Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Whitington, G. T.
London : Smith, Elder, & co. [etc.], 1840.
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.319510021579380
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FALKLAND ISLANDS,
&c. &c.
BY
G. T. WHITINGTON.
This Work gives the early history of the Falklands: it details the dif
ferent contests for their sovereignty, which is now vested in the British
Crown; it comprises the personal examinations and general observations
of Don Louis VERNET, the Spanish Governor, and his people, who
resided on the Falklands from 1826 until 1833, as also of Captain J.
J. ONSLow, R.N., who, took possession and hoisted there the British
Flag in 1833, together with that of Lieutenants HENRY SMITH, R.N.,
Resident Governor during four years, from 1834 to 1838, RoBERT
LowcAY, R.N., Resident Governor for 1838 and 1839, WILLIAM LANG
DoN, R.N., HENRY REA, R.N., and other indisputable authorities;
embracing the soil, climate, natural productions, local advantages, fitness
and facilities for Colonization, and for the establishment of a Naval and
Commercial Depôt. Accompanied by Tables of Temperature, Journal
of Weather, Nautical Notes, Instructions for Navigators, and accurate
Maps of the Islands, with Chart of Berkley Sound, the shores of
Magellan, &c., with some account of that country and people, as bearing
upon their contiguity to the Falklands. To this is added important and
interesting historical, statistical, political, and general remarks upon
Colonization, Emigration, Poor Laws, Corn Laws, &c.
LONDON :
\!/5 -9
982(309
4
to
its
nearly 130 miles, and greatest breadth about 80. The western
50
island from N.E. S.W. length, and
to
7 in
about 100 miles
in
is
in
miles
another place
In
the smaller islands are situate this channel.
in
to be
have given ample nautical details the localities, which will
of
I
of
to
that
quarter.
of
estate
a
to
in
waste
by
its
well calculated
so
to
command
the navigation the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and ultimately
of
be
an
influence that might extremely prejudicial their
to
to
obtain
interests; the most anxious solicitude Spain being always directed
of
other countries, from communication inter
of
or
to
the exclusion
course with her South American colonies.
by
On the contrary, whether instigated views,
or
ambitious
merely desirous extending her colonial possessions, whatever was
of
in
these Islands, and
of
at
once established
a
the East Island; the French colonists were brought from the
on
vicinity St. Malo, and they gave the name “the Malouines”
of
of
the Islands, compliment The French
to
to
in
as
were also very successful and prosperous, which excited the fears
also the jealousy Old Spain; and consequence Spanish naval
of
in
a
force took possession
of
of
Islands
in
in
of
immense herds fine wild cattle, with wild horses, hogs, goats,
&c., which have been produced from the stock
at of
the French,
of
for
these
no
of
pants. colony
at
a
several masters
*
by
of
90
190 stone each, and their hides from lbs. per hide.
to
to
from 150
6
ill
situated in West Falkland
on
and could only have been selected the spacious harbour
of
account
and safe anchorage. this English colony revived
The existence
of
the old Spanish jealousy, and accordingly small garrison was
a
by
the Spaniards East Falkland, for the purpose
to of
in
established
giving some colour sovereignty, and
of
their assumed claim
to
watch the proceedings the English settlers with their limited
of
garrison Port Egmont. Both parties abstained from any direct
at
of
interference with each other, for appears that the instructions
it
the British government were confined, the first instance, the
in it to
in
taking possession King England; and
of
of
in
be
removed, but were
or
be
to
molested
of
informed that the Falklands were
a dependency the British
crown; that both countries claimed the sovereignty, and each
so
of
seemed satisfied
quietly West
at
in
located
Falkland, until November 1769, when Captain Hunt, the military
governor Port Egmont, warnedSpanish schooner depart,
of
to
a
which
by
of
made indication
two days afterwards returned with letters from the Spanish go
in
Port Solidad
in
vernor
by
which letters
the Spanish governor complains, that when Captain Hunt ordered
he
he
to
“by
no
an
have the
Spaniards King
Spain's own dominions.”
In
of
at in
the another
he
be
in
that
by
be
to
by
of
of
first
in
the name
it
7
This event, when made known to the British nation, gave rise to
much excitement, and the Earl of Egmont, at that time First Lord
of the Admiralty, and in compliment to whom the capacious harbour
and anchorage of Port Egmont had been so named, took the sub
ject up with much vigour; a commanding naval force was speedily
fitted out, and a peremptory demand was made upon the Spanish
government for satisfaction, by public disavowal of the conduct of
Buccarelli, governor of Buenos Ayres, who had ordered the Spa
nish naval force to take possession, and the restitution of the Falk
lands. The hostile force sent to take possession, and to expel the
English from Port Egmont, was stated by the Spanish government
to have been so employed by Buccarelli on his own responsibility,
and without any instructions or authority to that effect from the
mother country; but the Spanish ministry evaded a specific denial
of their sanction to the steps adopted by Buccarelli; neither did
for
by
ment
on
the part
of
the unfavourable
by
all traces
as
of
the domina
of
9
tion of Old Spain over her South American colonies, and then in
friendly alliance with England, to renew her former jealousy
by maintaining a garrison in the Falklands at a fruitless ex
pense. Possibly both of these motives might partially influence
the conduct of the English government in this particular instance,
or it may have been the result of some private understanding be
tween the two governments, at the time when Spain was compelled
to restore the Falkland Islands to Great Britain—an understanding
which, if it ever existed, as has been averred, could not have been
longer binding after the acknowledged independence of the South
American provinces. Be that, however, as it may, one fact is
certain, namely, that the prejudices artfully and politically raised
against the Falkland Islands, and stamped with Doctor Johnson's
authority, still retain possession of the public mind, although the
objects for which the misrepresentations were fabricated have long
ceased to operate, and the knowledgeof their falsehood has been
made manifest by the most indisputable testimony.
