Saif Eddin Sayed Ahmed - University of Jordan

The University School of
of Jordan Engineering
The Structural Design of Deir Al-Kahf School
A capstone project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement

for the degree of B. Sc. in civil engineeing
Done by:
Abd Elrahman Homsi, 0145050

Saif Eddin Sayed Ahmed, 2130044
Sawsan Kanaan, 0144050
Supervised by:
Dr. Mu’tasim Abdel-Jaber
Submitted to
The Civil Engineering Department
May 2018
I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We owe our deepest gratitude to our supervisor, Dr. Mu’tasim Abdel-Jaber, for his
immense knowledge, expertise and his patient guidance.
We are thankful for our heads of departments and the Dean of the School of Engineering;
without your support, this work would not have been accomplished.
Last but not least, we would like to extend our heartiest appreciation towards all of our
professors for their encouragement and all the learning opportunities that they have
provided during our five-year study.
II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Because educational systems are highly affected by the physical infrastructure provided,
well-designed and constructed school buildings play a vital role in producing a healthy
learning environment for students.
This report details an engineering structural design project undertaken by Civil

Engineering undergraduate students at the University of Jordan. The goal of the project is
to design a school building of two floors accompanied by a theatre taking into account the
practicality and simplicity of construction. The school is located in Almafraq, Jordan and it
has a total built area of 1544m2. The design took several constraints into consideration,
and while conforming to the Jordanian and ACI codes, these constraints have been the
controlling factors in decision making. The constraints of importance are safety, economy,
and practicality in the stages of construction and maintenance.
The design was performed with the aid of today’s advanced practices and software.
ETABS, SAP2000, SAFE, and REVIT were used in the design and detailing of the various
members of the project. First of all, loads were calculated based on the Jordanian code and
then according to these loads, alternatives were set for the slabs of the building and the
theatre. After selecting the most suitable alternative based on preliminary calculations, a
model of the structure was first drawn on ETABS, and values of moments and loads were
found to design the beams, columns, and walls. Excel sheets were constructed to make the
process of calculations, repetitions, and iterations easier. SAP2000 was used to analyze
models of the slabs, stairs, and theatre frames. Loads from the structure were then exported
from ETABS to SAFE in order to check the design of columns. Finally, the building was
modeled on REVIT and various sections were taken from the model to show the detailing
of members.
Efforts were put to analyze the most minor of details, and sections were checked and
changed repetitively throughout the lifetime of the design. The final result was a complete
design that is surely safe, economical, practical, and user friendly.
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... II
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ III
List of Figures .................................................................................................................... VII
List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ X
Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 2
1.1.1 Civil Engineering ............................................................................................ 2
1.1.2 Structural Engineering..................................................................................... 2
1.1.3 Structural Design ............................................................................................. 2
1.2 Project Description ................................................................................................. 4
1.2.1 Floors’ Areas and Heights ............................................................................... 4
1.2.2 Structural System ............................................................................................ 4
1.2.3 Materials’ Properties ....................................................................................... 4
1.2.4 Computer Aided Design .................................................................................. 4
1.3 Objective ................................................................................................................. 5
1.4 Scope of Work ........................................................................................................ 5
1.5 Standards and Codes ............................................................................................... 6
1.5.1 Design Codes ................................................................................................... 6
1.5.2 Design Documents .......................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2: Planning .............................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Phase 1 .................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Phase 2 .................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Phase 3 .................................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Part One (Conceptual Design): ....................................................................... 9
2.3.2 Part Two (Actual Design): .............................................................................. 9
2.4 Phase 4 .................................................................................................................. 10
2.5 Phase 5 .................................................................................................................. 10
Chapter 3: Design Alternatives .......................................................................................... 11
3.1 School Building .................................................................................................... 12
3.1.1 Conceptual Design ........................................................................................ 12
3.1.2 Preliminary analysis (both alternatives) ........................................................ 14
IV
3.1.3 Selection Criteria and Decision Making ....................................................... 16
3.2 School Theatre ...................................................................................................... 17
3.2.1 Alternative One (Waffle Slab System) .......................................................... 17
3.2.2 Alternative Two (Frame System) .................................................................. 19
3.2.3 Selection Criteria and Decision Making ........................................................... 22
Chapter 4: Project Design .................................................................................................. 23
4.1 Constraints ............................................................................................................ 24
4.2 Loads Calculations ............................................................................................... 25
4.2.1 Introduction to Loads .................................................................................... 25
4.3 Slab Design ........................................................................................................... 29
4.3.1 Introduction to Slabs ..................................................................................... 29
4.3.2 School Building Slab Design ........................................................................ 30
4.3.3 School Theatre Slab Design .......................................................................... 34
4.4 Beam Design......................................................................................................... 37
4.4.1 Introduction to Beams ................................................................................... 37
4.4.2 School Building Beam Design ...................................................................... 38
4.4.3 School Theatre Beam Design ........................................................................ 44
4.5 Column Design ..................................................................................................... 47
4.5.1 Introduction to Columns................................................................................ 47
4.5.2 School Building Column Design ................................................................... 49
4.5.3 School Theatre Column Design .................................................................... 54
4.6 Staircase Design ................................................................................................... 57
4.6.1 Introduction to Stairs ..................................................................................... 57
4.6.2 Staircase Design ............................................................................................ 59
4.7 Shear Wall Design ................................................................................................ 61
4.7.1 Introduction to Shear Walls........................................................................... 61
4.7.2 Design of Shear Wall .................................................................................... 62
4.8 Foundation Design ................................................................................................ 64
4.8.1 Introduction to Foundations .......................................................................... 64
4.8.2 School Building Foundation Design ............................................................. 68
4.8.3 School Theatre Foundation Design ............................................................... 74
Summary ............................................................................................................................. 80
V
References ........................................................................................................................... 81
Appendices .......................................................................................................................... 82
Appendix A...................................................................................................................... 82
Appendix B .................................................................................................................... 129
VI
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 - Design Stages ....................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2 - ETABS Model ...................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3 - WBS ..................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 4 - One-Way Solid Slab ........................................................................................... 12
Figure 5- One-Way Ribbed Slab ......................................................................................... 13
Figure 6 - Tee Section (SAP2000) ...................................................................................... 14
Figure 7 - Rectangular Section (SAP2000) ......................................................................... 14
Figure 8 - Moment Diagram (Ribbed) ................................................................................ 15
Figure 9 - Moment Diagram (Solid) ................................................................................... 15
Figure 10 - Manual Calculations (Ribbed) Using Excel ..................................................... 15
Figure 11 - Waffle Slab ....................................................................................................... 17
Figure 12 - Waffle Rib Dimensions .................................................................................... 17
Figure 13 - Frame System ................................................................................................... 19
Figure 14 - Frame Beam X-Section .................................................................................... 19
Figure 15 - Frame Shear Diagram ....................................................................................... 20
Figure 16 - Loads Plan (Done on AutoCAD) ..................................................................... 26
Figure 17 - One and Two-Way Slabs (Nilson) ................................................................... 29
Figure 18 - Sample Slab ...................................................................................................... 30
Figure 19 - Rib Dimensions (SAP2000) ............................................................................. 30
Figure 20- Distributed Load (Ribbed Slab) ......................................................................... 31
Figure 21 - Bending Moment (Ribbed Slab) ....................................................................... 31
Figure 22 - Manual Calculation of As (Ribbed Slab) using Excel ...................................... 32
Figure 23 - Theatre Slab Detailing ...................................................................................... 36
Figure 24 - Beams Scheme.................................................................................................. 38
Figure 25- Bending Moment Diagram (B6, 9, 10, 20) using ETABS ................................ 38
Figure 26 - Negative Moment Calculation (Excel) ............................................................. 41
Figure 27 - School Building Beam Detailing ...................................................................... 42
Figure 28 - Shear Force Diagram (B6, 9, 10, 20) using ETABS ........................................ 42
Figure 29 - Theatre Beam X-section ................................................................................... 44
Figure 30 – Frame Moments and Shear .............................................................................. 45
Figure 31 - Section A-A ...................................................................................................... 46
Figure 32 - Section B-B ...................................................................................................... 46
Figure 33- Bracing Systems ................................................................................................ 47
Figure 34 - Column Interaction Diagram ............................................................................ 47
Figure 35 - C313 (Placed horizontally) ............................................................................... 49
Figure 36 - Alignment Chart (Non-Sway Frames) .............................................................. 51
Figure 37 - Shear Force Diagram for C313 using ETABS ................................................. 51
Figure 38 – School Building Beam Detailing ..................................................................... 53
Figure 39- Theatre Column Detailing ................................................................................. 56
Figure 40 - Section E-E ....................................................................................................... 56
Figure 41 – Plan views of various types of stairs ................................................................ 57
Figure 42 - Stair Case (technical terms) .............................................................................. 58
VII
Figure 43 - Stairs Dimensions ............................................................................................. 59
Figure 44 - Stairs Model (SAP)........................................................................................... 60
Figure 45 - Typical Section In Stairs .................................................................................. 60
Figure 46 - Types of Shear Walls........................................................................................ 61
Figure 47- Spread Footings ................................................................................................. 65
Figure 48 - Wall Footing ..................................................................................................... 65
Figure 49 - Combined Footing ............................................................................................ 65
Figure 50 - Strap Foundation .............................................................................................. 66
Figure 51- Raft Foundation ................................................................................................. 66
Figure 52 - Pile Caps ........................................................................................................... 67
Figure 53 - School Building Footing Detailing ................................................................... 73
Figure 54 - School Building Footing (Top View) ............................................................... 73
Figure 55 – Footing (hs, hc) ................................................................................................ 75
Figure 56 - Top view of Theatre Footing ............................................................................ 75
Figure 57 - Theatre Foundation (Front View) ..................................................................... 78
Figure 58 - Development Lengths of Theatre Footing ........................................................ 79
Figure 59 - Section D-D ...................................................................................................... 79
Figure 60 - Section C-C ...................................................................................................... 80
Figure 61 - Building Divisions ............................................................................................ 82
Figure 62 - Ribbed slab reinforcement of building “1” ground floor ................................. 83
Figure 63 - Ribbed slab reinforcement of building “1” second floor .................................. 84
Figure 65 - Ribbed slab reinforcement of building “2” second floor.................................. 86
Figure 70 - Beams Labels.................................................................................................... 91
Figure 71 - Continuous Beam Detailing ........................................................................... 108
Figure 72 - Continuous Beam Dimensions ....................................................................... 108
Figure 73 - Beam X-Section.............................................................................................. 109
Figure 74 - Columns Labels .............................................................................................. 110
Figure 75 - Shear Check For Building Column ................................................................ 111
Figure 76 - Column Detailing (C1, C2) ............................................................................ 111
Figure 79 – Typical School Footings, Building (Right), Theatre (Left). .......................... 128
Figure 80 - Footings Reinforcement (Top View) .............................................................. 128
Figure 81 - Moment Diagram (Theatre Slab) .................................................................... 129
Figure 82 - Load Transfer to Theatre Beams .................................................................... 129
Figure 83 - Theatre Column Interaction Diagram ............................................................. 131
Figure 84 - Geotechnical Info. 1 ....................................................................................... 136
Figure 85 - Geotechnical Info.2 ........................................................................................ 137
VIII
Figure 86 - Geotechnical Info.3 ........................................................................................ 138
Figure 87 - free body diagram analysis the moments (Foundation) ................................. 139
Figure 88 - Footing Shear (Theatre) .................................................................................. 139
Figure 89 - qu and qmax Under Footing (Theatre) ........................................................... 140
Figure 90 - Bearing Strength Check .................................................................................. 141
Figure 91 - Ribbed Iterations ............................................................................................ 141
Figure 92 - Theatre Plan .................................................................................................... 142
Figure 93 - Free body diagram analysis (Frame) .............................................................. 143
Figure 94 - Moment and Shear Diagram (Frame) ............................................................. 143
Figure 95- Theatre Column Detailing ............................................................................... 144
Figure 96 - Shear Check (Theatre) .................................................................................... 145
IX
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 - Floors' Areas and Heights ...................................................................................... 4
Table 2 - SuperImposed Dead Loads Calculation ............................................................... 27
Table 3 - Live Loads (Jordanian Code) ............................................................................... 28
Table 4 - Snow Load with Elevation (Jordanian Code) ...................................................... 28
Table 5 - Minimum Thicknesses of Theatre Slab ............................................................... 34
Table 6 - Limitations of Moments and Shears Coef's ......................................................... 35
Table 7 - SuperImposed Loads (Stairs) ............................................................................... 59
Table 8 - Loads on Theatre Foundation .............................................................................. 74
Table 9 - Footing Alternatives ............................................................................................ 76
Table 10 - Reinforcement of Beams.................................................................................... 92
Table 11 - Reinforcement of Columns .............................................................................. 113
Table 12 - Moment Distribution 1 (Frame Analysis) ........................................................ 130
Table 13 - Moment Distribution 2 (Frame Analysis) ....................................................... 133
X
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background
1.1.1 Civil Engineering

A professional engineering discipline that is concerned with the design, construction,
planning, management and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment. It
focuses on the improvement of civil society through the application of scientific
knowledge.
Fields involved are: Structural Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering,

Geotechnical Engineering, Transportation Engineering and many others.
1.1.2 Structural Engineering

Structural engineering is the discipline which deals with the identification of the loads that
a structure may experience over its useful life. It is concerned with the determination of a
suitable arrangement of structural members, the selection of materials and the dimensions
of these members.
Moreover, this discipline deals with the observation of the structure as it is being
assembled and possibly also over its entire life.
1.1.3 Structural Design

Designing a structure requires taking into account its safety, serviceability and esthetics
while considering a few constraints like operational and economic constraints. (Hibbeler,
2012)
Structural design is a systematic investigation of stability, strength and rigidity of

structures with the outcome of dimensioning the structure’s elements to resist the loads the
structure experiences throughout its lifetime.
When we start designing a structure that will serve a particular function for public use, two
requirements shall be satisfied in conventional structural design: safety and serviceability.
2
Safety relates to extreme loadings which usually have a low probability of happening, on
the order of 2% during the structure’s life and is mainly concerned with the collapse of the
structure (major damaging) where priority is given to ensuring sufficient structural
integrity so that sudden collapse is avoided. (Connor & Faraji, 2016)
Serviceability requires that deflections and cracks must be kept to tolerant limits (Arthur
H. Nilson, 2010). It, in fact, relates to medium and large loadings which have higher
probabilities of occurrence throughout the structure’s lifetime. For service loadings, the
structure should remain operational and should handle minimal damage.
1.1.3.1 Design Stages
Structural design stages are illustrated through Figure 1 - Design Stages as follows:
Analysis of Detailing,
Application of
Structural internal forces, drawing
loads to be Member Design
Planning stresses and and
resisted
deflections scheduling
Figure 1 - Design Stages
3
1.2 Project Description
The school is located in ‘’Deir Al-Kahf’’ village in Mafraq, Jordan near the Syrian borders.
1.2.1 Floors’ Areas and Heights
The school consists of two floor and it is accompanied by a theatre:

Table 1 - Floors' Areas and Heights
Floor Height (m) Area (m2)

Ground 3.9 1254
First 3.9 1254
Theatre 5.0 290
1.2.2 Structural System
The school building and the theatre are constructed using a building frame system, with shear
walls resisting the lateral loading.
1.2.3 Materials’ Properties
Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building construction materials in almost
every country. Reinforced concrete is more dominant in some countries than others and is
efficiently used as a structural material in engineered construction.
Materials used in this project are of these properties:
 Concrete: fc`= 28 MPa, Ec=24,870 MPa
 Rebars: fy= 420 MPa, Es=200,000 MPa
 γRC= 24.5 kN/m3
 Soil bearing capacity = 3 kg/cm2
1.2.4 Computer Aided Design

