Classification, Structure, and Solidification of Materials

1- Four Main Categories. Although there are a number of ways to classify materials, engineering
materials are often divided into four groups: metals, ceramics, semiconductors, and
polymers.

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COMPOSITES

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COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS
- By definition, an atom is the smallest part of an element that retains the properties of that
element
- A molecule is the smallest part of the compound.
- The nucleus is relatively stationary and very small, about 10–14 m
- Both protons and electrons have an equal magnitude of electrical charge of 1.60 × 10–19 C

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(coulombs), but the charge of electrons is considered negative (–1.60 × 10 –19 C) while that
of protons is positive (+1.60 × 10–19 C).

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ATOMIC NUMBER, ATOMIC MASS, MOLECULAR MASS

1- Atomic Number. The atomic number, referred to as the Z-number, is the number of
protons in the nucleus. For a neutral atom—that is, completely without missing
electrons— the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. This atomic
number ranges in integers from 1 for hydrogen to 92 for uranium, the highest of naturally
occurring elements. It is given in the top of each square in the periodic table of elements,
as shown in Figure 2.14.

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Polymer , Ceramics and Composites

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CASTING

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