“ SIR,
“I have the honour to inform you of the circumstance of my
“arrival at this port, commissioned by the supreme government
“ of the United Provinces of South America, to take possession of
“these Islands in the name of the country to which they naturally
“appertain. In the performance of this duty it is my desire to act
all
Buenos Ayres,
of
to
by
on
the 5th
January, 1828, whereby, amongst other privileges and immunities,
Don Louis Vernet was constituted governor the Falklands,
of
11
is,
himself and settlers at Port Louis, in East Falkland, which
in
reality, the original Port Solidad the Spaniards. Don Louis
of
Vernet and his colony proceeded successfully establishing
in
Port Louis, and making arrangements for more
at
in
themselves
extensive colonization, when, 1830, Lieut. Langdon, R.N.,
in
and
myself, obtained from Don Louis Vernet considerable grant
of
a
land, and extensive privileges, upon East Falkland and Staten
Island; and immediately entered into negociation with the British
colonizing the Falklands
of
government for the purpose with
British settlers, under the protection the British flag. To this
of
overture would appear that the British government was for
it
a
considerable time perfectly indifferent; our zeal, however, having
us
in
more
a
favourable point
of
view.
seizure
who resisted his authority
as
carried
Buenos Ayres, where they were condemned lawful prize,
as
to
in
landed Don
was rumoured, this time, that
It
of
sion esta
blishing there naval depôt,
protect their fisheries and promote
to
a
to
made me about
12
of
as
in
a
the crown
arrival Port Egmont, you will immediately restore the sym
at
“ “
bols
“sisting the blockhouse, flag-staff, and flag, formerly erected
of
by
peared fallen into decay; and you will, with that view, hoist
or
its it on
remains,
or
new small
of to
construct
if
a
is on
fort block-house
on
“force in question, with any property to which such force may have
“a just claim; but
if,
the contrary, your request for such flag
on
struck, for such foreign military force being withdrawn,
be
or
to
“
be
be
of
“should refused, and objections any sort raised against
compliance, you are, providing you deem the force the sloop
of
“
of
to
forcible
“sion, command, his Majesty, the said foreign
of
to
in
the name
foreign military per
all
person exercising chief authority, and
“
at
to
if,
“their peril, the British possessions. And after this command,
“any further hesitation
be
attempted, you are
to
or
resistance
“compel depart; observing that, your
of
to
in
them the event
“being obliged this painful measure, which
to to
to
have recourse
“you are only adopt the last extremity; you are
to
in
execute
“it
all
or
of
compromise
no
to
admit
be
“evasive delay under any pretence whatever, there
if vessels
“present convey such military persons away; being his Ma
to
it
up
these Islands.
“
“If,
no
of
means
dis
be
“armed, and left there until further measures can taken for
be
on
“opinion, that any such foreign forces which you may find Port
at
of or
in
in
to to
the force
to is
and
it
by
“expel them arms, you must then, should your request for
be
all
so
of if,
after
“your final protest, the person exercising chief command such
“foreign force, should still refuse resign possession the place,
of
to
all
“you are proceed with possible despatch join the Com
to
is to
“mander-in-Chief for further orders. But as desirable that
it
“his Majesty's Buenos Ayres should ac
be
minister at made
“quainted early possible with the result, whatever may be,
as
as
in it
on
your visit your
of
“return
to
your proceedings; and should you not
of
rejoin
to
him without moment's delay.
“
a
on
the
on
duties assigned him, and from Monte Video, the 19th Jan.
to
viz.-
“Monte Video, 19th January, 1833.
“SIR,
“I
for
the eastward.
“at Port Egmont, mentioned the seventh and eighth paragraphs
in
at
in
“
that port for H.M. ship Tyne, had been ten days there.
as
“
to
in
“schooner
I
17
of
“circumstance
“Pacific Europe merchant ships, be apprehended,
to
in
to
is
“I
the necessity
to
to
by
to
“
B
18
to
stated
is
“power over this Island from the Buenos Ayrean government for
“twenty-six years. The settlers were his dependents, which ap
“peared me from their representation have subjected them
to
to
“to many vexatious exactions, and caused great dissatisfaction.
“The whole requested me
of
the settlers
“in their favour for grants
of
land.
“I am Sir,
“Your most obedient Servant,
*:
Dickson, who had constantly resided upon the Islands for period
a
and that snow seldom remained upon the ground many days; the
by he
quality,
as
of
evidenced
repre
fat
he
and soil
for
sented
be
sheep, and that the exports might made very important sal
in
is
“ther with that very intelligent German, who has resided here
of
a
in
he
of to
he
he
be
sheep garden,
of
“Scotch breed
to
in
“never laid
**
21
|
his powerful mind, as an object of extensive colonization; and
he commenced operations by making arrangements for the early
establishment of a fishery, out of the profits of which he con
templated realizing the means for accomplishing the ultimate
colonization of these Islands. With his first grant he pro
ceeded to improve the breed of wild cattle, by importing fresh
male stock of every description, as well as sheep; convinced by
practical proofs of the importance of the place, he subsequently
obtained further powers and support from his government, as
before stated. In 1826 to 1831 he located about ninety settlers;
cultivated wheat, hemp, flax, potatoes,
and other vegetables;
commenced a fishery, from which in one year he supplied the
Brazil market with eighty tons of salted fish, which netted
£1,600 sterling; part of the fish cured for the Brazilian
market was rock-cod, so much prized there as to sell for four
times the price of any other fish.
J.
‘Töc. 32.84.
Jia TGaſolua.
be
Cw Sauðio
be
Čecto que
ef
3u83cviće.
4ouie &vuet.
from the sale provisions, salt fish, hides, wool, tallow, &c.
derived handsome yearly income, until assailed, and their esta
a
by
its
He states, that being determined to restore the settlement to
of he
former footing was practicable, formed gardens
as
as
far which
in
every description, and
of
to
the people, and was also the means restoring health the crews
of
on
of of
several French whalers, who could not keep the sea account
the scurvy. These crews speedily recovered after landing upon
the Island, and having the advantage the fresh meat and vege
of
tables, together with their using the wild celery and parsley, which
be
can had there almost any quantity. Mr. Smith also exer
in
to
by
by
ed
as
the Americans,
of
in
in
take
a
the smaller vessels that resort the Falkland fisheries; and does
to
any larger
or
of
of
to
of
harbour the
in
a
southern hemisphere.