The computer applications used in this project are:
4
• Autodesk AutoCAD
• Autodesk Revit
• CSI ETABS
• CSI SAFE
• Microsoft Excel
• SAP2000
1
1.2.4.1 ETABS Model
Figure 2 - ETABS Model
1.3 Objective
Our main objective is to produce an educational institution of structural integrity. Built to

be safe, simply designed and of practical use. Comprehensiveness and ease of use are
primarily taken into account during each phase of the design.
Almost all schools in such areas suffer from students’ congestion and are, as a result,
exposed to high service live loading. Our end product overcame this problem.
1.4 Scope of Work
The project’s main focus is the structural design of the school building and the theatre as
mentioned before. We set two alternatives for each building separately and compared
between them, and based on the selection criteria, we chose the best alternative. All the work
performed and its limits are orderly illustrated through the chapters.
5
1.5 Standards and Codes
There is a major difference between a ‘’Building Code’’ and a ‘’Document’’. Codes are legal
documents which restrain the designers and subject them to legal accountability, while
documents contain guidelines for designers that are not compulsory, yet beneficiary.
1.5.1 Design Codes

 American Concrete Institute (ACI 318-14.)
 Jordanian code of Loads and Forces.
1.5.2 Design Documents

 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE 7-10)
6
CHAPTER 2:
PLANNING
7
We have categorized the design process into five phases, each phase included tasks, subtasks and then work packages.
Design Project
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5
Team Data Set Export

Report Finalization
Creation Collection Alternatives Excel Files
Plans & Conceptual Printing

Initiation Drawings Design
Brainstorming Preliminary
Analysis
Project Consultation
Selection Best Alternative
Actual
Design
Figure 3 - WBS Computer

Aided Manual
Shear Shear
Slab Beam Column Footing
Wall Slab Beam Column Staircase Footing
Wall
8
2.1 Phase 1
This phase of the project started off with a brainstorm session with answers to the
following questions:
1. How does the school’s structure affect the learning process in class?
2. How can we build a school with a simple design and with the minimum cost?
2.2 Phase 2
After the project selection, we tried to contact as many construction companies as possible
to obtain proper architectural plans and head off readily to the next phase.
We showed the drawings to our supervisor, Dr. Mu’tasim Abdel-Jaber, and got his
approval to get going.
2.3 Phase 3
This phase was the most critical and it has got the largest share of our efforts. In order to
simplify the sequencing of tasks in this phase, we have broken it down into two parts and
each part into subtasks:
2.3.1 Part One (Conceptual Design):
1. Set up two alternatives.
2. Create a conceptual design for each alternative.
3. Establish a preliminary analysis for each alternative.
4. Define related constraints.
5. Set the design criteria based on the defined constraints.
6. Make a decision and choose the best alternative.
2.3.2 Part Two (Actual Design):

We have divided the school into two separate entities:
a) School Building
b) School Theatre
And then started the design process manually and with the aid of computer applications
simultaneously and in order:
1. Loads calculation 4. Column design
2. Slab design 5. Footing
3. Beam design 6. Others
9
2.4 Phase 4
This phase is concerned with the documentation of the design and it has been written based
on the ABET guidelines.
2.5 Phase 5
In this phase, we cross-checked the tasks which have been distributed between us and
made sure to correct our own mistakes and to finalize the document before printing it out.
10
CHAPTER 3:
DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
11
3.1 School Building
3.1.1 Conceptual Design
3.1.1.1 Alternative One (Solid Slab)
One-way in-situ solid slabs are the most basic form of slab. Deflection usually governs the
design, and steel content is usually increased to reduce service stress and increase span
capacity.
Figure 4 - One-Way Solid Slab
Economic span range: 4-7m

Economic slab thickness range: 150-250mm
 Advantages:
• Simple construction.
• Penetrations in the slabs are easily manageable.
 Disadvantages:
• Associated drop beams may require greater story height.
• Deter fast formwork cycles.
• Compromise flexibility of partition location and horizontal service distribution.
12
3.1.1.2 Alternative Two (One-Way Ribbed Slab)
Incorporating voids into the rim of the slab reduces the dead weight and increases the
efficiency of the section. A slightly deeper section is required, but these stiffer floors
facilitate longer spans and provision of holes.
Figure 5- One-Way Ribbed Slab
Economic Span Range: 8-12m

Typical joist depth range: 350-600mm
 Advantages:
• Medium to long spans.
• Lightweight.
• Holes in topping easily accommodated.
• Large holes can be accommodated.
• Profile may be expressed architecturally.
 Disadvantages:
• Higher formwork costs than for other slab systems.
• Slightly greater floor thicknesses.
• Slower floor to floor cycle.
13
3.1.2 Preliminary analysis (both alternatives)
In order to perform a controlled comparison between the solid and ribbed one-way slabs,
the bending moment diagrams for two 520mm wide strips of both types were established
using sap 2000. The minimum depth for the ribbed slab was found to be hmin= 5.3m/18.5
= 286 mm, and that of the solid slab was hmin= 5.3/24 = 220 mm. The following sections
were used to perform the test:
Figure 6 - Tee Section (SAP2000)
Figure 7 - Rectangular Section (SAP2000)
Two identical continuous beams were drawn using both of these sections, and the loads
were assigned to them as explained in the loads section of the report. The only difference
was the self-weight of the beam which the program calculates on its own. Analysis of the
two beams then yielded these two bending moment diagrams.
14
Figure 8 - Moment Diagram (Ribbed)
Figure 9 - Moment Diagram (Solid)
Designing the T-beam for the maximum positive moment of the last span:
Mult=23.28 kN.m yields Ast= 241 mm2
Figure 10 - Manual Calculations (Ribbed) Using Excel
15
3.1.3 Selection Criteria and Decision Making
This experiment led to the conclusion that a one-way ribbed slab section would require
around 30% less steel than the same solid slab section, and since steel is the most
expensive component of reinforced concrete, it would be wise and economically fruitful to
implement a ribbed slab system
16
3.2 School Theatre
When a large space within a building needs to be covered without supports, architects
often use waffle slabs to construct floors and ceilings. However, the theatre’s long
rectangular design discourages the use of waffle slab.
Consequently, two design alternatives will be considered:
• Waffle Slab System
• Frame System
See Appendix 14 for the plan of the theatre.
3.2.1 Alternative One (Waffle Slab System)
When a large space within a building needs to be covered without supports, architects
often use waffle slabs to construct floors and ceilings. However, the theatre’s long
rectangular design discourages the use of waffle slab.
Consequently, two design alternatives will be considered:
• Waffle Slab System
• Frame System
See Appendix B14 for the plan of the theatre.
3.2.1.1 Conceptual Design
A waffle slab is a type of building material that has two-

directional reinforcement on the outside of the material,
giving it the shape of the pockets on a waffle on the
underside. The top of the waffle slab on the other hand is
smooth.
While other slab types become not economical at larger
spans, this type of structure becomes more favorable,
where volume of concrete used is very less compared to
others.
Figure 11 - Waffle Slab
Unlike ribbed slabs, the thickness of the slab and the
choice of the size of waffles are somehow flexible, as the
waffle casts are delivered by order. One of the most Figure 12 - Waffle Rib Dimensions
17
widely used sections in the market is shown to the right. This
section was chosen to be analyzed preliminarily under theatre
loads and conditions.
Grashoff (Coefficient) Method was used to calculate the load on
one rib in the short and long span direction. The slab was
assumed to be simply supported system on all four edges. Then
an iterative method (trial and error) was used to find the area of
steel required.
Below is a sample of analysis of this section.
3.2.1.2 Preliminary Analysis

Load calculations:
The waffle slab spans 12.62m by 23.03m. The coefficients to be multiplied by the ultimate
moment in short and long direction (α and β respectively) are:
23.03 r^4
x=12.62m y=23.03m r = 12.62 =1.825 α=1+ r^4 = 0.9173
1
β= 1+ r^4 = 0.08271
The distributed load on the ribs per (0.65x1.3) m2 is calculated below:

Wrib = [ 1.4(0.1*24.5 + 0.1*24) + 1.6(1.5) + 0.5(1.224)]*1.3*0.65 +
0.15+0.31
[1.4(0.50*2*1.3)*( )*0.4*24.5] =14.841 kN/(0.65m*1.3m)
2
0.9173×14.841×12.62^2
Thus, in the short direction the moment equals = 271 kN.m/rib, and
8
0.08271×14.841×23.03^2
in the long direction the moment equals = 81.38 kN.m/rib
8
Calculations for Area of steel required (short direction) for Alternative 1:

The area of steel was calculated using an iterative method (trial and error).
Five trials were performed using an excel sheet that follows the following procedure:
271
Trial 1: Mn= 0.9 =301.13 d=0.5-0.035-0.01-0.0125=0.4425
𝑀𝑛 1791∗420
z=0.9d=399mm As=𝑓𝑦∗𝑇∗𝑧=1794 mm2 Ac= =31668mm2
0.85∗28
31668
a= =48.7mm < 100mm thus the entire compression region lies in flange.
650
𝑎 48.7
x=β1=0.85=57.3mm
18
See Appendix B14 for the rest of the trials.
The area of steel required per rib in the short direction is equal to 1704mm2.
Using the same procedure as with the short direction span, and with a moment Mn=90.42kN,
the area of steel required per rib in the long direction is equal to 493mm2.
It can be seen that the area of steel required per rib is large, and two layers of reinforcement
bars must be placed on top of each other to accommodate this large area and still achieve
ACI 318 requirements of minimum space between bars.
Therefore, another design alternative must be analyzed; Frame System.
3.2.2 Alternative Two (Frame System)
3.2.2.1 Conceptual Design
In a moment resisting frame system, beams and

columns are connected to one another at the ends
with joints. These joints do not allow any relative
rotation between the ends of the members; rigid
structure. On the other hand, the slab will be just a
solid top to the frame system, distributing the
vertical loads on top of it (including its own weight)
to the frame system underneath.
The beams and columns in a frame system work Figure 13 - Frame System
together in harmony to resist the loads and moments
upon them, which in the case of the theatre will be large due to the
large spans. Therefore, analysis and design is different from the
traditional method where beams and columns are analyzed
separately.
The frame consists of six beams and 14 columns shown in Figure 13
- Frame System. Simple analysis was performed in section 3.2.2.2
on a beam section shown in Figure 14 - Frame Beam X-Section. The
height of the beam was taken as the minimum beam height
according to ACI 9.5.2.2 based on the 12.6m span. As for the width
of the beam, it is the same width of the column. Figure 14 - Frame Beam X-
Section
There are several reasons behind choosing the beam as the criterion
to measure this alternatives success. Firstly, the beams in the frame function similarly to the
19
waffle slab; resisting the large moments and passing loads to the columns. Secondly, it is
the member that encounters highest positive and negative moments in this system.
3.2.2.2 Preliminary Design
The minimum beam height (h) according to ACI 9.5.2.2 for simply supported is equal to the
12.6
span length divided by 16. As a result, h = 16 = 0.787m, a beam height of 800mm will be
designed.
The beams in this frame system support the uniformly distributed loads mentioned in section
4.2, the weight of the solid slab and the beam’s own weight. Each beam supports a share of
the uniformly distributed loads. It is assumed that a beam lying between two spans would
support half of both. As for the end beams, they would just support half of the end span.
Load Calculations for Frame Beams:

Below is a detailed calculation of the loads beam B2 supports (see Appendix B2).
(i) Ultimate load per meter squared:
Wu=1.4(2.4 + 0.22*24.5) + 1.6(1.5) + 0.5 (1.22) = 14.62 kN/m2
(ii) Dropped part of beam own weight:

O.W= 1.4(0.6*0.6*24.5)= 8.82 kN/m2
(iii) Ultimate load per meter length on beam:

Wu/meter = 14.62 * 4.8 + 8.82 = 78.98 kN/m
Figure 15 - Frame Shear Diagram
20
Area of Steel Calculations:
Using the moment distribution method (discussed in section in Chapter 4), the end
moments of the frame in Figure 15 - Frame Shear Diagramwere calculated. Then using
free body diagram analysis the moments in the frame, as well as shear forces, have been
calculated and are found in Appendix B15 and B16.
It can be seen in Appendix B16 that the maximum positive moment in beam B2 is equal to
867.7 kN.m, and the maximum negative moment is equal to 699.8 kN.m.
(i) Positive Moment Steel Requirement:
𝑀𝑢 867.7
Rn= 𝜑∗𝑏∗𝑑^2 = = 2.837MPa
0.9∗0.6∗0.7525^2
𝜌 𝑓𝑦
Using the equation [Rn = ρ * fy (1 – 0.5 𝑚) ] where m = 0.85∗𝑓′𝑐 , the reinforcement ratio
ρ = 0.00676.
As = ρ * b * d = 0.00676 * 600mm * 752.5mm = 3053 mm2.
(ii) Negative Moment Steel:
Following the same procedures used in the calculation of positive moment steel, except
using a negative moment equal to 699.8 kN.m:
Rn = 2.29 ρ = 0.006734 As = 2462 mm2
Check for strain of steel:

𝜀𝑡 = 0.017 > 0.005
Therefore, this section is tension controlled.
21
3.2.3 Selection Criteria and Decision Making
Several factors constituted to the decision of choosing the best alternative.

Firstly, ease of construction. Both methods of construction require skilled labor to
construct. Waffle slabs’ construction is different from the general well-known method used
in Jordan; using wood forms to place concrete. This process requires the delivery of waffle
forms to site, then the pick-up of these casts after use.
Since the school is located in a remote village, the transportation of these forms will be
difficult and costly. However, in the case of the frame construction, special attention must
be paid to the placing and detailing of column re-bars in site as a significant distance of it
will extend in to the beam; this extension is crucial to resist negative moments.
Nevertheless, workers in Jordan are familiar with wood forms which require little
experience, compared to waffle casts which require special equipment and experience.
Secondly, amount of steel required; cost. The waffle slab is a two-way ribbed slab, and
functions best in slabs with square dimensions. The more rectangular the span, the less
effective it will be since the shorter span will carry most of the loads.
As shown in the preliminary analysis of the waffle slab, the amount of steel required per
rib in the short direction was significantly greater than that in the long direction; 1704mm2
and 493mm2 respectively.
In addition to that, to achieve the 1704mm2 of steel requirement in the rib, two layers of
bottom reinforcement bars must be used in to accommodate this large area and still achieve
ACI 318 requirements of minimum space between bars.
The process of placing two layers of bars in the rib is time consuming and costly. On the
contrary, the frame system is supported by only six beams, each requiring an area steel
about twice as much as that required in one rib. Thus it is clear that the frame system
would use less total amount of steel than the waffle slab system.
Based on what has been discussed above, the frame system appears to be the better
alternative. Thus, this system will be used in the design of the school theatre.
22
CHAPTER 4:
PROJECT DESIGN
23
The design process follows the natural load path in a structure.
 Design of slabs.
 Design of beams.
 Design of columns.
 Design of foundations.
But before starting the design process, we have set five constraints which will be discussed
in the following section.
4.1 Constraints
In this section, we have assigned five realistic constraints that are significantly related to
our project, which are:
1. Safety
The most important constraint in engineering practices is the safety constraint, and it is
the one which controls all the factors beneath it. Checks are made in every stage of the
design to ensure the safety of the users.
2. Economic
Although concrete is cheaper than steel, quantities of both have been estimated for an
equal strip of each alternative. This constraint was the second most controlling among
other constraints.
3. Operational
Ease and practicality of construction and maintenance.
4. Political
The Syrian political conflicts in the region has also been considered. Since the school’s
location is near the Syrian borders, extra safety considerations are required.
5. Social and Cultural

Constructing a school in this area is a necessity. It is also expected to be congested with
residents’ and refugees’ kids.
24
4.2 Loads Calculations
4.2.1 Introduction to Loads

