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University of Bahrain

College of Engineering

Department of mechanical engineering

University of Bahrain

College of Engineering

Department of mechanical engineering

INVESTEGATING THE EFFECT OF CARBON CONTENT ON


DUCTILITY
At the department of mechanical engineering

BY :

1. YOUSIF A.GHAFFAR AL SHARIFA ID : 20183758


2. EBRAHIM HALEEM GROOF ID : 20183344
3. HAMAD AHMED MERZA ID :20183197
4. MAHMOOD EBRAHIM ID :20183776
5. MAHMOOD SALEH ALTARAIF ID :20186631

Submitted to:

Dr. FAWZI ALABBASI

Semester 1, 2019.

I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... II
1. INTRODUCTION:........................................................................................................ 1
1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Objective .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Hypothesis ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.4. Tensile Test ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.4.1. Stress: ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.4.2. Strain: ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.5. Ductility :........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. EQUIPMENTS.............................................................................................................. 2
3. MATERIALS OF SPECIMEN ..................................................................................... 2
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE ................................................................................ 3
5. SAFETY PRECUSSIONS ............................................................................................. 3
6. RESULTS...................................................................................................................... 4
7. DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................ 6
8. WAYS TO IMPROVE THE TEST: .............................................................................. 6
9. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 6
10. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 7

List of figures
Figure 1:Round Specimen .............................................................................................................. 2
Figure 2:stress & strain digram for low carbon steel. ................................................................... 4
Figure 3:stress & strain digram for high carbon steel .............................................................. 5

List of tables
Table 1:Dimension Of The Specimen .......................................................................................... 2
Table 2:low carbon Steel Specimen Data.................................................................................... 4
Table 3:High carbon steel Specimen Data .................................................................................. 5

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1. INTRODUCTION:
1.1. Background
One of the design requirement, in the engineering fields is the ductility of a material selected for
the application. Studying the mechanical properties of the different materials, help to segregate
the different material in term of strength, ductility, hardness, toughness and other characteristic.
To explore the mechanical properties of metals, it needs material testing and experiment.

1.2. Objective
The purpose of this report, is to investigate, the effect of carbon content on ductility of two
different materials, Low carbon steel and High carbon specimens, through an understanding of
Stress- Strain Relationship Curve, analyze the data to obtain the necessary mechanical properties
result from it, and perform comparison between the two materials.

1.3. Hypothesis
Increasing carbon content on the material will decrease the ductility. Ductility is one of the most
important properties, especially in designing machine elements, by knowing the ductility of a
material, it can be used to avoid any catastrophic failures. Ductility depends on the resistance of
material to plastic deformation up to fracture by comparing through different amount of carbon
and observing it effect on stress strain diagram

1.4. Tensile Test


Tensile test is a method used to measure different properties of any material by giving a static
load on uniaxial direction of the specimen. Definition and Equation

1.4.1. Stress:
The engineering stress () used in this stress-strain curve is the average longitudinal stress in the
tensile specimen. It is obtained by dividing the load (P) by the original area of the cross section
of the specimen (Ao):

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴𝑜

1.4.2. Strain:
The strain, () used for the engineering stress strain curve is the average linear strain, which is
obtained by dividing the elongation of the gage length of the specimen (L) by its original length
:

∆𝑙 𝑙 − 𝑙𝑜
𝜖= =
𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜

1
1.5. Ductility:
Ductility is the measure of the degree of plastic deformation shown by the material before
fracture. Ductility is one of the most important properties, especially in designing machine
elements, by knowing the ductility of a material, it can be used to avoid any catastrophic failures.
Ductility is measured quantitatively as persent elongation (%𝐸𝑙) and percent reduction of area
(%𝑅𝑂𝐴) :

∆𝑙 𝑙 − 𝑙𝑜
%𝐸𝑙 = 𝑥100 = 𝑥100
𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜

−∆𝐴 𝐴𝑜 − 𝐴
%𝑅𝑂𝐴 = 𝑥100 = 𝑥100
𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑜

2. EQUIPMENTS
The two specimens (Low carbon steel and High carbon) will take form of a round rod. The test
will be performed by placing the two specimens under a “universal testing machine”, The
specimen will be connected to a fixed jaw and adjustable crosshead. The machine will exert a
tensile load on the specimen causing it to extend. The load exerted to create each increment of
the extension is displaced on the machine along with the total extension. For this tests the force
exerted for every 10 seconds is to be recorded to stand on the increment of extension.