26
*
Mr. Smith further remarks, that after forming the gardens, his
success in rearing vegetables, particularly potatoes and turnips,
far exceeded his most sanguine expectations as respected their
productiveness, and quality; and that his
also as to size and
agreeable surprise at this very favourable result, will be easily
understood, when he avowed the fact of his having at the time of
arrival, entertained all the prejudices against the Falklands which
had so unaccountably prevailed for more than a century; that he
considered them as being barren, inclement, unproductive, the
for
scene of perpetual tempests, and wholly unfitted the habitation
beast; whereas found them enjoying
of
or
he
either man tem
a
perate climate, serene and clear sky, and comparatively free
a
he
from the hurricanes and tempests which had anticipated. He
of
also found that East Falkland possessed numerous herds fine
fat wild cattle, wild horses, hogs, goats, rabbits, and other animals,
with luxuriant pastures feed on, without any trace
of
the devas
to
tations attributed
nights were invariably serene and astonishingly mild, the boister
ous weather only commencing with sunrise. Mr. Smith continues
all
be
state, that finding his own preconceived ideas entirely
to
to
colonization.
in
of
by
the command
tenant Lowcay, who left Rio August 1838, carrying with him
in
all
sheep, fowls,
of
of
to
desist from
*
27
all
Falkland Islands, foreign vessels are prohibited fishing,
all
sealing, round near them; and
or
be
“will
as
proceeded against trespassers.”
a
“beautiful port, having many advantages for settlement, pos
a
an
“sessing abundance good water, fuel, live stock, and excel
of
he
in
on is
the free
a
port,
of
the hands
“
this
to in
10° the
is
by
its
temperature, am enabled,
of
to
it
be
to
in
88.
to
to
84.
+
*
28
I
shall now proceed to offer my observations and suggestions
regarding the Falklands, founded upon a careful examination of
the numerous authentic documents in my possession,-acquired
during many years of diligent enquiry; and I feel myself fully jus
tified in stating that they possess every facility and every requisite
to form a commanding naval and commercial depôt, and for the
establishment of a prosperous and important fishing colony, to be
connected with the breeding of cattle and coarse-woolled sheep, so
as to render it one of the most valuable dependencies of the British
CrOWn.
The first objects which attract particular attention are the numer
ous safe and convenient harbours for shipping, all created by the
hand of Nature, without any artificial aid from man; amongst these
the splendid Berkley Sound claims our first attention, possessing
as it does every advantage which either art or science can bestow,
and in which spacious harbour all the fleets of Europe might find
anchorage at the same time. In this favorable position, it is
evident there exists the means for establishing a most commodious
locality becomes daily more requi
its
of
of
to
the southern
hemisphere, than the Cape Good Hope.
of
political point
In
republics
of
vast national
importance, they require both protection and support, which the
naval command upon the South American station incompetent
is
at
to
at
rendezvous either
Rio Janeiro, Rio Plata; but
or
to
be
little wear and tear, their damages could easily repaired, their
hand, and their proximity and command
to of
supplies constantly
at
all
be
refuge at hand to refit and would
it
a
cult, not impracticable, for any ship navigate those seas with
to
if
established
lutely insuring prosperity the settlers, with the certainty
of
any political
of
interests
derived, from possessing naval station there; although
be
to
benefit
a
ously, very materially assist each other, inasmuch that the early
as
by
ing the naval depôt whilst the colonists the other hand
to
would secure
to
in
in
30
of
trifle (all
of
for which
a
in
“ample manner, and would form fortresses, stores, and houses,
during the infancy Even should govern
of
this establishment.
.*
them,
of
to
“
be
be
in
a
of
of
the value these
as
places war,
in
naval station.
“
“I am, Sir,
“Your obedient servant,
“To
G.
Whitington, Esq.”
T.
“DUNDoNALD.”
up
at
in
the cost
be
only
in to of
so
few
a
on
it,
the
Eastern Island, length, the top
at
in
be
worthless And
a
I
?
has
in
it
by
of
judged,
as
disadvan
to
by
I
a
by
It
is insisted upon by Dr. Johnson, and others, that the
absence of original native inhabitants furnishes conclusive proof
of their barrenness and inclemency: I reply that the island
of Juan Fernandez, which gave rise to the beautiful tale of
Robinson Crusoe, forms at once an indisputable refutation of
that erroneous doctrine; the climate of that island presents a
all
perpetual spring, yielding in abundance
of
the luxuries
life, but not possessed aboriginal occupants. The North
of
its
American States have recently obtained sovereignty from the
Republican government Chili, and created settlement for the
of
a
purpose forming naval station,
of
to
in
commerce
an
be,
to
at
admitted southernmost
is
barren
in
of
to
thousands
crease, the very southernmost point; and, still further
at
even
south, extent, named the
of
situate
a
its
the
world, great portion well adapted for masts and spars;
of
it
it
by
inhabited
is
their
in
a
It
is
no
also remarkable that there are trees near the sea, from few
a
- 34
is,
inhabitants; proving
to or of
that the
to
destitute demonstration
or a
no
aborigines, form
of
existence non-existence timber fixed
climate, which also evi
or
criterion determine either soil
is
by
an
many districts even this country, where with
in
denced
of
excellent soil there total absence timber.
is
a
of
the habitation human
to
beings, may, that dictum, confidently
of
in
refutation refer
I
such
quimaux, and Yakutsk;f these countries are ice and snow bound
the year, during which time the cattle are
in
of
inhabitants and trade without any local political advantages
or
all
at
to
ably appertaining
to
the Falklands. ~
of
this timber
is
*
no
its
or
The earth has spot upon surface, either habitable otherwise, which
#
as
of
cold few
is
wooden houses are intermixed with numerous huts, plastered over with cow-dung,
In
and windowed with ice. this dreary and remote region, the earth always
is
frozen, the summer's thaw never reaching below feet from the surface, the sub
3
terranean ice having computed depth 200 yards; January the thermometer
of
in
a
by by
though short summer, reap both wheat and barley, and cultivate, successfully,
potatoes and other hardy vegetables.