4.2.1.1 Definition
Loads are the forces acting on the structure whether from its own-weight or from
externally imposed loads.
The minimum imposed loads to assume are specified in the national Building Codes
depending on the type of the structure, geographic locations and intended use.
This will cause internal stresses and deformations in the structural components. Structural
analysis is then used to assess their influence on the structure. If loads were excessive, the
structure may fail, that being the case; these cases should be considered in the design or be
strictly controlled.
4.1.1.1 Load Combination
The load combinations were taken from the Jordanian code to find the ultimate load case
that the structure will be designed for.
The combination used was Wult = 1.4 DL + 1.6 LL + 0.5 SL
(DL: dead load; LL: live load; SL: snow load on roofs)
25
4.1.1.2 Loads Plan
The loads were assigned to each bay based on the Jordanian code, and different rooms
were given different load sets in the ETABS model in accordance with its use (classroom,
storage, toilets). This section gives a detailed calculation of the loads applied, and the
following loading plan shows the variation of loads in the ground floor of the building.
Figure 16 - Loads Plan (Done on AutoCAD)
The roofs of the building and the theatre both had the same applied loads of 2.9
superimposed load, 1.5 live load, and 1.22 snow load. The following is a description of the
procedure undertaken to find the above specified loads.
 Dead Loads:
a) Own-weight:
 One-way ribbed slabs (School Building)
Taking a 1m long strip from the above section:
Own weight of concrete = (volume of concrete X unit weight of concrete)
26
= ((0.52*0.29*1)m3 – (0.38*0.24*1)m3 ) * 24.5 kN/m3 = 1.43 kN/strip
Own weight of blocks = (number of blocks in 1 meter strip * 0.18 kN per block)
Own weight of blocks = 5 * 0.18 = 0.9 kN/strip
Total weight of strip = 1.43 + 0.9 = 2.33 kN/strip
Dividing by the area of strip to find it in kN/m2 we get 2.33 / (0.52*1)
Self-weight of ribbed slab = 4.48 kN/m2
 Solid Slab (Theatre):

0.22 m thickness * 24.5 kN/m^3 unit weight = 5.39 kN/m2
b) Super-imposed Loads:
 Superimposed loads on Ground floor (School Building)
Taking the toilets as a sample of calculation:

Table 2 - SuperImposed Dead Loads Calculation
Formula Calculation Superimposed

Source of load
load kN/m2
(Avg. length of (12m * 3.9m * 7.6
Partitions
partitions * 3.08) / 19 m^2
height of story *
3.08 Kn/m^3) /(
avg. area of
bay)
Thickness * unit 0.15*12.9 1.93
Fill material
weight
Thickness * unit 0.025*22 0.55
Mortar
weight
Tiles
weight
Plastering
weight
---------------- ---------------------- 11
Total
 Superimposed loads on Roofs (School building and theatre)

Screed for slope adjustment: average height = 0.1m * 24 kN/m3 = 2.4 kN/m2
Plastering = 0.44 kN/m2
27
Total = 2.84 = 2.9 kN/m2
 Live Load:
The live loads were taken from the Jordanian code for loads and forces as follows:
Table 3 - Live Loads (Jordanian Code)
Live Load (kN/m2)

Condition
1.5
Roof
3
Classroom
6.5
Storage room
2
Toilets
 Snow Load (As specified by the Jordanian Code):

• It depends on the specific weight of snow ranging from (0.1-0.4) with an
average of 0.25.
• Solidified water (ice) up to 50mm may form on top of the snow adding to
its weight.
• Roofs with an inclination angle < 25° to horizontal and elevations < 1500m
above sea level can depend on the equations below. {Table 5-3 Jordanian
code}
• For roofs with inclination angle <30°, the load obtained from the equations
must be multiplied by a factor μ1 equal to 0.8.
Table 4 - Snow Load with Elevation (Jordanian Code)
Snow Load (So) [kN/m2] Elevation Above Sea Level (h)

[meters]
0 h <250
(h - 250)/800 250< h <500
(h - 400)/320 500< h <1500
The Site lies at an elevation of 1012m above sea level. Using the equations, So =
1.53Kn/m2. Multiplying it by μ1, the snow load is equal to 1.224kN/m2.
28
4.3 Slab Design
4.3.1 Introduction to Slabs

4.3.1.1 Definition
A slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, it provides flat, usable
surfaces which both top and bottom surfaces are parallel. It is subjected mainly to flexure
and supported by reinforced concrete beams or reinforced concrete walls or structural steel
members or directly by columns.
4.3.1.2 Type of Slabs
Slabs are classified according to load distribution into two main categories:
 One-way slabs:
 Solid slabs on drop beams or hidden beams.
 Ribbed slabs using permanent hollow blocks on drop or hidden beams.
 Joist slabs using removable molds.
 Two-way slabs:
 Solid slabs on drop beams or hidden beams.
 Ribbed slabs using permanent hollow blocks on drop or hidden beams.
 Waffle slabs using removable molds.
 Flat slabs with or without drop panels.
Figure 17 - One and Two-Way Slabs (Nilson)
In this project, different types of slabs are used, which are:

 One way ribbed slabs.
 One way solid slabs.
29
4.3.2 School Building Slab Design
As described in section 3.1.3, one-way ribbed slab

alternative was selected for the school building. As a
sample of calculation, the following 520mm design
strip with a total length of 21.5 m was analyzed using
SAP2000.
Figure 18 - Sample Slab
The ribbed slab was designed as a continuous T-

section beam with the following dimensions:
Figure 19 - Rib Dimensions (SAP2000)
This design strip was taken from the roof story, with the loads shown in section 4.2.1.2
(Own wt. = 4.54, superimposed = 2.9, live load = 1.5, snow load = 1.224)
Wult = 1.4 (4.54) + 1.4(2.9) + 1.6(1.5) + 0.5(1.224) = 13.4 kN/m2
Distributed load on 520mm wide section = 13.4*0.52 = 7 kN/m
30
Figure 20- Distributed Load (Ribbed Slab)
Analysis of this continuous beam yielded this bending moment diagram:
‘
Figure 21 - Bending Moment (Ribbed Slab)
Designing for the maximum positive moment = 14.74 kN.m

Mn= 14.74/0.9 =16.4 kN.m
Mn=As*Fy*Z ------------ (initial assumption of z is 0.9d, where d is the distance from the
top face to the centroid of the rebars)
16.4*106 = As * 420 * 0.9 (290-30) ------------------------ As initial = 166.87 mm2
0.85f’c * area of concrete used in compression = As fy

0.85*28*Ac = 166.87*420 ------------------ Ac = 2944.77 mm2
Ac = a*b -------------- a= 2944.77/ 520 = 5.66 so compression zone is within the flange.
Now for the next trial assume Z = (d – (a/2)) = 260 – 2.83 = 257.2
Mn = As * fy * Z ---------------------- As = 151.84 mm2
In order to decrease the time needed for performing the iterations, an excel sheet was
constructed with the above formulas to perform 5 iterations in negligible time.
31
Figure 22 - Manual Calculation of As (Ribbed Slab) using Excel
After five iterations, the area of steel required for the greatest positive moment is 151.7
mm2.
The excel sheet is also programmed to check the strain of steel: paste equation of strain
check here
Check minimum reinforcement: 𝜌min is the max of two eqs… paste them here
𝜌min = 0.0033 * b * d = 0.0033 120 * 260 = 103 mm2 -------- 151.7 > 103 O.K
Use 2 ∅10 = 157mm2 as bottom reinforcement.
32
Repeating the same procedure for the negative moments above the pin supports (which are
actually the beams on which the slab sits), the result is that the first support requires 200.5
mm2, the second support requires 189.1 mm2 as top reinforcement, and the last internal
support requires 226mm2.
So use 2∅12 as top reinforcement above the beams.
The detailing and design of the rest of the slabs are found in appendix A.
33
4.3.3 School Theatre Slab Design
Design of Frame System Slab:
This slab was designed as a solid slab, supported by the 6 beams. To design this slab, a strip
of 1m width along the long span (23m) will be taken. This strip will act as a 1m wide
continuous beam with the thickness of the solid slab, and pin supported by the beams beneath
it.
The slab was considered as a one way slab since the spans between the beams range from
4.4 to 5.1m, compared to the 23.03m span in the other direction.
According to table 9.5(a) in section 9.5.2.2 of the ACI, the minimum thickness of
nonprestressed one way slabs is the larger of:
Table 5 - Minimum Thicknesses of Theatre Slab
Minimum H Largest span (m) Minimum H (m)

One end Continuous l/24 5.1 0.213
Both end continuous l/28 4.5 0.161
Consequently, a slab thickness of 220mm was designed.
Load Calculation:
An approximate calculation of maximum moments and shears was done using the
coefficients in ACI Code 8.3.3. The coefficients were multiplied by WuLn2 where:
 Wu = the total factored load per unit length on the span. It consists of the loads
calculated in section 4.2 in addition to the slab’s own weight.
 Ln = the clear span from face to face of supports for positive moment, or the average
of two adjacent clear spans for negative moment.
34
There are 5 limitations to the use of these coefficients, however they have been met.
Table 6 - Limitations of Moments and Shears Coef's
Limitations Limitations met by this slab

There are more than two spans  Five spans
Longer of two adjacent spans not greater  15.9%
than the shorter by 20%
Loads are uniformly distributed 
Unfactored live load does not exceed 3 
times the unfactored dead load.
Members are prismatic 
Maximum positive and negative moments for the whole strip were calculated and are found
in Appendix B1.
Sample of calculation for first span:
(Wu)= 1.4(24*0.1 + 0.22*24.5) +1.6(1.5) + 0.5 (1.224) = 13.918kN/m
13.92∗4.65^2
Maximum positive moment= = +27.36 kN.m
11
4.65+3.9
13.92∗( )^2
2
Maximum negative moment = = -25.4kN.m
10
35
Calculation of Area of Steel Required:
At a first glance, the moment seems to be small thus there is a possibility that only
minimum steel reinforcement may be needed. Consequently, the span with the highest
positive and negative moments (+27.36 and -25.4kN.m respectively) was analyzed first.
27.36 30.4
Mn= =30.4kN.m Rn=1000∗0.22^2= 0.628 ρ=0.001495
0.9
Area steel required= 0.001495*1000*220= 329 mm2

Minimum steel required= 0.0018*b*h= 396 mm2
The minimum area of steel required is more than that required to resist the moments, thus
the minimum reinforcement was used for both positive and negative moments.
*Use φ10 @200mm in directions, top and bottom.
Figure 23 - Theatre Slab Detailing
36
4.4 Beam Design
4.4.1 Introduction to Beams
4.4.1.1 Definition
Beams are horizontal or inclined members with a limited width and depth, these -
structural elements transmit the tributary loads from floor slabs to vertical supporting
columns, and these beams are either hidden or dropped.
The main control for the dimensions of beams is the flexural strength, obtained from the
analysis of the section, after meeting the requirements for the flexural strength the beam is
designed to meet the remaining criteria of shear capacity, deflection, cracking, and
development length.
4.4.1.2 Type of Beams
 Classified based on cross sections:

 Rectangular
 T – Shape
 L – Shape
 Classified based on their supports:

 Simply Supported  Overhanging
 Cantilever  Fixed Ended
 Continuous  Cantilever, Simply Supported
37
4.4.2 School Building Beam Design
For this section, an excel sheet was used to make the area of steel calculation faster. This
section includes a sample of calculation, and the reinforcement of the rest of the beams is
included in the appendix.
Load Calculation for Beams:

Span of right-hand slab = 5 m
Span of left-hand slab = 2.5 m
WSlab (Factored) = 13.4 kN/m2 * (½ right span + ½ Left span) m = 13.4 (2.5+1.25) = 50.25
kN/m
wBeam (dropped part, own weight) = 1.4 (D.L Factor) * 24.5 kN/m3 * 0.3m *0.21m =
1.4*1.54 kN/m =2.16 kN/m
Thus, total factored q= 50.25 + 2.16 = 52.40 kN/m
An illustration and spans’ lengths for (B6, B9, B10, and B20) are shown in Figure 24 -
Beams Scheme.
Figure 24 - Beams Scheme
Figure 25- Bending Moment Diagram (B6, 9, 10, 20) using ETABS
38
Sample of Calculation:
Given the moment diagram in Figure 25- Bending Moment Diagram , we can calculate the
area of steel required in the beams. Let’s take Beam (B6) as an example.
Beam description:
b= 300mm, h=500mm, cover from the tension face to the centroid of the rebar=60 mm,
d=500-60=440 mm
Mu at mid span = 40.65 kN.m
Positive Moment Calculation (Bottom Steel):

From this equation, we can find Mn assuming ∅ = 0.9,
𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑛 =
∅
Mn= 40.65/0.9 = 45.17 kN.m
In order to find the reinforcement ratio (ρ), Rn shall be found using this equation:
𝑀𝑛
𝑅𝑛 =
𝑏𝑑 2
Rn= (45.17*106) / (300*4402) = 0.78
Now, let’s find m from the following equation:
𝑓𝑦
𝑚=
0.85𝑓𝑐 `
m= 420/ (0.85*28) = 17.65
ρ is then found using either this equation or by using table () from appendix B from (Jack
C. McCormac, 2013)
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
𝜌= [1 ± √1 −
𝑚 𝑓𝑦
ρ = (1/17.65(1-(1-(2*(17.65*0.78/420))1/2)) = 0.00188
39
Area of steel required for the given beam section is calculated using this equation:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Where:
b = width of the beam
d = effective depth of the beam
So, As= 0.00188*300*440 = 249.30 mm2 but this area must be compared to the minimum
area of steel required for the section:
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0033𝑏𝑑
Asmin = 0.0033*300*440 = 435.6 mm2
Since Asmin > As calculated, take Asmin, choose 4∅12, As = 452 mm2
Check spacing = [300 – (2*60 + 4*12 + 2*10)] / 3 = 37mm>25mm
Check strain by equalizing compression with tension:
𝐶=𝑇
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓𝑐 `𝑎𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85 𝑓𝑐 ` 𝑏
a = (452*420) / (0.85*28*300) = 26.59 mm
𝑎
𝑥=
𝛽1
So, x = (26.59/0.85) = 31.28 mm
𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑡
=
𝑥 𝑑−𝑥
εt = [0.003 (d - x)] / x = [0.003 (440 – 31.28)] / 31.28
= 0.0391 > 0.005; steel has yielded.
40
Negative Moment Calculation (Top Steel)
The previous procedure was repeated to calculate the area of top steel above the support.
As mentioned earlier, an excel sheet was constructed and used to make the procedure
faster.
Mu = 56.45 kN.m
Figure 26 - Negative Moment Calculation (Excel)
As = 347.5 but As min = 465.3 so the minimum area of steel will be controlling this
section as well.
41
The rest of the continuous beam was designed in accordance with the previous
procedure, and the resulting beam has the following detailed reinforcement:
Figure 27 - School Building Beam Detailing
Shear Design
The shear values for the same series of beams is shown in Figure 28 - Shear Force
Diagram (B6, 9, 10, 20) using ETABS.
Figure 28 - Shear Force Diagram (B6, 9, 10, 20) using ETABS
The highest value of shear using the figure is Vu=115.71 kN, the value of shear at distance
(d) from the face of the support was found to be Vu@d= 114.2 kN,
To determine the strength of concrete in shear Vc, we compute:
𝜆√𝑓𝑐` 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 =
6
Where:
• λ (for normal weight concrete) = 1.00
• fc` = 28 MPa
• bw for a rectangular section = b = 300 mm
42
• d = 500 – 60 = 440 mm
So, Vc = 116.413 kN
As stated in the ACI code, we need to design for shear stirrups if only:
1
𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉
2 𝑐
And in our case, 114.2 kN > (0.5*0.75*116.413 = 43.65 kN); therefore, we need to design
for shear stirrups.
Assuming the use of stirrups of ϕ10, we can determine the needed value of spacing
(theoretically) using this equation:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑆𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 =
𝑉𝑠
If, Av = 2*π (102)/4 = 157.08 mm2, and Vs is given in the equation:

𝑉𝑢 − 𝜙𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑠 =
𝜙
• Vs = (114.2 – 0.75*116.413) / 0.75 = 35.85 kN
• Stheoritical = (2*78.54*420*440) / (35.85 * 103) = 810 mm
To determine Smax, we used this equation:
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 3𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ≤
√𝑓𝑐` 𝑏𝑤 𝑏𝑤
This Smax is providing maximum spacing between stirrups based on Avmin, and in our case,
it can be determined to be:
Smax = 665 mm > 660 mm
Note that:
1
𝑉𝑠 < √𝑓 𝑏 𝑑
3 𝑐` 𝑤
Vs < 232.8, so:
𝑑
𝑠= 𝑜𝑟 600𝑚𝑚, whichever is less.
2
S = 220 mm or 600 mm, take minimum spacing value.