3. MATERIALS OF SPECIMEN
Low carbon steel and High carbon steel specimens will be used in the experiment, in accordance
to the ASTM standard, the dimensions of the specimen of tensile test is as follows:

Item Size in mm Illustration


The reduced section 50
A
The diameter D 6
The large diameter 10
The gauge length G 36
The radius R, 10
Figure 1:Round Specimen
Overall length 70
Diameter D : gauge 1:4 Source: - William D. Callister, Jr. and David G.
length G Rethwisch, Materials Science and Engineering- An
Introduction, 9th ed. USA: Wiley, October 2013.

Table 1:Dimension Of The Specimen

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4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
a) Dimension of the Low carbon steel and High carbon pieces has been taken using the Vernier
calipers, to ensure compliance with ASTM E8 &E8M, they were both measured in term of
diameter 6mm and gauge length 50mm.

b) The machine vices were adjusted to fit the specimen, and fix the extensometers on the
reduced sections of the gage specimen. To read any change in length.

c) Ensure that the computer reader is on, and it is set to deal with the selected specimen on the
software, i.e. with Low carbon steel and High carbon.

d) Adjust reader to zeroing on universal tensile machine load cell, and make sure to set it, to
measure only the tensile load on each specimen inserted.

e) Ensure the data will be recorded and properly save, so it can be retrieved for calculation and
plotting of the graphs.

f) Results will be compared based on stress strain diagram and on the results from the
experiment

5. SAFETY PRECUSSIONS
 Make sure to use personal protective equipment’s and devices (PPE) such as safety gloves,
safety goggles and safety boots.

 Do not operate or work at unsafe speed, and always make sure the machine shields are in
place.

 Make sure to use the proper tools and standarised.


 Not to leave the machine ON.
 Make sure to have safe distance between you and the machine.

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6. RESULTS
After measuring the original length and diameter, which will be used for normalization. After
that, every 10 seconds the legnth and the diameter will be measured again to find the change in
length and the final diameter to calculate %EL and %ROA to stand in the change in the cross
sectional area.

Time(s) Diameter Area L %EL %ROA Force Stress Strain


(mm) (mm2) (mm) (N) (Pa)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Table 2:low carbon Steel Specimen Data.

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Stress (MPa)

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Strain

Figure 2:stress & strain diagram for low carbon steel.

Description :
Results are represented in the figure above.

4
Time(s) Diameter Area L %EL %ROA Force Stress Strain
(mm) (mm2) (mm) (N) (Pa)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70

Table 3:High carbon steel Specimen Data

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Stress (MPa)

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Strain (mm/mm)

Figure 3:stress & strain diagram for high carbon steel

Description :
Results are represented in the figure above.

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7. DISCUSSION
By comparing between the two elements based on the hypothesis. The low carbon steel will have
more ductility than the high carbon steel because carbon atoms makes the material harder and
resist plastic deformation which makes the material less ductile . Also, based on the stress - strain
diagram one will cover more area than the another which means one will be more ductile than
the other, and that will support the hypothesis. The carbon content in high carbon steels
drastically reduces ductility compared to low carbon steels, as of which the %EL in high carbon
steel will be less than the %EL in low carbon steel.

8. WAYS TO IMPROVE THE TEST:


 Usage of extensometer for more accurate results.
 Stiffer grips for resistance to deformation.

9. CONCLUSION

To conclude, high carbon steel is expected to be less ductile than low carbon steel due to the role
of carbon content affecting the ductility.

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10. REFERENCES

[1] Designation: E 8/E 8M – 08, Standard, Test Methods For Tension Testing of Metallic
Materials. USA Publisher ASM international.

[2] William D. Callister, Jr. and David G. Rethwisch, Materials Science and Engineering-
An Introduction, 9th ed. USA: publisher Wiley, October 2013.

[3] J.R. Davis, Tensile Testing. Second Edition. Edited by Davis & Associates, publisher
ASM International

[4] Barry G, and James Gere, Mechanics of Materials , 9th ed. USA: publisher Cencagey,
2013.

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