35
and which are the result of prejudice and want of due con
sideration; if generally admitted, they would have left those
peculiarly favoured places unpeopled, even at the present day.
It is the characteristic of prejudice, to confound right and wrong
together, and being always governed by ignorance and obstinacy;
to persist in error, and resist the truth.
36
If,
to remove preconceived prejudices of long standing. however,
those timid voyagers had possessed more enterprise, and landed
upon East Falkland, their hasty opinions would have been quickly
changed; as, upon passing over the first range hills, they would
of
have found most extensive plains fine grass land, for sheep
fit
of
pastures other purposes, and forming pleasing variety
of
or
a
rising and sloping grounds, extending the southern extremity.
to
Mere geographical position forms criterion for judging
no
of
climate, however may apply different parts Europe, since
of
to
it
has been fully ascertained that local causes, and other circum
it
in
affect and determine the climate
be
is
New Orleans, 30° N., some parts Mexico lying within
of
at
in
in
of in
the centre
night low, the year,
as
temperature
at
so
at
certain seasons
is
produce ice.
to
the Southern
early navigators,
of
of
effects
quently occurring, certain periods summer, during southerly
at
in
in
Falk
do
not the
lands, and are experienced more Cape Horn; they originate
at
to in
a
the ice, latitude 65° 70° S., which suddenly reduces the tem
in
to
it
N.
W.,
of
E.
wind and
a
all
which are well known to greatly affect temperature in situa
be
tions, and will proved, by experience, that, the Falklands,
in
it
an
winter, during equal time, con
of
in
the difference climate
is
to,
to
of
many degrees.
of
the extent
The climate far less variable and more healthy than that
is
of
that
in
evidence seldom
it
snow remains upon the ground more than forty-eight hours,
on
suffi
as
except the mountain tops, which must be admitted
cient proof mild atmosphere; and, although
of
has been
it
a
by
of
in
be
high temperature, that circumstance,
of
to
found
if
even
no
the
is no
as
prosperous settlement;
Newfoundland grows
of
blishment
a
corn for its own use, and the entire east coast
of
South America
wholly dependent upon foreigners for the supply flour, biscuit,
of
as
of
Potatoes
a
cultivated the
be
in
vessels
Cape Horn; whilst similar supplies from the North American
an
advantageous source
of
be
and my opinion that, with the rapid evaporation,
to is,
they will
found sufficient ripen wheat:*—
of
at
Ditto December ditto 560
Ditto January ditto 589
Ditto February ditto 600
the months
February, frequently above that quotation, with
of
many hours
as
in
sunshine
I
by
Lieut. Smith, and his men, slept the open air, without catching
in
an
at
a
on
rate
so
interest returned
exchange other produce with South America, the United States, and Baltic, will
of
or,
it,
layer, and burn
as
the summer, the grass
to
to
in
set fire
it
stands. Underneath the first layer black mould, seldom less
is
a
eight eighteen inches thickness, after which yellow
to
in
than
by
clay, uncertain depths, supported peat, slates, gravel, stone,
of
fit
In
bricks and earthenware. two spots were discovered
tena
or a
cious white clay, resembling putty, but neither limestone chalk
any
be
be
in
could obtained
on
quantity from the chalk hills the Patagonian coast, situated
between Santa Cruz harbour and Port St. Julien the last
as at
and
;
be
as
mentioned place may dry salt,
of
had abundance well
de
by
common grasses. The tussock, when green, eaten freely the
is
becomes
it
admirably adapted for the thatching buildings, and for the con
of
leaves the
a
in
wood
the thashire, being four height, with
of
three
to
in
circumference.
of
of
in
am possession
*
I
* Mr. John Duckham, of Falmouth, informs me that the Duke of Bedford has
made arrangements to obtain a regular supply of native bulbs and plants from the
Falklands.
42
Aborigines.—None.
great
of
four varieties of each species here named,
in
which
abundance, the feathers which would amply supply settlers with
of
by
in
of
will keep fresh for months, and form valuable article food for
a
ships' crews.
of
the use
he is
by
stated Linnaeus
denominates “Phoca Falklandica.”
it
of
to
the use
Into these streams run many smaller ones, that the country
so
is
three thousand
*
I
by
for
the crews
43
let
the country, might easily be off, and the land rendered
w
fectly dry.
to
thirty inches
of
length, and sixteen pounds weight each.
to
two
in
Shells.-Upon
be
an
abundant variety
to
on
account
their beauty and rarity, viz.:-the poulette, found nowhere else
handsome colours;
its
the foliated baccino; the large striped muscle; and the finest spe
mother-of-pearl. During the equinoctial gales the most
of
cimens
by up
quan
on
in at
a
and the Captain, who had been long engaged the South Sea
de
to
I
as
do
of
Good
for
is,
of
being already shown that the climate is much less variable, and
more temperate than that of England; and whatever doubts may
arise as to the successful cultivation of wheat, there can be none
with regard to grazing and breeding of sheep. The wild cattle
are always found in good condition, and constantly multiplying
in an extraordinary degree, notwithstanding such large quantities
were, at a former period, annually destroyed; which must be
allowed to afford manifest evidence of the fertility of the soil, and
the nutritious quality of the grasses.
as
or
to
by
conformity
with the terms limited Government. The
in
“
up
to
the
“
“sheep and other animals from jumping over them and destroy
“ing the young plants and growing crops. There are thousand
a
store.
47
all
“ severe, that the high lands were covered with snow, and drift
the hollows and sheltered
in
snow remained for three weeks
“ “
:
“states, that woman, named Antonina Kinney, came claim
to
a
cattle, given
in
of
to
the Colony, Lieutenant Smith; made
as
of
“
“inquiry, and found she was very humane and good character,
a
as
doctrix and midwife.
in
“
a
“The grant was stated for services rendered Of the
to
the sick.