Use stirrups of ϕ10 @ 200 mm in site.
43
4.4.3 School Theatre Beam Design
As mentioned earlier, the primary components of a moment resisting
frame system are the beams and columns. Thus, naturally, the
expected moments to be resisted by the beams will be much higher
than those calculated earlier for the slab. Hence, a different
procedure for calculating moments was followed here. The moments
were calculated using the moment distribution method, which is an
iterative structural analysis method for statically indeterminate
beams and frames.
The minimum beam height (h) according to ACI 9.5.2.2 for simply Figure 29 - Theatre Beam X-
supported is equal to the span length divided by 16. As a result, h = section
12.6
= 0.787m, a beam height of 800mm was designed.
16
Beam B2 in Appendix B2 was designed, with b=600 and h=800.
Load Calculations for Frame Beams:

The detailed calculation of the loads beam B2 supports was done in section 3.2.2.2. Also
shown in section 3.2.2.2 is diagram 5 which shows the result linear load on the frame.
Moment Calculations for Frame:

The end moments of the frame are calculated using the moment distribution method; a
method of successive approximations that may be carried out to any desired degree of
accuracy. The method starts by assuming each joint of the frame being fixed, then in
succession unlocking and locking each joint. Thus the internal moments at the joints are
distributed until the joints rotate to their nearly final positions.
Appendix B3 shows a detailed calculation for the moments at ends A, B, C and D, shown in
the Figure 30 – Frame Moments and Shear. Then using free body diagram analysis the
moments in the frame, as well as shear forces, were calculated and are shown also in Figure
30 – Frame Moments and Shear.
Calculation of Area of Steel Required in Beam:

Area of steel required in beam B2 was also calculated in section 3.2.2.2.
Area of steel for positive = 3053 mm2.
44
*Use 10φ20, split into two layers of 5 φ20. One layer extends through the whole length of
the beam, while the other extends through the length of the beam subject to positive moment,
in addition to splice length at both ends.
Figure 30 – Frame Moments and Shear
Area of steel for negative = 2462 mm2. This area was checked with the area steel required
in tension side of column, since the column reinforcement will extend into the beam
working as beam negative moment resisting reinforcement. Therefore 5 bars of the φ25
used the tension side of column will extend to the zero moment of the frame beam in
addition to splice length. As for mid-span of the beam, which is only subject to positive
moment, minimum area of steel is used as 4 φ18.
Thus, for negative reinforcement, 5φ25 from the column reinforcement was designed as
main reinforcement, and 4 φ18 for minimum steel at mid span. Using the same procedure
in section 4.4.2 for design of shear stirrups, Smax= 267.5mm. Therefore, φ10 @250mm
stirrups were used.
See Appendix 17 for beam reinforcement detailing.
Check:
As min = 0.0033 * 600 * 752.5 = 864mm2 As max= 0.018063 *600 *752.5 = 8670mm2
45
Figure 31 - Section A-A
Figure 32 - Section B-B
46
4.5 Column Design
4.5.1 Introduction to Columns
4.5.1.1 Definition
Columns are vertical structural members designed to resist axial and lateral forces and
transfer them safely to the ground through footings. Slabs and beams transfer loads to the
columns, which increase cumulatively down to the footings, applying heavier axial loads
on the columns at the bottom.
Prior to design, column-related terminology must be defined:
 Bracing system: attaching
columns to shear walls or
by applying cross-bracing.
In this case, we can
consider non-sway
analysis. Braced columns
have less unsupported
length factor (k< 1).
Figure 33- Bracing Systems

 Slenderness Ratio: the ratio of
the effective length of a column to the least radius
of gyration of its cross section.
 Beam-Column: columns that carry both axial forces

and bending moments. To design these, Interaction
diagrams are needed.
Figure 34 - Column Interaction
Diagram
4.5.1.2 Type of Columns
 Classified based on shape:

 Rectangular
 Circular
 L-Shaped
47
 Classified based on slenderness ratio:
 Slender
 Non-slender (Short)
 Classified based on lateral reinforcement pattern:
 Tied
 Spiral
All columns included in this project were chosen to be tied columns.
48
4.5.2 School Building Column Design
 Sample of Calculation:
Description of the chosen column:
C313 (Second Story Column):
Note that this column is reinforced on its weak axis because it has been placed horizontally
for architectural purposes.
•
Area = (300x600) mm2 • Lu= (3900-290) =3610 mm
• Double Curvature
Moments and axial loading as taken from our ETABs model:
• Pu = 290 kN • Muxt= -102.9374 kN.m

• Muxb= 99.8136 kN.m • Muyt= 35.8 kN.m
• Muyb= -51.9091 kN.m
Figure 35 - C313 (Placed horizontally)
49
As a first step, we need to calculate the slenderness ratio; to determine if it’s slender or
short. For non-sway frame analysis, we’ll be comparing the slenderness ratio with the
value besides the equation:
𝑘𝑙𝑢 𝑀1
𝑆𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = < 34 − 12 𝑀2
𝑟
Where:
• k = effective length factor • M1 = Smaller bending moment
• lu = unsupported length • M2 = Larger bending moment
• r = radius of gyration = 0.3h
The effective length (k) was found by calculating ψB & ψA using the equation below and
then using the alignment chart.
𝐸𝐼
∑
𝐿 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠
𝜓=
𝐸𝐼
∑
𝐿 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠
E  cancels out
0.7 × 600 × 3003
12
𝜓𝐴 = 3900 = 0.567
0.35 × 300 × 5003 0.35 × 300 × 5003
12 + 12
5250 5000
0.7 × 600 × 3003

2×( 12 )
3900
𝜓𝐵 = = 1.135
0.35 × 300 × 5003 0.35 × 300 × 5003
12 + 12
5250 5000
∴k from alignment chart in Figure 36 - Alignment Chart (Non-Sway Frames) = 0.65
50
Now, the slenderness ratio = (0.65*3610)/ (0.3*300) =
26.07
26.07 < 34-12(M1/M2)?
34-12(99.8/-102.9374) =45.63, take value as 40
Since klu/r is less than 40, column is non slender (short)
and therefore, no moment modification is required.
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
𝜙𝑓𝑐`𝐴𝑔ℎ
Rn = (102.9374*106)/ (0.65*28*600*300*300) = 0.105
𝑃𝑢
𝐾𝑛 =
𝜙𝑓𝑐`𝐴𝑔
Kn = (290*103) / (0.65*28*600*300) = 0.089

γ= (300-90)/300=0.7
Using the interaction diagram from (Arthur H. Nilson,
2010) of γ = 0.7 (Rn =0.105, Kn =0.089); Figure 36 - Alignment Chart (Non-
Sway Frames)
ρ= 0.011 and As= ρbh =0.011*300*600= 1980 mm2, use
6∅20.
 Shear Design:
The shearing forces in interior columns in braced structures are usually quite
small and normally do not control the design. However, the shearing forces
in exterior columns can be large, even in a braced structure, particularly in
columns bent in double curvature (Arthur H. Nilson, 2010).
For the previous column, Vu can be determined using the shear force
diagram taken from ETABS:
Since the shear force is constant, Vu@d shall equal 119.33 kN.
The ACI Code provides the following equations for determining the
Figure 37 - Shear
shearing force that can be carried by the concrete for a member Force Diagram for
subjected simultaneously to axial compression and shearing forces. C313 using ETABS
51
Shear Check:
A check has been made using the procedure used in (Arthur H. Nilson, 2010), see
appendix A.
Design of Ties
Since ϕlong = 20 ≤32 mm, use ϕ10 for ties.
Spacing between ties is determined using the minimum value of:
48ϕties
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = { 16ϕlong
𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏 𝑜𝑟 ℎ
The values, in order, were found to be 480 mm, 960 mm & 300 mm
Take the least value, Smax = 300 mm
Use ϕ10 @ 300 mm for ties.
To determine spacing between the longitudinal reinforcing bars, use this equation:
ℎ − (𝑛ϕlong) − 2𝑐 − 2ϕties
𝑆=
𝑛−1
Where, n equals the number of longitudinal reinforcing bars.
Note that cover was taken as 60 mm including stirrups and half a diameter which produces
spacing between bars of:
S = (300 – 3*20 – 2*50) / (3-1) = 70 mm
And, the ACI code specifies Sc to be the largest of:
1.5ϕlong
𝑆𝑐 = {
40 𝑚𝑚
In this case, Sc is equal to 40 mm.
S > Sc, clear spacing specified by the ACI code is satisfied, O.K.
52
Figure 38 – School Building Beam Detailing
53
4.5.3 School Theatre Column Design
Design of Frame System Columns:
Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression. However,
columns usually carry moments too, about one or both axes of the cross-section, thus
some parts of the cross-section may be subject to tensile forces due to bending. The
columns in the theatre act as part of a frame as discussed earlier, thus they are subject to
large moments and load eccentricities.
The theatre’s columns main reinforcement is longitudinal, parallel to the direction of the
load, with bars arranged in a square due to the 600 * 600 mm cross-section. Lateral ties
were used according to rules of to ACI Code 7.10.5 to hold the longitudinal bars in
position (in the forms while placing concrete), and to prevent bucking and bursting of the
concrete cover.
Due to presence of shear walls, beams connecting frames together, and the fact that lateral
forces are negligible, the theatre columns were considered non-sway (braced).
For a braced system, ACI permits to neglect length if the slenderness ratio ( k lu/r ) is less
𝑀1
than or equal to ( 34 - 12(𝑀2) ) where:
𝑀1
 [34 - 12(𝑀2)] may not exceed 40.
 M1: the smaller bending moment.

 M2: the larger bending moment.
 M1/M2: positive for single curvature, and negative for double curvature.
 k : the effective length factor
 lu : the unsupported length of a column
 r : the radius of gyration
The column that was designed is column C1 in appendix 2 with cross section of
600x600mm and a height of 4.9m. This column is the same column shown as A-B in the
frame analyzed earlier.
54
Column Slenderness Check:
𝑀1
Since maximum k is equal to 1.0 in a braced system, then as long as lu/r ≤ ( 34 - 12(𝑀2) ) ≤
40 the column can be considered as non-slender.
𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
The radius of gyration is the minimum between √𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 and [0.3*least
dimension]:
0.6
√0.7× 12 ×0.6^3 = 0.1449 and [0.3*0.6]=0.18, therefore the radius of gyration ( r )=
0.6×0.6
0.1449.
𝑀1
Hence, k lu/r = 4.2 / 0.1449 = 28.96 < 34 + 12 ( 𝑀2 ) = 39.98 < 40, consequently column is
non-slender.
Steel Reinforcement Ratio (ρ) Calculation:

The reinforcement ratio for column C1 was found to be 2.68% using the column strength
interaction diagram found in appendix 4, where:
Kn = Pu / (φ * f’c * gross area) = (497.6 + 25.4)/(0.65*28*600*600)=0.0798
Rn = Mu / (φ * f’c * gross area * h) = (699.8) / (0.65*28*0.6*0.6*0.6)=0.178
γ = (600 – 40*2 – 2*10 – 20) / 600 = 0.8
Thus the area of steel needed in the column is 0.02417*600*600= 9675 mm2.
*Use 20φ25.
Shear check and stirrup design is found in Appendix 18.
From the original 7 φ25 on left side of the column (tension side), 5 φ25 extend into the
beam till the first point of zero moment (3.5m from center of column), and added to that
splice length (1.25m).
55
E E
Figure 39- Theatre Column Detailing
Figure 40 - Section E-E
56
4.6 Staircase Design
4.6.1 Introduction to Stairs
4.6.1.1 Definition
Staircases provides vertical transportation from a story to another. Staircases consist of

several steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide comfort and safety for the users.
4.6.1.2 Stair Types
Figure 41 – Plan views of various types of stairs
Figure 41 – Plan views of various types of stairsshows various types of stairs: (a) and
(b) Straight flight stairs (c) Quarter-turn stairs (d) Half-turn stairs (e) Branching stairs
(f) Open-well (half-turn) stairs (g) Open-well stairs with quarter-turn landing (h) Part-
circular stairs (i) Spiral stairs (j) Helicoidal stairs.
For design purposes, staircases are classified into two types:
1- Transversely supported: reinforced transversely to direction of

movement, include:
• Simply supported steps by two walls or beams or a combination of both.
57
• Steps cantilevered from a wall.
2- Longitudinally supported: reinforcement is parallel to direction of

movement, span between supports at the top and bottom of a flight and
unsupported at the sides.
4.6.1.3 Technical Terms
Those are the technical terms most associated with staircases:

• Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.
• Riser: vertical portion of a step.
• Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.
• Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.
• Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
• Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
• Winder: radiating or angular tapering steps.
• Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
• Nosing: the intersection of the tread and the riser.
• Headroom: the vertical distance from a line connecting the nosing’s of all
treads and the soffit above.
An illustration is introduced in Figure 42 - Stair Case (technical terms)as shown below:
Figure 42 - Stair Case (technical terms)
58
4.6.2 Staircase Design
The staircase in the school building is a typical half-turn staircase, which was designed
using SAP2000. The waist slab thickness is 200 mm as shown in the plans. The
dimensions of the staircase are demonstrated in Figure 43 - Stairs Dimensions. Each rise is
0.2 m as the architectural plans show 10 steps per flight. Similarly,
Figure 43 - Stairs Dimensions
Load calculation on stairs:

The loads applied on the landing differ from those applied on the flight, as the latter has an
additional superimposed load coming from the steps.
Superimposed loads are as follows:

Table 7 - SuperImposed Loads (Stairs)
Fill material 0.15*12.9 = 1.93 kN/m2
Mortar 0.025*22 = 0.55 kN/m2
Tiles 0.025*25 = 0.62 kN/m2
Plastering 0.02*22 = 0.44 kN/m2
Additional superimposed load in flight due to the steps:

(0.17 * 24.5) = 4.2 kN/m2
Live loads on both flight and landing = 3 kN/m2 (as per the Jordanian code)
59
A Sap model was created for the slab beneath the stairs, and it yielded the following
moments on a 1.5m wide strip (same as the width of stairs.)
Figure 44 - Stairs Model (SAP)
The moment on the landings is -96 kN.m and the flight moment is 42.4 kN.m, and using
the excel sheet previously described in section 3.1.3 , these moments yield an area of steel
of 1892 mm2 in the landings, and a minimum area of steel of 660 mm2 in the flight.
USE Ø14 @ 100 mm in landings and Ø10 @ 100mm in flight.
Figure 45 - Typical Section In Stairs
60
4.7 Shear Wall Design
4.7.1 Introduction to Shear Walls

4.7.1.1 Definition
Shear walls are arranged to resist lateral forces such as wind and earthquakes by flexure
about their major (strong) axis. In this case, the wall may or may not be subjected to
significant vertical loads. If subjected to significant vertical loads, the walls are called
bearing walls. If not, the walls are called non-bearing walls.
4.7.1.2 Types of Shear Walls

Shear wall types are illustrated through Figure 46 - Types of Shear Walls:
Figure 46 - Types of Shear Walls
61
4.7.2 Design of Shear Wall
(i) Sample of Calculation:

