Volume, Forced Expiratory Volume in one second
(FEV1.0) and forced Expiratory Volume 1% (FEV1%) using Spirometer
OBJECTIVES: To study Lung Volume, Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1.0)
and forced Expiratory Volume 1% (FEV1%) using Spirometer

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment 10
Calculating Lung Volume, Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1.0) and
forced Expiratory Volume 1% (FEV1%) using Spirometer
Introduction:
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) is the process by which the body mechanically moves air into
and out of the lungs. A spirometer is an instrument that measures the amount of air that is moved during
pulmonary ventilation. A pulmonary function test (PFT) is a common clinical test that uses a spirometer
to measure how well a subject's lungs are working. During this test, a subject breaths through the
spirometer for several quiet breathing cycles and one forced breathing cycle.
Setup and Protocol:
Sensor Setup: Connect a mouthpiece to the handle; note the small pin on the mouthpiece and the
aligning notch on the handle. Connect the electronics enclosure of the sensor to your PASPORT interface.
When you remove a used mouthpiece, pull it straight out from the handle without rocking or wiggling it.
Protocol and Data Collection:

1. Use a nose clip or have the test subject hold his or her nose to ensure that all breathing is done
through the mouth.
2. Hold the mouthpiece of the Spirometer stationary and away from air currents (including expired
air). Start data collection; note the flashing red WAIT indicator on the sensor. Wait until the green
READY indicator is illuminated before you move the mouthpiece or expose it to air currents.
3. After the green READY indicator has illuminated, place the tapered end of the mouthpiece
between the test subject’s front teeth with the lips creating a seal to ensure that all inspired and
expired air flows through the mouthpiece.
4. Have the test subject perform the following sequence of breathing:
• Breathe quietly for about four breaths.

• Perform a forced inspiration followed immediately by a maximum-effort
forced expiration.
• When performing the forced inspiration and expiration, the subject should
try to fill his or her lungs to maximum capacity, then exhale as fast and
completely as possible.
• Breath quietly for two breaths.
2. Stop data collection.
6. Walk briskly for 5 minutes/Do some light exercise to increase your breathing rate and breath
volume.
7. Repeat the experiment from step 1.
TASK 1 : Use the calculator tool on the capstone software to calculate and
graph “Lung Volume vs Time” derived from from “Total flow”.
TASK 2 : Find the value of FEV (1.0) and FEV(1%) for both resting and
excited respiration.
Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out after full inspiration,
measured in liters.
FEV1 is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in one second, after full inspiration.
FEV1/FVC (FEV1%) is the ratio of FEV1 to FVC. In healthy adults this should be approximately 70–
85% (declining with age)
Experiment 11: Study of Buoyant Force and Specific Heat of Different Materials
OBJECTIVES: To Study of Buoyant Force and Specific Heat of Different Materials

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

EXPERIMNT 11
Study of Buoyant Force and Specific Heat of Different Materials
Introduction:
Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.
Archimedes' principle indicates that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in
a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.
Archimedes' principle is a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics.
The specific heat, c, of a material is defined to be the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one gram of the material one degree Celsius.
In this experiment we will find out buoyant forces acting on different object using Archimedes’ principle
and also by finding upward forces acting on different object when they are submerged in water. Also we
will find Specific Heat of different materials.
Finding The Buoyant Force Using Archimedes' Principle
Archimedes' Principle states that the buoyant force on an object which is completely or partially
immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
For each of the objects, find the weight of the water displaced by each one:
1. Find the mass of the beaker. Put the beaker under the overflow can spout.
2. Pour water into the overflow can until it overflows into the beaker. Allow the water to stop
overflowing on its own and empty the beaker into the sink and return it to its position under the
overflow can spout without jarring the overflow can.
3. Tie a string onto each of the objects.
4. Gently lower the first object into the overflow can until it is completely submerged. Allow the
water to stop overflowing. Find the mass of the water plus beaker. Subtract the mass of the
beaker to determine the mass of the water alone. Multiply the mass by the acceleration due to
gravity to find the weight of the displaced water.
5. Repeat this procedure for the other objects. Also find the weight of the displaced water when only
half the brass cylinder is submerged.
6. List the objects in order from least buoyant force to greatest buoyant force. Is this in the same
order as the mass list, the volume list, or the density list? Are any of the buoyant forces nearly
the same? Why or why not?
Finding The Buoyant Force By Finding The Upward Force
Theory
When an object is submerged in a fluid, the apparent