“eight sheep from Monte Video, one died
on
the passage, another
no
soon after landing, the other six are doing well, and doubt
“
“will thrive here; they had three lambs: two died from want
of
in is, by
due attention, and the third was killed the wild dogs. The
“
45; women,
10
“settlers amount together 25 men,
to
that
“10 children. They have tame pigs abundance, poultry
“scarce; recommends sending
of
on
return.
“
to
want
is
a
recommends from
“gonia, where the breed excellent, and the run Falk
to
the
is
“much longer.
the Falklands,
In
pursuance my
of
to
intention colonize
I
previously stated,
of
short
is
is
it
be
of
and heats
provisions and fish
to
of
of
as
from
is
to
month
*
inferior Supplies and Repairs, from foreigners, very high rate, proof
in
at
a
of
the and
“
having
as
to
as
be
lands.
on
vessel
in
a
any 30l.,
of
of
to
with additional charge for Anchorage Dues 11.16s. per diem, for
50
consecutive days.
51
it;
most need our help and are willing to receive and conscien
I
tiously believe, that the colonization the Falklands, from their
of
proximity, would provide the means speedily effecting this
of
great moral good, without interference with these people's rights
property.
or
be be
place employed
no
of
as so
or
to
an
small expense,
at
at
of
water-traffic continuous; addition
to
in
to
duly
be
highly these Islands, and should
of
in
stances favour
estimated; all vessels destined for the Falklands should call at
de
Bona Vista, Praya, the Cape Verds, for water and fresh
or
in
provisions,
by
arrange
in an
such
or
plied from various sources, and several excursions into the interior
by
several highly re
of
attested
spectable individuals, after many years uninterrupted
of
residence
the Islands;
of
in
my readers, and
of
confirmation
in
53
stated and believed, that this Island would grow nothing but
culinary vegetables and wheat, and such was the prevailing pre
he
it a
be
one
is
is in
the
interior are constantly covered with snow, which however not
the Falklands.
in
the case
55
CoNCLUSION.
in
point strength, wealth, and greatness; and
of
it
with much satisfaction that the judicious regulations
to
advert
is
I
by
G.
recently introduced
by
an
of
by
of
of
British colonies, securing them, out
to
shaping the
at
tion, make the infant colony minister the very best inte
to
the new colonies guarded against, and although there still remains
room for further beneficial arrangements, the consequence has
already been, that colonial investments have now become the most
safe, profitable, and certain, in which the capitalist can employ
his surplus funds.
its
with busy occupants, relieves itself by sending out surplus
labourers, and presently there are two thriving communities
of
observant
of
an
quit the place
of
labourers;
of
number now
it
to
the landed new
regions, carrying with them their arts and industry, and speedily
of
of
changing the solitudes ages into the cheerful and busy haunts
civilized man.
of
its is
colonization
by
by
the
measure, and that the true policy Great Britain,
of
afford
to
is
it
every facility
of
in
the establishment
distant colonies, giving always decided preference Island
to
a
other;
as
every they
to
so
to
man
our navy.
57
for
chase the waste land are made the instant medium supplying
useful labour,” without which, land could offer but little inducement
to
tion and prospects than they can hope for England; where land
in
be of
seek settlements
by
will
of
-
nually.
This labour, consistingthe best kind, selected from well-disposed and will
of
*
at
to
sent
literally further contaminate each other, and perpetuate crime amongst the
to
rising generation
1
59
EMIGRATION TABLE,
its
in
maximum
was 49,783, and
it In
in
1831 and 1832. the former the latter
it
to
in
1833 1834 rose
it
12,527, 27,728;
to
fell
to
in
in
in
1835 1836 rose 1837 was
it
it
it
21,901, and sunk 3,266. These are numbers that
to
in
1838
it
to
arrived few who went
a
-
1837, from
to
294
||
|
.
.
.
...
|
||
.
.
.
.
60
for
greater than the whole number of emigrants 1838.
These people were the most valuable class settlers, and each
of
had scraped together the sums requisite pay for their own
to
passage and expenses; had proper that time
at
measures been
adopted, there can
be
of
little doubt that instead these industrious
of
people being induced the strength and resources the
to
to
add
North American States, the far greater portion them would,
of
under the regulations the improved system, have given pre
of
ference the
rapid success and prosperity
of
which wealth, the
to
the
is
to
colonies; and that consequence arrangements are progress,
in
in
by
for applying the proceeds the North
of
the in to
United States generally;
to as
to
means
grants.
the
Sir George Gipps' Despatches, 1838, state,
in
colonies. dated
that the demand for labour New South Wales cannot be
in
“
devise
is
it
of
attract them; but the useful labourer, who wishes to do so, yet
cannot by his own resources quit his native home, and migrate
to a distant one, however inviting; it is his co-operation that
insures prosperity, and in the absence of whose aid, monied
settlers are absolutely valueless. I have studied this particular
point most fully, and have felt myself warranted in offering to
Government some suggestions which, if adopted, will infinitely
or for
as
after arriving
of
whom
I
of
of
of
their
in
from this source the most useful and desirable settlers; but
to
º
62
in all
in exactly the same mode as other “out-relief” now
is
charged the different Unions England.
in
Such measure
a
would speedily produce great relief the parish expenses, and
in
so
confer immediate benefits upon the poor families assisted
and removed from the possibility incurring any further charges
of
upon the rate-payers.
relating
In
my previous observations
of
to
confirmation rise
let
Adelaide,
of
to
in
value
South Australia, settled under Mr. Wakefield's system 1837,
in
where half an acre, town allotment, which then cost 10s., had
£755; one acre, with
buildings there
in
from £100
to
at
lease
£50 £90 per annum. At Port Lincoln, the off
to
from
an
shoot
In
of
years.
In
appropriated
of
to
the means for employing and remunerating the labourer for his
63
I will give
for
toil; and, per contra, the position and reward the
industry our working class home, illustrative pri
of
of
the
at
which they will submit rather than voluntarily resort
to
vations
parish relief.
to
“An independent
agricultural labourer, earning 12s. per week,
“with wife and four small children, one child earning 3s. per
“week, making together 15s.
.
.
.
be .
.
.