Assume wall thickness (h) = 0.3m = 300 mm
• Vu = 97 kN
• Mu = 161 kN
• Nu = axial force = 898 kN
Other dimensions:
• lw = 2.95 m
• Hw = 7.8 m and given:
𝑑 = 0.8 𝑙𝑤
Using the equation above: d = 0.8*2.95 =2.36 m
∅𝑉𝑛 = 0.83 ∅√𝑓𝑐` ℎ𝑑 ≥ 𝑉𝑢
∅Vn = (0.83*0.75*√28*300*2360)/103 = 2332.12 kN >Vu

∅𝑉𝑛 = ∅𝑉𝑐 + ∅𝑉𝑠
And, ∅Vc is the least of the following:
𝑁𝑢 𝑑
0.27√𝑓𝑐` ℎ𝑑 +
4𝑙𝑤
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × 0.2𝑁𝑢
[𝑙𝑤 (0.1√𝑓𝑐` + )]
𝑙𝑤 ℎ
ℎ𝑑 [0.05√𝑓𝑐` + ]
𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑤
{ 𝑉𝑢 − 2
893.34 kN
∅𝑉𝑐 = {
6346.21 kN
Take the least value of the values computed for ∅Vc, 893.34> vu and,
∅𝑉𝑐
> 𝑉𝑢
2
∅Vc/2 = 446.67 kN > 97 kN
62
Therefore, the wall must be reinforced with the minimum reinforcement required:
(ii) Vertical Reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.4% ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Asmin = 0.004*300*2950 = 3540 mm2
And spacing is given by the code as the:
300 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 {
2 × 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
In this case, the vertical reinforcement bars will be distanced at 300 mm
Choose 8∅24, 4 bars on each side @ 300mm, As = 3620 mm2
(iii) Horizontal Reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (0.2% − 0.4%) ∗ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Spacing limits:
300 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 > 1/4𝑑𝑏 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
Asmin = 0.002*300*7800 = 4680 mm2
Choose 9∅26 @ 300 mm, As = 4700 mm2
63
4.8 Foundation Design
4.8.1 Introduction to Foundations

4.8.1.1 Definition
Footings are structural elements which transfer loads to the soil from columns, walls or
lateral loads from earth retaining structures. To transfer these loads properly to the soil,
footings must:
 Prevent excessive settlement.
 Minimize differential settlement.
 Provide adequate safety against overturning and sliding.
It is usually placed below the ground surface on a satisfactory layer of soil or rock; one
with sufficient strength to bear the loads of the superstructure. A satisfactory layer with
good foundation design would limit the total settlement of the structure to a tolerable small
amount, and eliminate differential settlement between different parts of the structure.
Consequently, it is necessary that the load from the superstructure be spread over
sufficiently large area to minimize bearing pressure.
Soil type affects selection of the type, depth and size of foundations. The geotechnical
properties of the soil at the school site, used for the design of foundations, were obtained
from the geotechnical investigation report (appendix B6, B7 and B8).
4.8.1.2 Types of Footings
Foundation systems are classified based on depth into two genres:

1. Shallow Foundations:
They are usually located no more than 6 ft. below the lowest finished floor. A shallow
foundation system is generally used when:
• The soil close to the ground surface has sufficient bearing capacity.
• Underlying weaker strata do not result in undue settlement.
The shallow foundations are commonly used due to being the most economical
foundation systems.
64
Shallow foundation types can be summarized into:
(i) Isolated spread footings
Those lie below individual columns. They can be square, rectangular, or circular.
Figure 47- Spread Footings
(ii) Wall footing

This is a continuous slab strip along the length of a
wall.
(iii) Combined footings Figure 48 - Wall Footing
Those support two or more columns. They can have a rectangular or a trapezoidal plan.
Figure 49 - Combined Footing
65
(iv) Cantilevered or strap footings
These are similar to combined footings, except that the footings below columns are
built independently, and are joined by strap beam.
Figure 50 - Strap Foundation
(v) Raft or Mat foundation

This is a large continuous footing supporting all the columns of the structure. It is used
when soil conditions are poor but piles are discarded.
Figure 51- Raft Foundation
66
2. Deep Foundations (Pile Caps)
The shallow foundations may not be economical or even possible when the soil bearing
capacity near the surface is too low. In such cases, deep foundations are used to
transfer loads to a stronger layer, which may be located at a significant depth below the
ground surface. The load is transferred through skin friction and end bearings.
Piles are generally arranged by groups or clusters, one under each column. The group is
capped by a spread footing or cap that distributes the column on soil (Arthur H. Nilson,
2010).
Figure 52 - Pile Caps
67
4.8.2 School Building Foundation Design
(iv) Sample of Calculation:

Given a square footing supporting a rectangular column (300x500) mm:
• PL = 64 kN • Concrete cover = 75 mm
• PD = 340.1 kN • The column is reinforced with 10
•
γSoil = 14 kN/m3 bars of ∅14
•
qallowable = 300 kN/m2
68
By assuming an initial footing depth of ho = 400 mm, and soil depth of 1 m, the effective
soil bearing (net allowable) qe can be determined using this equation:
𝑞𝑒 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 − γ𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 ℎ𝑠 − γ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
So, qe= 300 – 14*1 – 24.5*0.4=276.2 kN/m2
The area of the footing has been obtained using this equation:
𝑃𝐷 + 𝑃𝐿
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
𝑞𝑒
Area = (340.1+64)/276.2 = 422.1/271.3 = 1.46 m2, and since it’s a square footing, each
side approximately equals 1.2 m, take 1.5 m for practicality, area = 2.25 m2.
Now, qu can be determined using the factored loads using the load combination which has
been previously stated in section 4.1.1.1:
1.4 𝑃𝐷 + 1.6 𝑃𝐿
𝑞𝑢 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
qu = (1.4*340.1 + 1.6*64)/2.25 = 257.13 kN/m2
And the average effective depth (d) assuming ∅16 is used for reinforcement = 400 – 75 -
16 = 309 mm
(i) Check for punching shear:

The critical section at distance d/2 from the face of the column:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
And the tributary area = area of the critical section – area of the column = (0.809*0.609) –
(0.3*0.5) = 0.34 m2
69
Resulting in an ultimate shear of Vu = 257.13 * 0.342 = 29.72 kN
By computing bo = (2*0.809) + (2*0.609) = 2.84 m; Vu shall be compared to the least
value of ∅Vc from the following equations:
2
0.17∅ (1 + ) 𝜆√𝑓𝑐` 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
𝛽𝑐
∅𝑉𝑐 = 𝛼𝑠 𝑑
0.083 ∅ ( + 2) 𝜆√𝑓𝑐` 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
𝑏𝑜
{ 0.33∅√𝑓𝑐` 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
Where:
αs =40 for interior columns
βc = (longer dimension of column/shorter dimension of column) = 1.67
1301.1 𝑘𝑁
∅𝑉𝑐 = {1836.17 𝑘𝑁
1149.3 𝑘𝑁
Take ∅Vc = 1149.3 kN
Since, Vu <∅Vc; footing thickness is adequate for resisting punching shear.
(ii) Check for one-way shear:
One way shear is checked at distance (d) from the face of column:
- In short direction:
1500−300
𝑉𝑢 = 257.13 × ( − 309) × 1500 × 10−6 = 112.24 𝑘𝑁
2
- In long direction:
1500−600
𝑉𝑢 = 257.13 × ( − 309) × 1500 × 10−6 = 54.4 𝑘𝑁
2
Compare values with:

∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ 0.17 √𝑓𝑐` 𝑏𝑑
∅Vc = 0.75*0.17*√28*1500*309=312.71 kN
∅Vc > Vu, O.K.
70
(iii) Steel reinforcement
In order to compute the area of flexural reinforcement in each direction:
- In short direction:
𝐿 𝐵 − 𝐶2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × × ( )
2 2
1.5 1.5 − 0.3 2
𝑀𝑢 = 257.13 × ×( ) = 69.43 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2 2
Now Rn can be obtained using the equation:
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 =
∅𝑏𝑑 2
69.43 × 106
𝑅𝑛 = = 0.54
0.9 × 1500 × 3092
ρ = ρmin = 0.0033, Asmin = 0.0033*1500*400= 1980 mm2
Use 13∅14, As = 2002 mm2
- In long direction:
𝐵 𝐿 − 𝐶1 2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑞𝑢 × × ( )
2 2
1.5 1.5 − 0.5 2
𝑀𝑢 = 257.13 × ×( ) = 48.21 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2 2
Since Mu in long direction is smaller than Mu in short direction, use the same As (13∅14)
in the long direction.
After the determination of bottom reinforcement, top reinforcement is required for
shrinkage and temperature and it’s given in the code as:
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0018 × 𝑏 × ℎ = 0.0018 × 1500 × 400 = 1080 𝑚𝑚2
Use 12∅10, As for shrinkage and temperature = 1130 mm2.
71
(iv) Dowels:
Since, the area of the column = (300*500) = 150,000 mm2 and given:
𝜌𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑠 = 0.005
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 0.005 × 150,000 = 750 𝑚𝑚2
The least area of steel in columns of similar sections to the column in this sample is:
1500 mm2 < 750 mm2.
∴ 𝐷𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
72
(v) Development length in tension :
𝑓𝑦
0.48 × × 𝑑𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑏 ≤ 20𝑚𝑚
√𝑓𝑐`
𝑙𝑑 =
𝑓𝑦
0.60 × × 𝑑𝑏 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑𝑏 > 20𝑚𝑚
{ √𝑓𝑐`
db in footing = 14 mm
ld = 0.48*420/√28*14=533.38 mm
lavg =(750 – 250) – cover =500– 75 =425 mm
Since lavg < ld, hooks are required.
(vi) Development length in compression:

db in column = 14 mm
𝐿𝑎𝑝 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 0.071 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝑑𝑏
Lap splice = 0.071*420*14=417.48 mm, take it as 420 mm.

Length of dowel = 400 + 420 = 820 mm
Figure 53 - School Building Footing Detailing

Figure 54 - School Building Footing
(Top View)
73
4.8.3 School Theatre Foundation Design
The foundation type to be used to distribute the loads of the theatre frame structure will be
rectangular isolated (single) footings. These footings are used to support single columns,
and are one of the most economical types of footings due to:
 Ease of constructability; excavation, form-work, reinforcement placement and
placing of concrete.
 Workmen with little or no knowledge can easily construct an isolated footing.
In addition to that, isolated footings are provided where the soil bearing capacity is generally
high, and the project site’s soil has a high bearing capacity of 3kN/m2. Lastly, the columns
are placed at considerably far from each other.
The isolated footing that was designed is footing F1, which supports column C1 (previously
designed in section 4.5.3). The footing is placed 1m below ground level based on
recommendations in geotechnical report (appendix B7).
Loads Calculation:
Footing sizes are determined for unfactored service loads and allowable soil pressures.
The service loads on the footing are the same loads used in the design of column C1, but
without safety factors, in addition to the columns self-weight. The moment distribution
method was used to calculate the forces and moments in the frame (which will be transmitted
to the footing) due to the unfactored loads, and can be found in appendix B9.
The moments acting on the footing are the one at joint A is 273 kN.m (see appendix B9),
and the moment due to horizontal force (shear) equal to at the bottom of the column acting
as a lever arm moment on the footing. Also in appendix B9, the axial force in the column is
equal to 388.6kN and adding to that the columns self-weight (0.6*0.6*5.2*24.5):
 Service Load Pserv= 388.6 kN + 45.9 = 434.5 kN
 Service Moment Mserv = 273 + 0.5*167 = 356.5 kN.m
A summary of the factored and unfactored vertical loads and moments acting on the footing
is found in the table below:
Table 8 - Loads on Theatre Foundation
Moment (kN.m) Vertical load (kN) Eccentricity (m)

Factored 563.1 549.5
Unfactored 356.5 434.5 0.82 m
74
A satisfactory footing area is one in which the pressure it exerts on the soil underneath is
less than
qa =[ Bearing Capacity – ( γs*hs + γc*hc ) ]
Where:
 γs : unit weight of soil (kN/m3)
 hs : fill height of soil on top of footing, 0.5
m.
 γc : unit weight of concrete (kN/m3)
 hc : height of footing, assumed 0.5 m.
Thus qa = 300 – (14*0.5) – (24.5*0.5)= 280 kN/m2

Figure 55 – Footing (hs, hc)
Using the unfactored vertical load 434.5 kN and qa =
280 kN/m2, an area of 1.55 m2 is required. Since it is a square foundation, then 1.25x1.25m
would work. However, due to the moment acting on this foundation, the stress distribution
on the soil is not uniform. A maximum and minimum stress is generated at the bottom of
the footing.
1.25
434.5 12×0.82 ×( )
q min/max (kN/m2) = 1.25×1.25(1 ± 2
) = (min -821, max 1366)
1.25^2
The maximum stress generated is significantly larger than the bearing capacity of the soil,
and there is negative stress acting on the footing which is not acceptable. Consequently,
another approach was taken. Due to the extensively large moments acting on the footing,
the column will not be placed at the center of the footing. The column will be placed on
the far right side of the footing as shown in Figure 56 - Top view of Theatre Footing to
counter act the large moment.
Figure 56 - Top view of Theatre Footing
75
The column was placed at a distance 0.427m from the right side of the footing, which is the
furthest distance from the centroid of the footing that the column can be placed at. This is
due to the fact that some distance from the edge must be left to accommodate the
development length of dowels. As for the dimensions of the footing, different combinations
of B and L were studied using the following procedure.
Since the column is fixed at the end, then the distance between column and footing centers
( α ) can be calculated as (L/2 – 0.427). Once this is known, the new eccentricity (ꬲ) due to
service loads after reallocating the column is ( [440kN.m – 434.5* α] / 434.5 ).
The new maximum and minimum stress was calculated using the following equation:
𝑷 𝟔×ꬲ
q max/min = (1 ± )
𝑩 ×𝑳 𝑳
The maximum stress must be less than the allowable bearing capacity of soil, and the
minimum stress must be more than zero. Table 9 - Footing Alternatives below shows the
combinations of B and L:
Table 9 - Footing Alternatives
L (m) B (m) q min q max Area (m2) H footing Volume

(kN/m2) (kN/m2) (m) (m3)
1.9 1.6 0.93 279 3.04 0.50 1.52
1.95 1.5 15.9 275.6 2.93 0.50 1.47
2 1.4 31.4 272.6 2.8 0.50 1.40
2.05 1.3 47.8 271.7 2.66 0.50 1.33
2.1 1.2 65.4 272.4 2.52 0.50 1.26
Large L is needed to resist the moment, however the larger the L the larger the one way
shear. The thickness of footing required to resist the one shear for each alternative was
calculated as “H”. Once the area of the footing and its thickness are known, the volume of
can be calculated. Thus it can be seen that the best alternative is the last one 2.1x1.2m.
Below are the calculations for the checks of one-way and two-way (punching shear).
One-Way Shear Check:
Refer to appendix B10 for all the following calculations.
The ultimate shear (Vu 1) is due to the total upward pressure caused by qu on the green
hatched area in diagram 2, which starts at a distance d from the face of the column, and found
by multiplying the green hatched area in diagram 1 by the width of footing (B).
Vu 1 = 275.2 * 1.2 = 330.2 kN
76
As for the shear strength ( φVc ),
φVc = 0.75 * 0.17 * √𝑓′𝑐 * B * d = 344.1 kN

where f’c = 28 MPa, B = 1.2 m and d = 500 – 75 = 425mm.
330.2 < 344.1 kN
This section can withstand the one way shear applied to it.
Punching Shear Check:

Refer to appendix B11 for all the following calculations.
The ultimate shear ( Vu 2 ) is due to the total upward pressure on blue shaded area in diagram
3. The red shaded area stretches a distance (d/2) from the face of the column. The ultimate
shear was calculated in a procedure similar to that for one-way ultimate shear. The total area
of red and blue in diagram 3 were multiplied by B (1.2m). Then subtracted from it is the red
area in diagram 3 was multiplied by 1.02 m (diagram 4), resulting in Vu 2.
Vu 2 = 455.7 * 1.2 – 134.4 * 1.025 = 409.1 kN
As for the shear strength ( φVc ), it is the smallest out of the following three equations:
φVc 1 = 0.75 * 0.33 * √𝑓′𝑐 * bo * d = 2187 kN

2
φVc 2 = 0.75 * 0.17 * √𝑓′𝑐 * bo * d * ( 1 + ß ) = 2415 kN
𝛼∗𝑑
φVc 3 = 0.75 * 0.083 * √𝑓′𝑐 * bo * d * (2 + ) = 2885 kN
𝑏𝑜
Where,
f’c = 28 MPa, α = 30, bo = 3.93m, d = [500 – 75] = 425mm, and ß = [2.1/1.2]= 1.75.
Thus, since φVc 1 > Vu 2 , this section can withstand the punching shear applied to it.
Bearing Strength Check:
The column transfers the load to only part of the area of the footing. This is area will be
referenced as (A2) and is shown in appendix B12 as the blue area, while the column area is
(A1). Based on ACI 10.14.1, the design bearing strength (φPn) was calculated as:
𝐴2
φPn = 0.65 * 0.85 * √𝑓′𝑐 * A1 * √𝐴1 ≤ 0.65 * 0.85 * √𝑓′𝑐 * A1 * 2
In this footing, f’c= 28 MPa, A1 = 0.6*0.6=0.36m2, A2= 0.854*0.854 = 0.729 m2, thus the
bearing strength φPn = 7930kN.
77
The ultimate load on the footing is equal to 549.5kN, which is less than 7930kN, therefore
this section works.
Moment and Area of Steel Reinforcement Calculations:

The critical section at which the moment will be calculated at is at the face of the column.
(i) Long Direction:
P1 = 211.2 kN P2= 120.6 kN Mu=(211.2*0.686+120.6*0.915)=255.2 kN.m

Rn = ( 255.2 / [0.9*1200*4252])= 1.31 ρ = 0.0032 < ρmin= 0.00333
Thus minimum steel is required in the long direction.
As = 1698 mm2. *Use 11φ14.
Figure 57 - Theatre Foundation (Front View)
(ii) Short Direction:
Mu = [( qmin + qmax)/2] * 2.1 * 0.3 * 0.15 = 20 kN.m
Thus, minimum steel reinforcement needed in this short direction.