weight of the object is less than the weight in air
because of the upward buoyant force (see Figure
1).Thus the buoyant force can be calculated by finding
the difference between the weight of the object in air
and the apparent weight of the object when it is
submerged in water.
Figure 1: Force Diagram
Procedure
1. Put the triple-beam balance on top of a stand as shown in Figure 2. Tie a string to the bottom of
the pan and put a paperclip hook on the end of the string. Zero the balance.
2. Hang the first object from the string. The balance will read the
same as when the object is placed on top of the pan. Multiply the
mass by the acceleration due to gravity.
3. While the object is still hanging from the balance, submerge the
object in a beaker of water so that the entire object is under
water but it is not touching the sides or bottom of the beaker.
Record the reading on the scale and multiply by gravity to get
the apparent weight. The scale reads in units of mass: Does the
mass of the object change when it is submerged in the water?
What actually changes?
Figure 2: Weighing in Water
4. Calculate the buoyant force by taking the difference between the weight in air and the weight in
water.
5. Repeat these steps for all the objects. Also, for the half-submerged brass cylinder, find the
apparent weight in the water when only half the cylinder is submerged. NOTE: The weight in air
of the brass cylinder is still the whole weight.
6. Compare the buoyant forces found by this method to those found using Archimedes' Principle.
Questions
1. In each case, is the buoyant force that was determined using the upward force equal to the weight
of the water displaced?
2. Which objects had the same buoyant force when submerged? Why?
3. For the plastic cylinder, what was the apparent weight in water?
4. How was the buoyant force for the totally submerged brass cylinder related to the buoyant force
for the half-submerged brass cylinder?
5. What does the buoyant force depend on: The mass of the object, or its volume, or its density, or
the material from which it is made?
Finding the Specific Heat of Different Objects/Materials.
Procedure
The specific heat, c, of a material is defined to be the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of
one gram of the material one degree Celsius. To measure this heat, the method of mixtures will be used.
The following procedure will be repeated for four objects (aluminum cylinder, aluminum block, brass
cylinder, and brass block):
1. Heat a beaker of water to boiling. While the water continues to boil, hang the object by a string so
that the object is completely submerged in the boiling water but it is not touching the bottom of
the beaker. Allow the object to come to equilibrium with the boiling water (wait about 2 minutes)
2. While waiting, find the mass of beaker of cold water into which the heated object can be
completely submerged. When the object has finished heating, record the temperature of the cold
water to the nearest tenth of a degree, then record the temperature of the boiling water, and
quickly transfer the heated object from the hot water to the cold water.
3. Watch the temperature of the cold water rise, stirring the water gently. After several minutes, the
temperature will peak out (above room temperature) and began to fall. Record this equilibrium
(peak) temperature to the nearest tenth of a degree.
4. After the equilibrium temperature has been reached, remove the object from the water and weigh
the water with the cup. Subtract the mass of the cup from the mass of the water with the cup and
record the mass of the water.
5. Calculate the change in temperature for the object:
TO = HOT TEMP - EQUILIBRIUM TEMP.
6. Calculate the change in temperature for the water:
TW = EQUILIBRIUM TEMP - COLD TEMP
7. When the object is cooled in the water, the heat lost by the object is equal to the heat gained by the
water because energy is conserved (neglecting any losses to the environment):
DQOBJECT = DQWATER
TO = TW
(mcT)OBJECT = (mcT)WATER
Solving for the specific heat of the object gives:
𝒎𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝐓𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

𝒄=
𝒎𝑶𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝐓𝑶𝒃𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕
Where CWATER is 1 cal/g °C.

Calculate the specific heat for the object and record the results
QUESTIONS
1. Do the two aluminum objects have the same specific heat?
2. Do the two brass objects have the same specific heat?
3. How does starting the cold water below room temperature minimize the effect of the losses to the
environment?
Experiment 12: Measurement of Blood Pressure Using Sphygmomanometer and

Differential Pressure Sensor.
OBJECTIVES: To study of Blood Pressure Using Sphygmomanometer and Differential

Pressure Sensor.