“From that sum must deducted rent per week, 2s.
;
“firing, soap, candles, needles, pins, and other requisites
for mending clothes, and broom, per week, 2s.
4
“
..
“Residue 11s.
.
“It thus appears that the said labourer, with the highest rate
1s.
per day each person 1) obtain food for himself and family, all
to
be
in
the most
disadvantageous mode; whilst the Quarterly
in
shewn
is
it
“
of
Accounts
“an
of
food alone
9 d.
&.
2
.
“Independent labourer 10
l
.
.
pauper. 11a.,
or
“Difference
of
one-half more
in
favour
0
“If be thus with the man with but four children, how must
it
he
he
receiving 15s.
or
of
or
is,
he
“It is hereby
if,
evident that per chance, the labourer permits
himself the luxury pint keeping
of
beer with the hope
of
of
“
a
“up his spirits and invigorating his body sustain his daily toil,
to
by
“he, doing, diminishes
so
so
much, the diurnal allowance
in
get meat
"
bread (for how
he
of
his children
to
to
2)
is
“
in
better their condition
to
is
I
of
in the ratio half
is
a
souls annually?
of
there
providing millions,
of
resort one
co-operation emigration, repeal
or
in
that the latter will not complete, the full extent, the public
to
for
is
a
set
of
or
so
well sell
as
to
it
65
1s.
which operation British grown supplies are withheld from con
sumption, fewer sales returned much higher prices, and the
at
by
consumer suffering for weeks, not months, the thus-forced-up
if
in
a
:
of
decidedly concur
in
by
the fluctuating scale, ably pictured Mr. Fon
of
so
faults
April, wherein
he
blanque justly
of
in
is
it
on
“country gets falls; the slide which nearly brought the Bank
its
the
“bank stoppage;
of
to
on
of
a
the landlords'
“individual interests, plea for upholding
to
whom furnishes
it
“labourers.”
will
of
It
to
E
66
as
marked, mockery the Lord's Prayer, beseeching that the
of
is
a
be
Creator's bounties may shed equally over the world.
But the occupants the British Isles, with all their arts and
of
be
science, commercial enterprise and shipping, are prohibited
to
from partaking
of
the kind dispensations
of
Providence from
climes more genial and better suited for the culture be
of
corn,
the higher classes find their pecuniary
of
to
cause some more
it
of
advantage legislate against the laws nature and the interests
to
mankind,
to
at
set
which places and produce are adjusted inha
of
to
of
bitants
supply the deficiency another.
on
the
British Isles, and would tie their
to
most
injuriously.
am not tyrant, and duly respect them who differ with me,
a
I
of
or
objects expediency,
of
I give
my views fearlessly and honestly : they are the result of
much thought and mature consideration; when they shall be proved
faulty, then I shall be ready to admit that my experience and
my judgment have but served to mislead me.
The public will, I hope, appreciate the motives which have given
rise to this production; the facts narrated I hold myself respon
sible for, and that portion which is collected from other sources
has been done with much care and attention; but how far with
judgment must be left to the impartial decision of my readers.
If my well-meant efforts shall, however, create increased interest
in the subjects which I have animadverted upon, my labour has
been well bestowed, and my objects to some extent realised, as in
conformity with my “emblem,” “arms,” and “motto,” I seek
only to develop facts, and to do good.
for
1839 from London and Liverpool only our Australasian Set
tlements, South Sea Fisheries, and the Ports on the Western
South America, round Cape Horn.
of
Coast
|
For
Sydney...
78
33,900 7,352
. 17
Port Philip
.
.
.
*
*
*
.
.
:
Adelaide 26 10,660 1,082
.. 2
.
. . .
.
|
Swan River 882
3
||
.
-
-
Hobart Town 24 7,959 1,532
5
|
Launceston 12 3,107 --
.
. .
-
-
New Zealand
-
-
.
.
.
.
South Sea Fisheries 21 6,527 -
-
-
-
Chili 1,008 16 2,497
.
.
. .
5
. .
Peru
3,
13 131 13 2,931
.
Total 182 53
15,894
67,234
.
.
.
|
|
1839. 1839.
4 2
. . .
||
.
. . . .
|
.
l
|
||
e
-
-
-
.
-
7,
Chili 3,552
21 17
28 187
.
.
.
.
4,524 4,133
20
Peru
||
.
.
.
.
;..ſ
Total in{; 1839 226 84,418 78 22,666
||
isz
67,334 1589.
3
||
Making
of
of
of
two millions
sterling, eacclusive cargoes out and home;
of
which
to
valuable
if
were added those cleared out from other ports England, Scot
in
be
in
our trade
of
Falklands.
69
lie
The Falkland Islands 52° 45' S., longitude
to
latitude 51°
in
57°20' 61° 46' W., distant Berkley Sound about 400 miles
at
to
E.
of
Staten Island, 500 miles N.E. Cape Horn, and about
of
N.E.
of
7000 miles distant from London, the voyage occupying eight
to
nine weeks.
at
about
is
length, the top whereof the present settlement
at
in
twelve miles
is
Port Louis, latitude 51° 32' S., longitude 58° 11' 30" W.,
of
in
variation 20° E., high water, full and change, 10h. 30m. safe
;
anchorage throughout, supply superior
of
and abundant fresh
water: there are likewise several convenient and safe harbours,
with fresh-water streams the southward.
to
to
the south-west entrance
Falkland Sound, latitude 52° S., and longitude 60° 17'
in
in
is
West Point
Island, the anchorage latitude 51°24' 15" S., and longitude
in
is
64° 36' 30"; very little current; tide rises nine feet, full and
change 7h. 30m. A.M.; there are several excellent safe harbours
of
on
both sides
for communication between the East and West Island.
rocks
is
lie
under water, and although some places they very deep, they
in
as
buoyed.
65° W., and has several good harbours; New Year's and St.
to
70
John's, are most known; the first on the north side, the latter at
the east end, where there is a very heavy tide rip, so that slack
tide is the proper period for entering.