As = 2972 mm2
*Use 20φ14
78
Dowel Bars:
The construction method becomes simpler when dowels are used instead of bending column
reinforcement bars into the footing. They have a minimum area equal to [0.005*Column
Gross Are], however the same area of steel used in column was used in the design of dowels.
The two development lengths, Ldc and Lsc

Figure 58 - Development Lengths of
Theatre Footing, were satisfied in the final
design of dowel bars.
Ldc = 411.6 mm < 425mm in the design.
Lsc = 745.5 mm < 50φ= 1250mm in the
design.
Figure 58 - Development Lengths of Theatre
Footing
Section C-C and D-D below show the detailing of the footing.
Figure 59 - Section D-D
79
SUMMARY
Figure 60 - Section C-C The report
revolves around
the structural design and construction of a school accompanied by a theatre. It mainly
focuses on how each element of the building and the theatre can be safely designed and
constructed.
As for the school building, three alternatives were suggested for the slab: flat plate, solid
slab and ribbed slab. Preliminary analysis showed that the ribbed slab would be the best
alternative as the flat plate and the solid slab both require more reinforcement, which make
them less economically feasible. Since the architectural plan demonstrates that the
difference in elevation between the finish floor levels is 3.9m, this means that the story
height is sufficient to make the slab slightly thicker and go for the ribbed slab alternative.
Initially, drop beams of 500 mm total thickness (including 290 mm slab thickness) was
assumed. The analysis gave good results for all of the beams except for three long span
beams which required a thicker section to keep the reinforcement ratio within the limits.
These beams were made 600mm thick. As for the columns, the goal was to get economical
sections with ρ between 1% and 4% and that was the case.
Two alternatives were also suggested for the theatre slab: waffle slab system, and frame
system. The waffle slab system had some shortcomings, such as the large area of steel
requirement per rib that is 1704 mm2. To achieve this requirement, two layers of bottom
steel are needed in the rib to conform to the ACI 318 spacing limitations and this makes
the construction process costly and time consuming. On the other hand, the frame system
is supported by only six beams, each requiring an area of steel about twice as much as that
required in one rib. Thus, it is clear that the frame system would use less amount of steel
than the waffle slab system.
The theatre frame design was challenging due to the large moments that need to be resisted
by the beams, columns and footings. Special measures were taken, especially in the
detailing design of reinforcement bars at the connection between the columns and beams,
to ensure continuity of members and ability to resist the loads in the most effective way.
As for the design of the theatre’s footing, an eccentric footing was designed where the
center of the column was placed at the edge of the footing, to create a moment that
counteracts the extensively large moments applied on the footing.
80
REFERENCES
318, A. C. (2014). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. Michigan:
American Concrete Institute.
Arthur H. Nilson, D. D. (2010). Design of Concrete Structures (14th ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Connor, J., & Faraji, S. (2016). Fundamentals of Structural Engineering (2nd ed.). New
York: Springer.
Construction, L. J. (2006). The Jordanian National Building Code. Amman: Ministry of
Public Works & Housing.
Engineers, A. S. (2010). Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
ASCE 7-10. American Society of Civil Engineers.
Hibbeler, R. C. (2012). Structural Analysis (8th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Jack C. McCormac, R. H. (2013). Design of Reinforced Concrete. New Jersey: John Wiley
& Sons.
James K. Wight, J. G. (2012). Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design (6th ed.). New
Jersey: Pearson Education.
81
APPENDICES
Appendix A
SLABS:
For organizational purposes, the school building was divided into four small buildings at
which expansion joints are present.
Figure 61 - Building Divisions
82
The reinforcement details of the ribbed slabs of these four buildings are as shown in
following plans that were constructed on Revit Autodesk:
Ribbed slab reinforcement of building “1” ground floor
Figure 62 - Ribbed slab reinforcement of building “1” ground floor
83
Ribbed slab reinforcement of building “1” second floor
Figure 63 - Ribbed slab reinforcement of building “1” second floor
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
BEAMS:
The beams were designed according to the moments specified by ETABS, and an excel
sheet was constructed to help in the steel selection for every beam in an economic, user-
friendly way.
The excel sheet shows the reinforcement

of every beam with its label, and the
beam labels are provided in the figure.
The excel sheet gives the reinforcement

needed at the middle and at the ends of
the beams. End-I is the lower end in
vertical beams and the left end in
horizontal beams present in the figure.
End-J is the upper and the right end in
vertical and horizontal beams
respectively.
Note that all exterior beams at the right