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment # 12
Measurement of Blood Pressure Using Sphygmomanometer and Differential

Pressure Sensor.
Introduction
Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood
vessels. This pressure is caused by the contraction of the heart and
by muscles that surround blood vessels. Blood pressure is always
highest in the two main arteries that leave the heart. Because the
pressure is usually a little higher in the left artery, blood pressure is
usually measured in the brachial artery supplying the left arm.
Blood pressure consists of two measurements: systolic and

diastolic pressure. It is represented as a ratio of systolic pressure
to diastolic pressure, for example 130/80 (“one-thirty over eighty”).
In most parts of the world, blood pressure is reported in millimeters

of mercury (mmHg).
Systolic pressure is the pressure of the blood on the artery walls

when it leaves the ventricles at peak ventricular contraction, when
the heart is emptying its chambers of blood. It is the "top number"
of the blood pressure ratio. Normal systolic pressure for a male is
approximately 120 mmHg and for females is approximately 110
mmHg.
Diastolic pressure is the pressure of the blood on the artery walls

when the ventricles relax and the heart's chambers fill with blood. It
is the "bottom number" of the blood pressure ratio. Normal
diastolic pressure for a male is approximately 80 mmHg and for
females is approximately 70 mmHg.
Systolic and diastolic pressures are affected by various biological

and environmental factors. For example, the salt in a person's diet
can cause the kidneys to change the amount of fluid in our blood,
resulting in changes in blood pressure. Diet, stress, exercise, body
position, drugs, hormonal changes and genetic factors can affect a person's blood pressure.
Measurement Using Sphygmomanometer
A sphygmomanometer, blood pressure meter or blood pressure gauge (also referred to as a

sphygmometer) is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to restrict
blood flow, and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure. It is always used in
conjunction with a means to determine at what pressure blood flow
is just starting, and at what pressure it is unimpeded. Manual
sphygmomanometers are used in conjunction with a stethoscope.
Cuff and Arm Placement
1. The subject should remove any constrictive clothing or jewelry

that may interfere with the cuff placement.
2. Locate the approximate position of the main artery (Brachial
artery) on the inside of your upper left arm by pressing with
your fingers near the inside edge of your biceps muscle about
five or ten centimeters (cm) above the elbow pit.
3. Partner 2 should help the subject wrap the cuff snugly around
the upper left arm above the elbow with the two tubes hanging
down (one on each side of the arm).
4. Lightly press the stethoscope's bell over the brachial artery just
below the cuff's edge.
5. Use the hook-and-pile material to hold the cuff in place.
Position the cuff's bottom edge at about 2.5 cm (one inch)
above the elbow pit.
6. Rotate the cuff as needed to position the arrow mark on the cuff
over the main artery (brachial artery) on the inside of your left
arm.
7. Sit without crossing your legs. Relax. Rest your left elbow and
forearm on a solid surface with your palm facing upward. The
cuff should be slightly lower than your heart.
8. Lightly press the stethoscope's bell over the brachial artery just below the cuff's edge.
9. Rapidly inflate the cuff to 180mmHg. Release air from the cuff at a moderate rate (3mm/sec).
10. Listen with the stethoscope and simultaneously observe the sphygmomanometer. The first knocking
sound (Korotkoff) is the subject's systolic pressure. When the knocking sound disappears, that is the
diastolic pressure (such as 120/80).
11. Record both of the the pressure readings.
Measurement Using Differential Pressure Sensor
Introduction
The Dual Pressure Sensor is capable

of reading up to two absolute
pressures, one differential pressure, or
one gauge pressure. Dynamic
variable over-sampling automatically
reduces measurement noise at low
sampling rates. Sample rates up to
1000 Hz make studies of both
transient and steady-state pressure
possible. The sensor measures
pressure in units of kPa, N/m2, and
pounds per square inch (psi).
Sensor Setup
To measure pressure in an apparatus, connect one or both of the pressure ports using the included tubing
and connectors. The way that you connect the Dual Pressure Sensor depends on whether you will measure
absolute pressure, differential pressure, or gauge pressure.
For Absolute Pressure The sensor can measure up to two absolute pressures simultaneously. One
connection is required for each measurement, and either of the pressure ports may be used.
For Differential Pressure The sensor measures differential pressure by determining the pressure
difference between ports 1 and 2. Differential Pressure is positive when the pressure in port 1 is higher
than port 2
For Gauge Pressure Gauge pressure is a special case of differential pressure in which port 2 is left
unconnected. The sensor measures the pressure difference between port 1 (connected to
the apparatus) and port 2 (left open to the atmosphere).
Data Collection
1. The subject should remove any constrictive clothing or jewelry that may interfere with the cuff
placement.
2. Locate the approximate position of the main artery (Brachial artery) on the inside of your upper left
arm by pressing with your fingers near the inside edge of your biceps muscle about five or ten
centimeters (cm) above the elbow pit.
3. Partner 2 should help the subject wrap the cuff snugly around the upper left arm above the elbow with
the two tubes hanging down (one on each side of the arm).
4. The subject should stay as still as possible during the blood pressure measurement. Do not talk or
move if possible. Make sure not to move your arm during measurement.
5. Partner 2 should press “Start” to begin data collection and then he or she should use the bulb to pump
air into the cuff.
3. Monitor the pressure in the Digits display. Rapidly inflate the cuff to 180mmHg. Release air from
the cuff at a moderate rate (3mm/sec).
7. When the cuff is deflated,
press “Stop” to end data
collection. After the
measurement is finished,
release the remaining air in
the cuff by release valve on
the bulb and holding it for
several seconds. You should
be able to hear air coming out
of the cuff.
8. Select a single data run.
Enlarge an area of the
pressure measurement
between 120 and 60 mmHg.
9. Identify when your data
begins to form ‘blips’ (small
bumps). This is your systolic
pressure.
10. Next, identify when your data
stops forming ‘blips’ (small
bumps). This is your diastolic pressure.
Experiment 13: Study the Flow of Fluids of different temperature and densities
OBJECTIVES: To Study the Flow of Fluids of different temperature and densities