Staten Island, and invariably run down to 59° or 60° south, before
westing into the Pacific or easting into the Atlantic, when they
will encounter neither danger nor difficulty, and by which course
they will experience steady winds, save much time, and obviate
considerable wear and tear, besides being in a direct line for
Berkley Sound, where they can command safe anchorage, and
procure supplies.
5 *f # ź
P.M.
f
É
Winds.
5 * 2 P.M.
É
Winds.
f
É
5
-
Ther. Ther.
Apr. o o o
May o o o
18 || 7 || 39 47 || 5 || 42 Westerly || 17 | 8 || 43 || 48 || 4 || 45 w N w
19 || 7 || 44 47 || 5 || 45 W N W | 18 || 8 || 42 47 || 4 || 46 N. W.
20 || 8 || 44 || 48 || 4 || 34 w to s 19 || 8 || 42 45 || 4 || 43 N wº
24 || 8 || 38 39 || 4 || 38 Easterly 23 || 8 || 44 49 || 4 || 47 Calm
4 || 8 || 43 49 || 4 || 45 | Easterly 2 || 8 || 38 42 || 4 || 40 N e
5 || 8 || 40 50 || 4 || 46 N. W. 3 || 8 || 40 |44 || 4 || 42 Easterly
§ § §
;
-
# É # #
Ther.
Ther.
- o
a
8 35 | 42 4 42 s w 37 40 38 || Westerly
8 37 42 || 4 || 40 w sw 35 38 35 | Westerly
8 31 || 38 || 4 || 33 s wº 37 40 36 || Westerly
8 29 39 || 4 ||37 |**** 41 37 Westerly
8 40 44 || 4 || 36 | Nºw to sw 33 37 34 Calm
8 26 |32 || 4 || 27 | Westerly
32 43 38 N. W.
8 28 31 || 4 || 29 S W. 32 34 32 s wº
8 24 28 || 4 || 25 s sw 33 38 34 || Variable
8|25 || 27 || 4 || 23 issvtowswl 34 42 38 w N w
8 24 || 35 || 4 || 36 sw town w 34 36 34 s W.
8 || 38 || 47 || 4 || 45 w to N w 32 33 31 e s E
8 35 |37 || 4 |32 | Westerly 30 35 33 Ese to ENE
8 || 32 || 33 || 4 || 30 w to sw 33 35 34 N. E.
8 25 31 || 4 || 28 s w 36 45 40 Northerly
8 29 30 || 4 || 24 | Southerly 35 38 34 s-s wº
8 23 ||25 || 4 || 24 Southerly 35 41 37 is w to ss E
8 34 || 36 || 4 || 35 | W Nºw 34 40 38 || Northerly
8 || 32 || 35 || 4 || 33 s e 38 41 39 Westerly
8 || 13 35 || 4 || 32 Calm 33 39 34 Calm to sw
: 8|37 ||32 || 4 |33 || Westerly : 32 40 32 s wº
75
-
§-) -
§º -
§- -
#
-
...,
§
...
| 5 5 || 5 |
||
|| ||
3. 3
5 5
||
||
||
||
||
Winds.
,
A.M. Winds.
|
P.M. A.M. P.M.
s
Ž
5
*E
É
--
-
-*
.#
E- E
Ther. Ther.
Aug. o o Aug. o o o
o
Calm NW sw
to to
24 38
w
to
35 17 30 34 28
7
5
||
7
||
||
||
||
s
||
||
||
||
||
Sw
||N
w
w
35 37 34 18 23 28 23
8
5
||
7
||
||
||
5
||
7
S
||
||
||
|
28 36 32 w 19 23 27 26
9
W.
||
5
||
||
||
7
5
S
||
||
||
||
10 25 34 30 w 20 33 32 to
w
20
N.
7
||
||
||
||
s
5
||
7
||
||
||
s
5
28 28 w
40
11 31 21 ||37 ||38|| Northerly
7
s
||
||
5
5
7
||
||
12 26 27 24 W. 22 32 39 34 Variable
7
5
||
5
S
||
||
||
||
7
||
||
||
º
13 25 32 30 W. 23 28 38 W W
7
5
||
7
||
||
||
3
||
S
||
||
||
S
14
to
33
w
34 29
40 39
36
24 ||33 Westerly
7
5
||
S
||
||
||
5
||
||
||
||
|
15 23 28 24
25
W. ||37 Westerly
S.
7
35
5
||
||
||
||
5
7
||
||
||
||
|
16
to
W
26 35 33 26 30
7
S
||
||
7
||
|
2
F
WEAthen Table kept by HENRY CHANNoN whilst on Turf Island,
Berkley Sound, from 27th August 1833 to 9th January 1834.
1833
Oct.
Aug. l sw Snowy.
27 N w Moderate.
2 sw Squally and snow.
28 s Boisterous.
3 w More moderate.
29 s w More moderate.
4 |w Nºw to Nºw Blowing fresh.
30 n Blowing fresh.
5 W More moderate.
3 l n Moderate.
6 w Calm.
Se
* N w Calm.
7
8
w s w to w Pine.
w Snow.
N. W. Ditto.
w More moderate.
w disagreeable and dirty.' "
10 sw fresh.
Blowing fresh.
**, *, * *
N.W. moving
sw Ditto.
"|*****
º
w Ditto.
s
12 More moderate.
w Ditto. 13 s wº Moderate.
W Frost.
14 sw Squally, rainy, variable
s Snowy. weather.
N. W. Breezes. 15 sw Cold, cloudy, rainy,
Fine. unpleasant.
N. N. W.
16 SW Moderate.
N Ditto.
W. Ditto.
17 sw & s E. A day,
W. Ditto. Ditto,
18 E to E N E ditto.
N. W. Thick and cloudy. 19 N Ditto. ditto.
w Blowing fresh. 20 s Thick and cloudy.
w Toorough to launch the boat.
21 Sw Blowing fresh, with squalls.
W. Blowing fresh. 22 SW Early part a stiff breeze,
w Ditto. - fine in the afterpart.
W. Fine. 23 N & W Rain.
N to N. W. Ditto. 24 to 15 Nov. Absent, H. C.