and left of the building have a minimum
Figure 70 - Beams Labels
91
Table 10 - Reinforcement of Beams
(-) # of # of # of # of # of # of (+) # of # of # of # of # of
Label Section Location Moment As Top bars bars bars bars bars bars Moment As Bot bars bars bars bars bars
kN-m mm² φ 10 φ 12 Ø14 Ø16 Ø18 Ø20 kN-m mm² φ 10 φ 12 Ø14 Ø16 Ø18
B8 B300X500 Middle 10.7633 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B8 B300X500 End-J -6.2729 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B11 B300X500 End-I -6.3836 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B11 B300X500 Middle 10.9622 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B11 B300X500 End-J -24.2586 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B13 B300X500 End-I -10.5996 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B13 B300X500 Middle 2.6499 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B13 B300X500 End-J -7.3171 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B14 B300X500 End-I -25.5496 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B14 B300X500 Middle 25.9065 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B14 B300X500 End-J -19.7209 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B16 B300X500 End-I -18.4793 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B16 B300X500 Middle 19.6523 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B16 B300X500 End-J -10.2495 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B17 B300X500 End-I -76.953 473 7 5 4 3 2 2
B17 B300X500 Middle 44.0949 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
92
B1 B300X500 End-I -101.787 640 9 6 5 4 3 3
B1 B300X500 Middle 56.0001 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B1 B300X500 End-J -50.3679 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B2 B300X500 End-I -32.4145 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B2 B300X500 Middle 35.4107 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B2 B300X500 End-J -24.2978 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B3 B300X500 End-I -108.413 630 9 6 5 4 3 3
B3 B300X500 Middle 125.2528 758 10 7 5 4 3
B3 B300X500 End-J -120.598 676 9 6 5 4 3 3
B4 B300X500 End-I -7.5944 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B4 B300X500 Middle 7.2638 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B4 B300X500 End-J -6.9331 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B5 B300X500 End-I -26.6045 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B5 B300X500 Middle 44.2397 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B5 B300X500 End-J -61.6831 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B
B7 300x600 End-I -143.581 683 9 7 5 4 3 3
B
B7 300x600 Middle 128.226 607 8 6 4 4 3
B
B7 300x600 End-J -138.548 647 9 6 5 4 3 3
B17 B300X500 End-J -45.1421 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
93
B18 B300X500 Middle 38.215 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B18 B300X500 End-J -58.1106 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B21 B300X500 End-I -29.8057 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B21 B300X500 Middle 13.3675 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B21 B300X500 End-J -11.75 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B22 B300X500 End-I -15.1351 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B22 B300X500 Middle 11.2367 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B22 B300X500 End-J -10.5925 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B25 B300X500 End-I -5.8293 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B25 B300X500 Middle 16.3436 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B25 B300X500 End-J -23.3173 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B26 B300X500 End-I -37.7312 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B26 B300X500 Middle 50.331 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B26 B300X500 End-J -52.2101 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B27 B300X500 End-I -24.8998 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B27 B300X500 Middle 24.9233 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B27 B300X500 End-J -34.016 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
94
B28 B300X500 Middle 41.1502 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B28 B300X500 End-J -29.0427 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B29 B300X500 End-I -64.349 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B29 B300X500 Middle 70.6069 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B29 B300X500 End-J -120.016 674 9 6 5 4 3 3
B30 B300X500 End-I -57.5811 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B30 B300X500 Middle 14.3953 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B30 B300X500 End-J -14.3953 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B31 B300X500 End-I -10.2423 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B31 B300X500 Middle 12.4822 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B31 B300X500 End-J -9.0139 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B32 B300X500 End-I -11.7851 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B32 B300X500 Middle 5.9724 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B32 B300X500 End-J 0 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B33 B300X500 End-I -20.8391 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B33 B300X500 Middle 21.6435 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B33 B300X500 End-J -19.8237 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
95
B34 B300X500 Middle 18.3481 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B34 B300X500 End-J -5.9073 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B35 B300X500 End-I -16.7829 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B35 B300X500 Middle 49.015 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B35 B300X500 End-J -42.2799 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B36 B300X500 End-I -27.1695 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B36 B300X500 Middle 6.7924 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B36 B300X500 End-J -20.8415 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B37 B300X500 End-I -43.2549 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B37 B300X500 Middle 50.5513 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B37 B300X500 End-J -74.0136 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B38 B300X500 End-I -33.8899 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B38 B300X500 Middle 8.4725 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B38 B300X500 End-J -8.4725 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B43 B300X500 End-I -7.7405 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B43 B300X500 Middle 7.7405 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B43 B300X500 End-J -30.9619 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
96
B46 B300X500 Middle 9.9938 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B46 B300X500 End-J -1.9106 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B47 B300X500 End-I -72.3521 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B47 B300X500 Middle 57.9224 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B47 B300X500 End-J -74.4379 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B50 B300X500 End-I -64.8254 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B50 B300X500 Middle 56.0286 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B50 B300X500 End-J -40.9738 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B54 B300X500 End-I -5.4839 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B54 B300X500 Middle 13.1989 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B54 B300X500 End-J -21.9357 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B55 B300X500 End-I -27.6866 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B55 B300X500 Middle 45.6453 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B55 B300X500 End-J -6.9217 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B56 B300X500 End-I -56.6815 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B56 B300X500 Middle 143.0829 876 12 8 6 5 4
B56 B300X500 End-J -96.2318 521 7 5 4 3 3 2
B58 B300X500 End-I -16.8438 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B58 B300X500 Middle 14.7557 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B58 B300X500 End-J 0 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
97
B59 B300X500 Middle 19.9755 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B59 B300X500 End-J -8.5859 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B61 B300X500 End-I -33.5745 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B61 B300X500 Middle 46.7368 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B61 B300X500 End-J -30.8266 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B66 B300X500 End-I -14.4253 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B66 B300X500 Middle 3.6063 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B66 B300X500 End-J -8.249 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B67 B300X500 End-I 0 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B67 B300X500 Middle 13.184 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B67 B300X500 End-J -10.8579 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B69 B300X500 End-I -22.3698 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B69 B300X500 Middle 28.1832 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B69 B300X500 End-J -11.636 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B72 B300X500 End-I -49.8361 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B72 B300X500 Middle 58.3206 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B72 B300X500 End-J -40.0752 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B6 B300X500 End-I -18.0876 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B6 B300X500 Middle 42.4583 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B6 B300X500 End-J -48.2162 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
98
B9 B300X500 Middle 61.2023 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B9 B300X500 End-J -61.4061 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B10 B300X500 End-I -34.1067 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B10 B300X500 Middle 30.1982 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B10 B300X500 End-J -40.9212 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B20 B300X500 End-I -44.5984 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B20 B300X500 Middle 53.4273 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B20 B300X500 End-J -32.3014 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B
B49 300x600 End-I -217.449 1069 14 10 7 6 5 4
B
B49 300x600 Middle 355.2785 1935 25 18 13 10 8
B
B49 300x600 End-J -302.277 1616 21 15 11 9 7 6
B51 B300X500 End-I -300.761 2099 27 19 14 11 9 7
B51 B300X500 Middle 75.1903 465 6 5 4 3 2
B51 B300X500 End-J -85.4419 538 7 5 4 3 3 2
B53 B300X500 End-I -132.773 817 11 8 6 5 4 3
B53 B300X500 Middle 159.8949 1014 13 9 7 6 4
B53 B300X500 End-J -95.2284 568 8 6 4 3 3 2
99
B57 B300X500 Middle 31.1123 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B57 B300X500 End-J -28.2462 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B60 B300X500 End-I -17.2415 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B60 B300X500 Middle 28.6133 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B60 B300X500 End-J -23.3985 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B63 B300X500 End-I -31.0019 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B63 B300X500 Middle 31.0019 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B63 B300X500 End-J -124.007 778 10 7 6 4 4 3
B64 B300X500 End-I -124.199 781 10 7 6 4 4 3
B64 B300X500 Middle 125.6475 793 11 8 6 4 4
B64 B300X500 End-J -31.0498 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B65 B300X500 End-I -31.2812 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B65 B300X500 Middle 44.7497 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B65 B300X500 End-J -7.8203 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B68 B300X500 End-I -9.3643 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B68 B300X500 Middle 9.3643 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B68 B300X500 End-J -37.4571 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B70 B300X500 End-I -162.958 1040 14 10 7 6 5 4
B70 B300X500 Middle 168.5219 1080 14 10 8 6 5
B70 B300X500 End-J -99.6024 574 8 6 4 3 3 2
100
B78 B300X500 Middle 33.3988 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B78 B300X500 End-J -133.595 866 12 8 6 5 4 3
B80 B300X500 End-I -112.128 663 9 6 5 4 3 3
B80 B300X500 Middle 114.6439 708 10 7 5 4 3
B80 B300X500 End-J -54.3993 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B81 B300X500 End-I -19.8578 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B81 B300X500 Middle 19.8578 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B81 B300X500 End-J -79.431 464 6 5 4 3 2 2
B83 B300X500 End-I -29.3145 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B83 B300X500 Middle 32.0384 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B83 B300X500 End-J -38.1001 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B84 B300X500 End-I -28.9464 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B84 B300X500 Middle 28.9464 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B84 B300X500 End-J -115.786 740 10 7 5 4 3 3
B85 B300X500 End-I -172.437 1100 15 10 8 6 5 4
B85 B300X500 Middle 159.0105 1014 13 9 7 6 4
B85 B300X500 End-J -71.7334 441 6 4 3 3 2 2
101
B
B101 300x600 Middle 15.8279 534.6 7 5 4 3 3
B
B101 300x600 End-J -63.3115 534.6 7 5 4 3 3 2
B
B102 300x600 End-I -146.784 711 10 7 5 4 3 3
B
B102 300x600 Middle 157.6749 776 10 7 6 4 4
B
B102 300x600 End-J -98.2896 534.6 7 5 4 3 3 2
B103 B300X500 End-I -179.748 1148 15 11 8 6 5 4
B103 B300X500 Middle 179.7971 1154 15 11 8 6 5
B103 B300X500 End-J -112.428 664 9 6 5 4 3 3
B104 B300X500 End-I -73.7758 468 6 5 4 3 2 2
B104 B300X500 Middle 27.9732 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B104 B300X500 End-J -111.893 717 10 7 5 4 3 3
B107 B300X500 End-I -31.2713 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B107 B300X500 Middle 120.4177 751 10 7 5 4 3
B107 B300X500 End-J -125.085 774 10 7 6 4 4 3
B113 B300X500 End-I -15.9472 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B113 B300X500 Middle 36.0586 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B113 B300X500 End-J -32.5913 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B114 B300X500 End-I -50.117 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B114 B300X500 Middle 51.5775 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B114 B300X500 End-J -54.2184 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
102
103
B115 B300X500 Middle 55.4977 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B115 B300X500 End-J -53.4766 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B116 B300X500 End-I -47.4906 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B116 B300X500 Middle 38.5162 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B116 B300X500 End-J -14.8271 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B
B118 300x600 End-I -29.2372 534.6 7 5 4 3 3 2
B
B118 300x600 Middle 110.1606 551 8 5 4 3 3
B
B118 300x600 End-J -116.949 541 7 5 4 3 3 2
B119 B300X500 End-I -17.6641 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B119 B300X500 Middle 50.7748 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B119 B300X500 End-J -42.0389 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B120 B300X500 End-I -42.5818 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B120 B300X500 Middle 49.0612 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B120 B300X500 End-J -47.3819 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B121 B300X500 End-I -25.3135 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B121 B300X500 Middle 28.0253 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B121 B300X500 End-J -46.7062 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
104
B122 B300X500 Middle 104.9992 654 9 6 5 4 3
B122 B300X500 End-J -124.247 787 11 7 6 4 4 3
B126 B300X500 End-I -15.7522 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B126 B300X500 Middle 15.7522 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B126 B300X500 End-J -63.0088 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B77 B300X500 End-I -36.8668 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B77 B300X500 Middle 50.9937 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B77 B300X500 End-J -44.3757 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B79 B300X500 End-I -23.166 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B79 B300X500 Middle 23.166 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B79 B300X500 End-J -92.6638 625 8 6 5 4 3 2
B89 B300X500 End-I -28.2669 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B89 B300X500 Middle 48.413 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B89 B300X500 End-J -113.067 703 9 7 5 4 3 3
B91 B300X500 End-I -67.6999 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B91 B300X500 Middle 45.2597 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B91 B300X500 End-J -47.4845 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
105
B86 B300X500 Middle 107.462 654 9 6 5 4 3
B86 B300X500 End-J -105.85 633 9 6 5 4 3 3
B87 B300X500 End-I -86.1155 502 7 5 4 3 2 2
B87 B300X500 Middle 86.3236 523 7 5 4 3 3
B87 B300X500 End-J -40.2838 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B90 B300X500 End-I -300.214 2009 26 18 14 10 8 7
B90 B300X500 Middle 288.2506 1971 26 18 13 10 8
B90 B300X500 End-J -335.405 2347 30 21 16 12 10 8
B93 B300X500 End-I -183.274 1227 16 11 8 7 5 4
B93 B300X500 Middle 45.8184 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B93 B300X500 End-J -90.2406 582 8 6 4 3 3 2
B94 B300X500 End-I -161.223 1017 13 9 7 6 5 4
B94 B300X500 Middle 170.4601 1087 14 10 8 6 5
B94 B300X500 End-J -98.2818 568 8 6 4 3 3 2
B
B100 300x600 End-I -143.906 671 9 6 5 4 3 3
B
B100 300x600 Middle 224.4595 1138 15 11 8 6 5
B
B100 300x600 End-J -238.982 1193 16 11 8 6 5 4
106
B92 B300X500 Middle 44.9771 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B92 B300X500 End-J -71.0898 443 6 4 3 3 2 2
B96 B300X500 End-I -71.485 446 6 4 3 3 2 2
B96 B300X500 Middle 50.5359 435.6 6 4 3 3 2
B96 B300X500 End-J -17.8713 435.6 6 4 3 3 2 2
B95 B300X500 End-I -259.689 1739 23 16 12 9 7 6
B95 B300X500 Middle 172.7877 1118 15 10 8 6 5
B95 B300X500 End-J -99.1455 622 8 6 5 4 3 2
107
The rules followed in detailing the sections of continuous beams are shown in the
following figure:
Figure 71 - Continuous Beam Detailing
𝑙1 𝑙2
𝑎 ≥ + + 𝐶1
3 3
𝑏 ≥ 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑏 × 50 𝑚𝑚
According to the rules specified in figure 71, the following is a sample detailing of the
continuous beam (B86 – B83 – B84 – B85)
Figure 72 - Continuous Beam Dimensions
108
Figure 73 - Beam X-Section
109
Columns:
The column sections and reinforcement have also been selected using an excel sheet,
according to the moments and axial loads produced from ETABS. The section
reinforcements have been selected so that the spacing between bars conform to the code
specifications.
Figure 74 - Columns Labels
110
Figure 75 - Shear Check For Building Column
Figure 76 - Column Detailing (C1, C2)
111
112
Table 11 - Reinforcement of Columns
Label Story Section P M Major M Minor ρ As # of bars # of bars2 # of bars3 # of bars4 # of bars5 Rebars
kN kN-m kN-m mm² φ 14 φ 16 φ 18 φ 20 φ 25
C313 AUD. C1 300X600 310.3756 195.5457 -93.8351 3.66% 6588 43 33 26 21 14
C360 AUD. C1 300X600 234.5572 -215.3228 24.0844 3.62% 6516 43 33 26 21 14 14 φ 25
C314 AUD. C1 300X600 323.4698 -178.4528 -10.7521 2.47% 4446 29 23 18 15 10 10 φ 25
C330 AUD. C1 300X600 279.6435 141.9043 89.9078 2.14% 3852 26 20 16 13 8
C317 AUD. C1 300X600 250.3961 -140.8562 -20.144 1.71% 3078 20 16 13 10 7
C348 AUD. C1 300X600 256.1955 135.5157 -36.4126 1.70% 3060 20 16 13 10 7
C357 AUD. C1 300X600 220.1644 -140.9818 -34.3673 1.76% 3168 21 16 13 10 7
C361 AUD. C1 300X600 265.1668 137.7887 13.3203 1.65% 2970 20 15 12 10 7 10 φ 20
C329 AUD. C1 300X600 250.6945 111.4517 -92.5339 1.58% 2844 19 15 12 10 6
C360 ROOF C1 300X600 218.9271 -108.4784 15.1389 1.27% 2286 15 12 9 8 5 8 φ 20
C320 AUD. C1 300X600 239.1811 -109.2786 -9.3149 1.23% 2214 15 12 9 8 5
C298 ROOF C1 300X600 190.5746 34.0872 14.9576 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C299 ROOF C1 300X600 204.9774 38.9223 -18.1526 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C300 ROOF C1 300X600 262.8323 -26.5189 -17.0522 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C301 ROOF C1 300X600 276.0465 -25.7538 6.9705 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C303 ROOF C1 300X600 165.2067 19.198 -4.3954 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C304 ROOF C1 300X600 119.6628 2.9006 1.1992 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C305 ROOF C1 300X600 245.0568 5.9402 -4.932 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C306 ROOF C1 300X600 265.1661 -18.7611 7.2215 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
113
C311 ROOF C1 300X600 195.1717 36.0888 4.1667 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C313 ROOF C1 300X600 291.4543 99.8136 -51.9091 1.06% 1908 13 10 8 7 4
C314 ROOF C1 300X600 316.6784 -83.1972 0.7191 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C317 ROOF C1 300X600 243.6047 -73.9459 -7.5917 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C320 ROOF C1 300X600 232.3897 -49.9856 -4.0987 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C321 ROOF C1 300X600 241.5378 33.2075 44.1579 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C322 ROOF C1 300X600 376.6914 -37.5921 20.5251 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C327 ROOF C1 300X600 450.0938 10.9103 -21.2816 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C329 ROOF C1 300X600 243.9031 51.2309 -44.2326 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4 6 φ 20
C330 ROOF C1 300X600 272.8521 65.4841 43.4703 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C332 ROOF C1 300X600 125.2624 -3.1308 45.0314 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C342 ROOF C1 300X600 131.427 -11.9007 -25.5442 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C343 ROOF C1 300X600 394.3402 9.5588 0.2145 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C348 ROOF C1 300X600 249.4041 62.555 -17.3017 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C349 ROOF C1 300X600 54.0565 -3.9854 -7.0901 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C350 ROOF C1 300X600 53.2893 2.5147 10.186 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
114
C353 ROOF C1 300X600 261.9704 30.0077 9.4887 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C357 ROOF C1 300X600 213.373 -76.7802 -16.6082 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C361 ROOF C1 300X600 258.3754 63.901 6.4004 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C363 ROOF C1 300X600 273.776 -28.5695 -11.8838 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C364 ROOF C1 300X600 293.0428 43.4608 2.5748 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C365 ROOF C1 300X600 262.214 27.887 -4.1223 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C366 ROOF C1 300X600 250.4519 -26.6548 -1.8527 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C367 ROOF C1 300X600 226.5806 5.4923 10.9392 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C373 ROOF C1 300X600 158.6336 -30.0793 16.9887 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C378 ROOF C1 300X600 119.1671 23.6741 -49.2372 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C1 ROOF C1 300X600 129.4126 -6.2098 17.3662 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C2 ROOF C1 300X600 220.092 33.8084 -14.5371 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C3 ROOF C1 300X600 321.8837 33.1818 61.5984 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
115
C4 ROOF C1 300X600 97.7108 25.6318 -26.9336 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C5 ROOF C1 300X600 191.8707 -13.483 -24.0199 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C6 ROOF C1 300X600 115.5432 -11.2779 -14.7705 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C298 AUD. C1 300X600 197.366 75.3466 30.8499 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C299 AUD. C1 300X600 211.7688 85.7574 -39.4152 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C300 AUD. C1 300X600 269.6237 -57.2296 -38.714 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C301 AUD. C1 300X600 282.8379 -54.7262 15.2788 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C303 AUD. C1 300X600 171.9981 33.8866 -10.6649 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C304 AUD. C1 300X600 126.4542 3.0653 1.4451 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C305 AUD. C1 300X600 251.8482 6.1048 -10.7116 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C306 AUD. C1 300X600 271.9575 -40.6197 15.3393 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C311 AUD. C1 300X600 201.9631 79.4377 6.8659 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
116
C321 AUD. C1 300X600 248.3292 73.1359 93.4863 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C322 AUD. C1 300X600 383.4828 -80.093 46.9912 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C327 AUD. C1 300X600 456.8852 11.0749 -48.7866 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C332 AUD. C1 300X600 132.0538 -8.4081 88.5558 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C342 AUD. C1 300X600 138.2184 -26.8255 -54.7899 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C343 AUD. C1 300X600 401.1316 9.7234 0.3622 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C349 AUD. C1 300X600 60.8479 -9.6396 -19.136 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C350 AUD. C1 300X600 60.0807 5.7316 20.6559 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C353 AUD. C1 300X600 268.7618 65.3545 21.6106 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C363 AUD. C1 300X600 280.5674 -61.8138 -24.9247 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C364 AUD. C1 300X600 299.8342 93.7382 5.642 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C365 AUD. C1 300X600 269.0054 60.3502 -9.9092 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
117
C366 AUD. C1 300X600 257.2433 -57.7111 -3.669 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C367 AUD. C1 300X600 233.372 5.6569 25.2573 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C373 AUD. C1 300X600 165.425 -66.2944 34.9212 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C378 AUD. C1 300X600 125.9585 49.7822 -103.7514 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C1 AUD. C1 300X600 136.204 -14.1286 34.9383 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C2 AUD. C1 300X600 226.8834 70.5019 -32.0237 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C3 AUD. C1 300X600 328.6751 70.0748 134.5089 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C4 AUD. C1 300X600 104.5022 53.3269 -57.9516 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C5 AUD. C1 300X600 198.6621 -27.0266 -56.3404 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C6 AUD. C1 300X600 122.3346 -24.6565 -28.7223 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C298 1st C1 300X600 570.1187 27.2249 7.7829 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C299 1st C1 300X600 613.0393 30.9268 -18.2449 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C300 1st C1 300X600 695.0874 -20.3744 -16.5869 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C301 1st C1 300X600 720.389 -19.7815 1.7037 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C303 1st C1 300X600 586.9076 16.8458 -6.2516 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C304 1st C1 300X600 368.2409 8.9262 2.6551 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C305 1st C1 300X600 650.1796 15.7604 -2.6331 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C306 1st C1 300X600 703.6556 -17.0566 1.5675 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C311 1st C1 300X600 582.5455 28.5937 -1.3607 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
118
C313 1st C1 300X600 1073.424 81.2776 -43.6821 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C314 1st C1 300X600 864.8354 -66.299 -0.1158 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4 6 φ 20
C317 1st C1 300X600 875.496 -61.7837 -6.3957 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C320 1st C1 300X600 707.0715 -40.0442 -3.2492 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C321 1st C1 300X600 717.1712 26.7022 34.1945 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C322 1st C1 300X600 1010.94 -28.9827 16.3566 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C327 1st C1 300X600 1207.005 29.2578 -15.4456 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C329 1st C1 300X600 720.6079 40.7808 -34.5156 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C330 1st C1 300X600 805.6409 51.9944 32.8555 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C332 1st C1 300X600 386.4351 -9.3672 35.5996 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C342 1st C1 300X600 418.9148 -10.1545 -18.9835 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C343 1st C1 300X600 1047.875 25.4005 -0.7287 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C348 1st C1 300X600 735.5334 49.588 -12.302 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C349 1st C1 300X600 149.3974 -3.6214 -7.4869 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C350 1st C1 300X600 168.7681 4.0909 8.8407 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
119
C353 1st C1 300X600 698.2469 23.5071 7.9667 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C357 1st C1 300X600 843.7748 -64.5462 -15.3643 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C360 1st C1 300X600 828.3164 -88.0222 12.3975 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C361 1st C1 300X600 769.972 50.6309 6.6142 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C318 1st C2 300X800 1001.452 -52.8854 12.7071 1% 2400 16 12 10 8 5
C344 1st C2 300X800 1195.63 65.0077 12.0678 1% 2400 16 12 10 8 5
C355 1st C2 300X800 1401.158 33.9641 -133.9037 1% 2400 16 12 10 8 5
C323 ROOF C3 300X700 189.9924 10.5434 12.3482 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C324 ROOF C3 300X700 348.9616 17.359 -57.77 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C345 ROOF C3 300X700 332.3642 -49.3854 8.9144 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C347 ROOF C3 300X700 400.2415 -43.5367 -5.8256 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C354 ROOF C3 300X700 366.539 28.871 98.2807 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5 14 φ 14
C362 ROOF C3 300X700 179.6351 36.2376 16.5263 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C10 ROOF C3 300X700 113.4992 12.9874 40.2697 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
120
C323 AUD. C3 300X700 197.9157 21.7377 37.9378 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C324 AUD. C3 300X700 356.8849 48.1904 -122.358 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C345 AUD. C3 300X700 340.2875 -105.7827 21.1122 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C347 AUD. C3 300X700 408.1648 -94.0582 -8.0088 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C354 AUD. C3 300X700 374.4623 41.0643 196.4782 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C362 AUD. C3 300X700 187.5584 80.0295 36.1402 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C10 AUD. C3 300X700 121.4225 26.2109 82.9391 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C323 1st C3 300X700 539.1733 13.0696 10.5275 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C324 1st C3 300X700 1100.762 26.6825 -47.6964 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C345 1st C3 300X700 890.9849 -38.5271 9.4407 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C347 1st C3 300X700 1059.277 -33.6551 -3.3857 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C354 1st C3 300X700 1190.995 28.8697 71.9012 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C362 1st C3 300X700 542.0724 28.7033 14.8414 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
121
C10 1st C3 300X700 372.1422 10.0347 34.5475 1% 2100 14 11 9 7 5
C341 AUD. C4 350X800 357.5282 -312.0993 16.1161 2.15% 6020 40 30 24 20 13 20 φ 20
C356 AUD. C4 350X800 320.6142 -191.9063 -153.293 1.37% 3836 25 20 16 13 8 16 φ 18
C325 ROOF C4 350X800 272.8157 -62.3103 23.542 1% 2800 19 14 12 9 6
C341 ROOF C4 350X800 346.9638 -141.9072 6.6787 1% 2800 19 14 12 9 6
C356 ROOF C4 350X800 310.0498 -105.3571 -83.1396 1% 2800 19 14 12 9 6 14 φ 16
C325 AUD. C4 350X800 283.3801 -128.753 62.9708 1% 2800 19 14 12 9 6
C325 1st C4 350X800 881.6477 -48.6845 23.9025 1% 2800 19 14 12 9 6
C341 1st C4 350X800 1014.155 -110.9793 8.0771 1% 2800 19 14 12 9 6
C356 1st C4 350X800 1209.719 -88.4615 -69.4772 1% 2800 19 14 12 9 6
C326 AUD. C5 300X500 340.9129 -224.3644 -31.0699 3.77% 5655 37 29 23 19 12 12 φ 25
C339 AUD. C5 300X500 175.5285 84.6975 -138.8244 2.20% 3300 22 17 13 11 7
C351 AUD. C5 300X500 154.4821 7.6225 -209.031 1.77% 2655 18 14 11 9 6
C359 AUD. C5 300X500 185.7266 -54.2593 154.9818 1.67% 2505 17 13 10 8 6
C326 ROOF C5 300X500 322.4366 -104.983 -14.1931 1.41% 2115 14 11 9 7 5
C308 AUD. C5 300X500 140.9433 -81.0339 46.1217 1.31% 1965 13 10 8 7 5 10 φ 18
122
C328 AUD. C5 300X500 241.6603 -91.4882 -56.6677 1.44% 2160 15 11 9 7 5
C337 AUD. C5 300X500 271.4424 -42.6258 -171.0291 1.59% 2385 16 12 10 8 5
C307 ROOF C5 300X500 193.5587 -10.1689 -27.015 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C308 ROOF C5 300X500 135.2838 -36.747 20.4516 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C309 ROOF C5 300X500 24.0761 1.5791 1.6424 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C310 ROOF C5 300X500 129.0605 3.1284 -18.3195 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C312 ROOF C5 300X500 131.8615 18.3049 -25.1143 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C328 ROOF C5 300X500 236.0008 -43.5009 -25.8061 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C331 ROOF C5 300X500 401.9092 -31.0974 44.9309 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C337 ROOF C5 300X500 265.7829 -19.4628 -77.5778 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C338 ROOF C5 300X500 202.9438 -14.2407 36.1898 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C339 ROOF C5 300X500 169.869 38.9134 -66.5286 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C340 ROOF C5 300X500 117.9372 28.5482 25.074 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C351 ROOF C5 300X500 148.8226 7.9018 -103.058 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C352 ROOF C5 300X500 138.5478 16.7125 16.2249 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C358 ROOF C5 300X500 64.878 -28.0524 -28.5225 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C359 ROOF C5 300X500 180.0671 -24.4229 73.4844 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C307 AUD. C5 300X500 199.2182 -22.1773 -59.8561 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C309 AUD. C5 300X500 29.7356 3.4076 2.2136 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
123
C310 AUD. C5 300X500 134.72 3.2656 -42.4772 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C312 AUD. C5 300X500 137.521 39.8615 -53.2982 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C331 AUD. C5 300X500 407.5687 -66.8937 99.1286 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C338 AUD. C5 300X500 208.6033 -31.0396 81.862 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C340 AUD. C5 300X500 123.5967 62.3988 52.3629 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C352 AUD. C5 300X500 144.2073 36.969 36.2924 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C358 AUD. C5 300X500 70.5375 -50.859 -56.6789 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C307 1st C5 300X500 503.3315 -12.2008 -23.0179 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4 10 φ 14
C308 1st C5 300X500 362.918 -29.367 15.1302 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C309 1st C5 300X500 92.1913 2.2347 0.7579 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C310 1st C5 300X500 355.2495 8.6112 -15.9081 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C312 1st C5 300X500 376.8182 14.4983 -22.4093 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C326 1st C5 300X500 983.2284 -82.6329 -9.7984 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C328 1st C5 300X500 615.0284 -34.0522 -19.6737 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C331 1st C5 300X500 1073.996 -26.0337 34.4937 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
124
C337 1st C5 300X500 709.3447 -17.1945 -60.6779 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C338 1st C5 300X500 532.8864 -12.9172 29.0568 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C339 1st C5 300X500 497.904 30.8282 -53.0888 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C340 1st C5 300X500 343.8729 22.5935 20.7643 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C351 1st C5 300X500 552.0695 13.3822 -83.2188 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C352 1st C5 300X500 372.6345 13.0444 12.9308 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C358 1st C5 300X500 258.6703 -23.8064 -24.214 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C359 1st C5 300X500 529.4945 -18.993 57.9909 1% 1500 10 8 6 5 4
C346 ROOF C6 300X900 340.5488 34.2309 -9.5675 1% 2700 18 14 11 9 6
C346 AUD. C6 300X900 350.7359 73.7036 -14.3353 1% 2700 18 14 11 9 6
C346 1st C6 300X900 895.2425 27.3784 -4.768 1% 2700 18 14 11 9 6
C25 AUD. C7 600X600 578.5964 496.2596 19.2325 1.23% 4428 29 23 18 15 10
C26 AUD. C7 600X600 580.0798 -496.9752 19.2819 1.23% 4428 29 23 18 15 10
C12 AUD. C7 600X600 548.0174 485.9782 -18.2161 1.21% 4356 29 22 18 14 9
C20 AUD. C7 600X600 547.7099 -485.2387 -18.2059 1.21% 4356 29 22 18 14 9
C21 AUD. C7 600X600 553.9702 487.2991 18.414 1.21% 4356 29 22 18 14 9
125
C24 AUD. C7 600X600 553.7103 -486.5259 18.4053 1.21% 4356 29 22 18 14 9
C384 AUD. C7 600X600 542.9415 458.3502 18.0474 1.08% 3888 26 20 16 13 8
C11 AUD. C7 600X600 544.8065 -459.4017 18.1094 1.08% 3888 26 20 16 13 8
C384 1st C7 600X600 591.0987 -328.9608 -2.9831 1% 3600 24 18 15 12 8
C11 1st C7 600X600 592.9637 328.6894 -1.7275 1% 3600 24 18 15 12 8
C12 1st C7 600X600 596.1746 -348.714 10.4456 1% 3600 24 18 15 12 8
C20 1st C7 600X600 595.8671 347.1172 10.5221 1% 3600 24 18 15 12 8
C21 1st C7 600X600 602.1274 -349.6927 0.6029 1% 3600 24 18 15 12 8
C24 1st C7 600X600 601.8675 348.006 0.6672 1% 3600 24 18 15 12 8
C25 1st C7 600X600 626.7536 -356.2525 2.5881 1% 3600 24 18 15 12 8
C26 1st C7 600X600 628.237 355.542 1.647 1% 3600 24 18 15 12 8
C16 AUD. C8 300X600 114.5115 43.645 22.5915 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C17 AUD. C8 300X600 121.5486 -46.9679 22.2503 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C22 AUD. C8 300X600 261.5617 8.6943 67.2314 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C27 AUD. C8 300X600 132.8668 48.7495 -30.3274 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C28 AUD. C8 300X600 140.9804 -52.7033 -30.2261 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C29 AUD. C8 300X600 284.4956 9.4566 -80.8118 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C16 1st C8 300X600 138.5901 -31.4948 -15.4474 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C17 1st C8 300X600 145.6272 33.378 -15.1908 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
126
C22 1st C8 300X600 285.6403 -9.4947 -48.5706 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C27 1st C8 300X600 156.9454 -35.2634 23.6368 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C28 1st C8 300X600 165.059 37.426 23.5815 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
C29 1st C8 300X600 308.5742 -10.257 61.0919 1% 1800 12 9 8 6 4
127
Footings:
The footings were designed manually according to the column loads specified by ETABS.
The manual design was then checked on SAFE, to which the loads on base points were
imported and footings were drawn at the base points. The soil properties are found in
appendix B.
Figure 79 – Typical School Footings, Building (Right), Theatre (Left).
Figure 80 - Footings Reinforcement (Top View)
128
Appendix B
Appendix B 1
Appendix B 2
Figure 81 - Moment Diagram (Theatre Slab)
Figure 82 - Load Transfer to Theatre Beams
129
Appendix B 3
Table 12 - Moment Distribution 1 (Frame Analysis)
Fixed
End
Moments
Distribution
Factors AB = BA 0
DF (AB) = DF (DC) 0 DC = CD 0
Wu/m 61.68 kN/m DF (BA) = DF (CD) 0.503 BC -816
Distance BC 12.6m DF (BC) = DF (CB) 0.497 CB 816
Spans
A-B B-A B-C C-B C-D D-C
Distribution Factor 0 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00
Fixed End Moment 0 0 -816 816 0 0
Moment to
Distribute 0 0 -816 816 0 0
Distribution 410.1216 406 -405.552 -410 0
-
Carry Over 205 0 -202.776 202.776 0 205.224
-
Distribution 101.9152 100.7797 -100.78 101.996 0
-
Carry Over 50.9576088 0 -50.3898 50.38984 0 50.9982
-
Distribution 25.32593 25.04375 -25.0437 25.3461 0
Carry Over 12.66296579 0 -12.5219 12.52187 0 -12.673
Distribution 6.293494 6.223372 -6.22337 -6.2985 0
-
Carry Over 3.146746998 0 -3.11169 3.111686 0 3.14925
-
Distribution 1.563933 1.546508 -1.54651 1.56518 0
-
Carry Over 0.781966629 0 -0.77325 0.773254 0 0.78259
Support Moment 273 545 -546 546 -546 -273
130
Appendix B 4
Figure 83 - Theatre Column Interaction Diagram
131
132
Appendix B 5
Table 13 - Moment Distribution 2 (Frame Analysis)
Fixed
End
Moments
Distribution
Factors AB = BA 0
DF (AB) = DF
(DC) 0 DC = CD 0
61.68 DF (BA) = DF
Wu/m kN/m (CD) 0.503 BC -816
DF (BC) = DF
Distance BC 12.6m (CB) 0.497 CB 816
Spans
A-B B-A B-C C-B C-D D-C
Distribution Factor 0 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.00
Fixed End Moment 0 0 -816 816 0 0
Moment to
Distribute 0 0 -816 816 0 0
Distribution 410.1216 406 -405.552 -410 0
-
Carry Over 205 0 -202.776 202.776 0 205.224
-
Distribution 101.9152 100.7797 -100.78 101.996 0
-
Carry Over 50.9576088 0 -50.3898 50.38984 0 50.9982
133
-
Distribution 25.32593 25.04375 -25.0437 25.3461 0
Carry Over 12.66296579 0 -12.5219 12.52187 0 -12.673
Distribution 6.293494 6.223372 -6.22337 -6.2985 0
-
Carry Over 3.146746998 0 -3.11169 3.111686 0 3.14925
-
Distribution 1.563933 1.546508 -1.54651 1.56518 0
-
Carry Over 0.781966629 0 -0.77325 0.773254 0 0.78259
Support
Moment 273 545 -546 546 -546 -273
134
Appendix B 6
Figure 84 - Geotechnical Info. 1
135
Appendix B 7
Figure 85 - Geotechnical Info.2
136
Appendix B 8
Figure 86 - Geotechnical Info.3
137
Appendix B 9
Figure 87 - free body diagram analysis the moments (Foundation)
Appendix B 10
Figure 88 - Footing Shear (Theatre)
138
Appendix B 11
Figure 89 - qu and qmax Under Footing (Theatre)
139
Appendix B 12
Appendix B 13 Figure 90 - Bearing Strength Check
Figure 91 - Ribbed Iterations
140
Appendix B 14
Figure 92 - Theatre Plan
141
Appendix B 15
Figure 93 - Free body diagram analysis (Frame)
Appendix B 16
Figure 94 - Moment and Shear Diagram (Frame)
142
Appendix B 17
Figure 95- Theatre Column Detailing
143
Appendix B 18
Figure 96 - Shear Check (Theatre)
144