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment # 13
To Study the Flow of Fluids of different temperature and densities
Surat Al-Furqān (The Criterian) – Ayat 53 - ‫سورة الفرقان‬
ِ‫الر ِح ِيم‬
َّ ‫ن‬ ِِ ‫الر ْح َٰم‬
َّ ‫ّللا‬ َِِّ ‫بِس ِِْم‬
‫ورا‬ ُ
ً ‫ب فُ َراتٌ َو َٰ َه َذا ِم ْل ٌح أ َجا ٌج َو َج َع َل َب ْي َن ُه َما َب ْرزَ ًخا َو ِح ْج ًرا َّم ْح ُج‬ َ ‫َو ُه َو الَّذِي َم َر َج ْال َب ْح َري ِْن َٰ َه َذا‬
ٌ ‫ع ْذ‬
It is He Who has let free the two bodies of flowing water: One palatable and sweet and the other salt
and bitter; yet has He made a barrier between them, a partition that is forbidden to be passed.
‫ يہ ہے ميٹها اور مزيدار اور‬،‫اور وہی ہے جس نے دو سمندر آپس ميں مال رکهے ہيں‬
‫ اور ان دونوں کے درميان ايک حجاب اور مضبوط اوٹ کردی‬،‫يہ ہے کهاری کڑوا‬
Introduction:
The Density Circulation Model consists of

two one-liter reservoirs connected by two
valves. Each reservoir has a milliliter (mL)
Scale on one side and a centimeter (cm)
scale on the other side for measuring
volume and depth. The reservoirs feature
pouring spouts on three sides.
When the valve handles are vertical, the
valves are closed. Turn a handle so it is
horizontal in order to open the valve.
Theory:
Together, temperature and salinity

determine the density of the water.
Density-driven circulation accounts for
90% of all the movement of water currents)
in the oceans. Water movement of this type
is also called thermohaline circulation.
Colder and saltier water is heavier than
warmer, fresher water. Differences in water
density generate slow moving currents due to the sinking of the colder, saltier water into deeper parts of
water and the displacement of lighter, less salty water upward. Dense water will sink until it reaches an
area of even denser water. The water will then spread horizontally as more water sinks behind it.
Procedure:
Temperature Differences
Prepare the chambers
• Start with the top and bottom valves closed on the Density Circulation Model.
• Add one liter of the ice cold water to one reservoir and add one liter of warm water to the other
reservoir. Stir the water in each chamber to make sure they are homogeneous.
• Add a few drops of food coloring to each reservoir. Stir if necessary.
• Allow the model to sit very still for a few minutes.
Observe and Record
1. Open the top and bottom valves to allow circulation.

2. Observe the movement of the more dense, cooler water and the less dense, warmer water.
3. Record what happens in both reservoirs.
Data Recording
Note: Data recording is easier if one person handles the Density Circulation Model and another person
handles the computer or data logger.
1. Put the temperature sensor in the warm water reservoir at the 10 cm depth.
2. Click or touch “Start” to begin data recording. Click or touch the “Keep” button to record the initial
temperature of the warm reservoir. Click or touch “Stop” to end data recording.
3. Record the value of the initial temperature of the warm reservoir in the Data section.
4. Move the temperature sensor to the cool reservoir and repeat the process to measure and record the
initial temperature of the cool reservoir.
5. Open the top valve and the bottom valve to allow circulation. Wait a few minutes.
6. Position the tip of the temperature sensor at the 20 cm mark of one of the reservoirs.
7. Click or touch “Start” to begin data recording.
8. Click or touch “Keep” to record the value of temperature at the 20 cm mark.
9. Move the temperature sensor so the tip is at the 19 cm mark of the reservoir. Wait a few seconds.
10. Click or touch “Keep” to record the value of temperature at the 19 cm mark
11. Continue the process until the tip of the temperature sensor is at the 1 cm mark. After recording the
value at the 1 cm mark, click or touch “Stop” to end data recording.
Salinity Differences
• Start with the top and bottom valves open. Add cool tap water to each reservoir until the water level is
at 1 liter for both. Close the top and bottom valves after you add the water.
• Add about 200 g of salt to one of the reservoirs. Use a stirring rod or long handle spoon to stir the salt
and water until all of the salt is dissolved. Follow the same procedure as for water.
1. Allow the model to sit very still for a few minutes. Add a few drops of food coloring to each reservoir.
2. Open the top and bottom valves to allow circulation.
3. Observe the movement of the more dense, saltier water and the less dense, fresh water.
Experiment 14: To model, measure and understand the complex density driven circulation
associated with heat transfer through convection using Density Circulation Model.
OBJECTIVES: To measure and understand the complex density driven circulation associated
with heat transfer through convection using Density Circulation Model.

