UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA

MICROWAVE ACTIVE DEVICES

ASSIGNMENT#01

SUBMITTED TO:
Respected Sir,

SUBMITTED BY:
Esha Sameen
17-ME-12

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 Table of Contents

Title Page ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 3
2 Test Apparatus and Instruments .................................................................. 3
3 Experiment Steps ......................................................................................... 3
4 Data Procession ........................................................................................... 3
5 Results ......................................................................................................... 4
6 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 4

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 1. Introduction:
As per with the increasing demand of energy, different methods of energy production have
been invented. Among them nuclear reactors provide maximum energy. In a nuclear fusion
reactor, usually chain reactions occur, and a large amount of energy is produced from fast
moving neutrons. A fusion reactor which is self sufficient in its fuel is most economic. A tritium
fueled fusion reactor can be commercially applicable if we become able to maintain tritium
production and fast neutrons. For this purpose, blankets are installed. The best cooling media
for a blanket is water. There are different types of blankets with respect to their cross-section.
In recent years, research is done using rectangular channel. This research paper will work on
square channel blanket. There are two types of circulations, natural and forced. Forced
circulations need pumps and fans but natural circulation do not need any machinery. Natural
circulation can be a great help to reduce accidents. This paper deals with study of natural
circulation in blanket and different factors involved in it. A fusion reactor can be very explosive
if not maintained properly. Natural circulation can help in reducing hazards and accidents.
Some useful correlations previously worked upon by different researchers are:
 Shah and Sadatomi correlations for friction coefficient
 Dittus-Boelter and Gnielinski correlation for Nusselt number
2. Test apparatus and instrument:
A test loop is built for experimentation. It consists of the primary loop system, primary coolant
system, power supply system, measurement system, and other auxiliaries.
i. Primary loop system: Essential framework of a primary loop system consists of shield
pump, pressurizer, thermal exchanger and some relevant pipes.to minimize the effect
of ions on experimental results, deionized water is utilized. Valves, power supply and
other accessories, each performing different functions are installed. Test section is
thermally insulated to minimize heat loss.
ii. Primary coolant system: It is installed to remove unwanted heat from the system. It
consists of a centrifugal pump and cooling tower. A secondary coolant is also used to
cool primary coolant.
iii. The measurement system: It consists of different measuring devices like flow meter
and ammeters, each installed to measure relevant parameter. Accuracy of these
instruments is mentioned in table.
3. Experiment Steps:
Any shortcomings in the test loop or data acquisition system should be checked using nitrogen
cylinder. A graph between Reynold number and friction coefficient is obtained in forced
circulation resistance experiment. Different parameters for forced and natural circulation are
adjusted to measure temperatures and mass flow for both.

4. Data procession:
This section describes the experimental test details along with the detailed information about
the apparatus used in the given experiment which shows that the first pressure measuring point
is 50 times the length of equivalent diameter from inlet, so the flow is assumed to be fully
developed and also pointed the importance of installing the two valve points to exhaust the gas
in press leading tube for measuring the pressure drop of press leading points. Moreover , some

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of the important parameters are discussed along with their specified equations including
Friction Coefficient (f), Heat Flux, Inner Wall Temperature (𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 ), Fluid Temperature (𝑇𝑓 )
and Nusselt Number Average.
Whereas, the Friction Coefficient (f) can be calculated according to the Darcy–Weisbach
correlation if mass flow (M, kg/h), the length of P1 to P2 (𝐿𝑇 , m), and inner diameter of square
section (D, m) are known while ignoring the acceleration pressure drop in case of single-phase
flow.
Heat flux (q,W/𝑚2 ) of inner surface can be calculated through the equation formed by the
different variables given as Q which is the heat power (W), F is the heat transfer area of inner
surface (𝑚2 ), U is the voltage on the experiment section (V), and I is the electric current on the
experiment section (A) and a thermal efficiency (η).
Inner Wall Temperature (𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 ), can be calculated by 1-D flat plate thermal conductivity
model with inner heat source. It is noted that when the temperature changes, the thermal
conductivity also changes while maintaining the correlation of thermal conductivity of stainless
steel and temperature .
Fluid temperature (in the position of every thermocouple) can be calculated according to the
principle of thermal equilibrium while the heat taken away by fluid is equal to the heat
generated by inner surface, While the Heat transfer coefficient(h) and Nusselt Number Average
can be calculated by the equations containing the mean value of thermal conductivity of fluid
in given test tube.

5. Results:
The relation between Reynold number and friction coefficient for different regions including
laminar and turbulent region separately, the heat transfer for forced circulation in those regions
and natural circulation mass flow are obtained as the result of the above experimentation and
data procession for the square channel of 8x8mm2 cross section.The resultant equations of
relation between Reynold number and friction coefficient are:
For laminar region:
f = 58/Re
for turbulent region:
f = 0.09863Re−0.132
the value of Nusselt number is greater for heat transfer for forced circulation, as compared to
natural circulation. Natural circulation mass flow mainly depends upon heat and system
pressure.

6. Conclusion:
On the basis of our experimentations it can be concluded that natural circulation mass flow
varies directly with heat and inversely with system pressure. Natural circulation has less effect
than forced circulation. Experimental results will help in future designing of safe water-cooled
fusion blanket and fusion reactor.