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The University School of

The Structural Design of Deir Al-Kahf School

A capstone project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement

Abd Elrahman Homsi, 0145050

Dr. Mu’tasim Abdel-Jaber

The Civil Engineering Department

This report details an engineering structural design project undertaken by Civil

1.1.1 Civil Engineering

Fields involved are: Structural Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering,

1.1.2 Structural Engineering

1.1.3 Structural Design

Structural design is a systematic investigation of stability, strength and rigidity of

1.1.3.1 Design Stages

Figure 1 - Design Stages

1.2.1 Floors’ Areas and Heights

The school consists of two floor and it is accompanied by a theatre:

Floor Height (m) Area (m2)

1.2.2 Structural System

1.2.3 Materials’ Properties

1.2.4 Computer Aided Design

Figure 2 - ETABS Model

Our main objective is to produce an educational institution of structural integrity. Built to

1.4 Scope of Work

1.5.1 Design Codes

1.5.2 Design Documents

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5

Team Data Set Export

Plans & Conceptual Printing

Figure 3 - WBS Computer

2.3.2 Part Two (Actual Design):

Figure 4 - One-Way Solid Slab

Economic span range: 4-7m

Figure 5- One-Way Ribbed Slab

Economic Span Range: 8-12m

Figure 6 - Tee Section (SAP2000)

Figure 7 - Rectangular Section (SAP2000)

Figure 9 - Moment Diagram (Solid)

Figure 10 - Manual Calculations (Ribbed) Using Excel

3.2.1.1 Conceptual Design

A waffle slab is a type of building material that has two-

3.2.1.2 Preliminary Analysis

The distributed load on the ribs per (0.65x1.3) m2 is calculated below:

Calculations for Area of steel required (short direction) for Alternative 1:

3.2.2 Alternative Two (Frame System)

3.2.2.1 Conceptual Design

In a moment resisting frame system, beams and

3.2.2.2 Preliminary Design

Load Calculations for Frame Beams:

(ii) Dropped part of beam own weight:

(iii) Ultimate load per meter length on beam:

Figure 15 - Frame Shear Diagram

As = ρ * b * d = 0.00676 * 600mm * 752.5mm = 3053 mm2.

(ii) Negative Moment Steel:

Rn = 2.29 ρ = 0.006734 As = 2462 mm2

Check for strain of steel:

Several factors constituted to the decision of choosing the best alternative.

5. Social and Cultural

4.2.1 Introduction to Loads

Figure 16 - Loads Plan (Done on AutoCAD)

Taking a 1m long strip from the above section:

Own weight of concrete = (volume of concrete X unit weight of concrete)

Total weight of strip = 1.43 + 0.9 = 2.33 kN/strip

Dividing by the area of strip to find it in kN/m2 we get 2.33 / (0.52*1)

Self-weight of ribbed slab = 4.48 kN/m2

Area steel required= 0.0014951000220= 329 mm2

Kn = (290103) / (0.6528600300) = 0.089