knowledge
Calculation
Ability to 5 5
Experiment
Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Experiment No. 14:
To model, measure and understand the complex density driven circulation
associated with heat transfer through convection using Density Circulation
Model.
Objective:
Circulation Model allows students to model, measure and understand the complex density driven
circulation associated with heat transfer through convection. Students can recreate vertical ocean currents
driven by water bodies with density differences. They can extend this learning by using sensors to collect
data and create graphs showing the thermocline, halocline and pycnocline using a Salinity Sensor PS
Equipment:
Density Circulation Model

Salinity Sensor PS PS-2195
Stainless Steel Ptrobe
Proceedure:
With the valves closed (fig.1), two bodies of liquid can be created that differ in temperature, dissolved
materials, or other properties. When the valves are opened, a smooth flow of liquid occurs between the
chambers (fig. 2 & fig. 3). Minimal mixing occurs and clearly defined layers of liquid based on density
result (fig. 4).
Plot of temperature versus depth can be used to infer the mixing region. The rapid temperature change
occurs in the region where the two water bodies mix.
Fig 1 Fig 2 Fig 3

Fig 4

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Department of Biomedical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering & Applied Sciences

Program: B.Sc. Biomedical Engineering Semester: IV

Experiment No: 12 Measurement of Blood Pressure Using Sphygmomanometer and Differential

To model, measure and understand the complex density driven circulation

Program: B.Sc. Biomedical Engineering Semester: IV

S.No Date Title of Experiments Marks Signature

Program: B.Sc. Biomedical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject BM-234 Biofluid Mechanics Date: …………….

Experiment 1: Density measurement of an unknown fluid

OBJECTIVES: To study Density measurement of a unknown fluid

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

Density measurement of an unknown fluid

1. Find the mass of an empty graduated cylinder. ...

1) Find the mass of the empty graduated cylinder.

4) Repeat steps 1-3 for unknown liquid #2.

Given: Mass of empty graduated cylinder =

Mass of graduated cylinder with unknown liquid #1=

a) Mass of just the liquid = ____

Given: Mass of empty graduated cylinder =

Mass of graduated cylinder with unknown liquid #2=

a) Mass of just the liquid = ____

Check your answers by inserting the value in the box below.

Densities for some common liquids are:

Substance Density (gm/cu.cm)

Cooking oil 0.92

Sea Water 1.025

Carbon tetrachloride 1.58

Program: B.Sc. Biomedical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject BM-234 Biofluid Mechanics Date: …………….

Experiment 2: Viscosity measurement of liquids

OBJECTIVES: To study Viscosity measurement of liquids

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

Viscosity measurement of a liquids

1. I .Take a viscometer and fix it in a stand in upright position

Observation and Calculation:

Liquid Time of flow Density g/cm3

Program: B.Sc. Biomedical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject BM-234 Biofluid Mechanics Date: …………….

Experiment 3: Demonstration of pressure change using a Bell Jar

OBJECTIVES: To study of pressure change using a Bell Jar

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

Demonstration of pressure change using a Bell Jar

What is the vacuum?

What happens to human body if it is placed in a vacuum chamber?

Program: B.Sc. Biomedical Engineering Semester: IV

Subject BM-234 Biofluid Mechanics Date: …………….

Experiment 4: Expansion of balloon under vacuum

OBJECTIVES: To study effect of external vacuum on object

Performance Lab Report

Description Total Marks Description Total Marks

Remarks (if any): ………………………………….

Name & Signature of faculty: …………………………………

Expansion of balloon under vacuum