"ºº"
W to NW Rain.
Nov.
N. W.
ºne. -
15 is sw & swVariable.
Fine
" is swºw
25 Ditto, ditto, *w Pittº.
*
ditto.
e
*
|
18 W. Ditto.
26 Nºw sw Very cold.
to
19 to ss Ditto.
E.
s
27
S.
28 Sw Ditto. ditto.
29 W More moderate.
21 SW Rainy weather,
22 N wº Moderate,
30 sw Fine,
to
w
N
77
Nov. Dec.
23 N. W. Fine. 18 s w to w Squally.
24 NW Ditto. 19 SW Variable.
25 W N W & W Moderate the earlypart of the
20 W Cloudy and rain.
by N day, afterwards blowing. || 21 S W Rain.
26 s w to w Moderate and pleasant. 22 WNw to wswrtainy.
27 w by N |Blowing fresh. 23 s w to w Fresh breeze, afterpar
sº
28 N W |Fine. moderate.
29 W. N. W. Ditto. 2.
NW to s w Blowing a stiff breeze.
|
30 w by s
25 SW afterpart
Variable.
Dr. s to w |Ditto.
26 N Disagreeable.
2 8 w Variable and moderate.
27 W Unpleasant.
3 N. W. Fine. 28 SW More moderate.
4 |All round the Variable. 29 s W to w Squalls of rain.
compass 30 W More moderate.
5 NW Fine and warm.
31 w to N w A beautiful day.
6 S W. Ditto. 1834
7 N Thunder and lightning. Jan.
8 E. Fine. 1
s to S W |Earlypartrain, afterpartfine.
9 S W to NW Rain. 2 s to sw Rain and hail.
10 N More moderate. 3 W. More moderate.
11 |N E & wby NjFine and moderate. 4 W. Fine calm weather.
12 s w to s |Disagreeable, rainy. 5 W Ditto.
13 | Westerly Ditto. ditto, 6 N Ditto.
14 8 W. Ditto. ditto. 7 N Ditto.
15 W Rain. 8 N Ditto.
16 W S W |Ditto. 9 SW Challenger and Hope
17 S W More moderate and cloudy. ful arrived.
1834
o - O O
22 54 57 48
23 54 58 51
24 54 47
59%
25 56 62 55
26 59 74 56
27 56 62 54
28 55 67 55
78
Days Days
of the
A.M.
Noon. ** Night of the
A.M.
Noon.
P.M.
Night
:;
8–9. 5–6. 8–9. 5–6.
Week. | Week.
August. o o
o September -> o
•
Saturday 22 35 42 || 36|| 29 || Monday 21 41 44 33 28
28}
SUNDAY 23 34 39 || 33 Tuesday 22 32 39 31 29
|
o
43
38
34
Monday 34 Wednes. 23 35 40 37 33
||
Tuesday 25 35 37 34 34 Thursd. 24 35 38 36 34
||
Wednes. 26 35 38 34 32 Friday 25 38 40 37 33
||
Thursd. 27 34 36 33 29 Saturday 26 38 41 38 33
Friday 28 33 38 36 34 SUNDAY 27 38 40 39 34
Saturday 36 46 39 33 Monday 28 39 41 37 36
||
46 38
35
28
SUNDAY 30 36 Tuesday 29 38 42 37
||
||
Monday 31 33 43 40 40 Wednes. 30 39 49 42 36
||
|
September October.
Tuesday 42 45 42 33 Thursd. 39 43 40 33
||
||
||
Wednes. 39 40 39 42 40 34
39
Friday
38
||
||
Thursd. 42 46 40 38 Saturday 42 47 42 37
Friday 40 49 41 39 SUNDAY 41 45 35 27
42 44 40 49 37 29
39
Saturday Monday
41
||
||
SUNDAY 40 44 41 39 Tuesday 46 51 45 38
||
||
Monday 40 43 39 37 Wednes. 41 49 40 33
||
||
||
Tuesday 41 45 37 33 Thursd. 41 49 40 28
||
||
42 42
43
28
Wednes. 46 Friday 54 38 28
||
Thursd. 36 44 34 29 Saturday 42 54 39 37
Friday 33 40 38 29 SUNDAY 43 53 42 30
|
31 42
33 34
33 29
Saturday Monday 40 45 40 29
||
SUNDAY 33 44 Tuesday 40 45 39 31
||
Monday 33 42 37 36 Wednes. 42 51 43 40
Tuesday 36 44 42 40 Thursd. 43 55 47 39
||
..
|
Wednes. 42 44
33
Friday 52 47 39
41
61
6
1
||
||
Thursd. 38 45 40 39 Saturday 17 49 60 45 32
Friday 41 44 39 32 SUNDAY 44 52 39 36
||
||
||
|
Saturday 40 51 43 33 Monday 44 50 39 32
||
SUNDAY 39 45 39 38 Tuesday 48 54 38 38
||
79
Days si Days s:
of the #3 ** Noon. **
8–9. 5–6.
|Night. of the #3 **
8–9.
Noon. *|Night.
5–6.
Week. as Week až
| |
October. o o
o
o November. o o o o
Wednes. 21 45 50 36 || 36 SunDAY 22 || 52 57 48 41
Thursd. 22 || 42 46 36 32 Monday | 23 55 59 46 40
SUNDAY || 25 42 || 46 40 || 33 || Thursd. 26 49 || 55 45 40
Monday | 26 40 || 48 41 34 || Friday | 27 50 55 54 || 37
Tuesday | 27 || 48 55 46 33 Saturday 28 44 54 47 36
Wednes. 28 40 || 43 37 31 SUNDAY 29 44 47 43 35
Thursd. 29 || 38 || 42 38 32
Monday 30 || 47 50 || 45 || 35
Friday 30 40 44 41 || 34 pºinter.
40 ..
Saturday 31 42 53 |
Tuesday | 1 || 48 52 45 -36
November. Wednes. || 2 || 52 60 50 35
Sunday | 1 || 44 54 45 || 35 || Thursd. | 3 || 50 || 36 50 43
Monday | 2 | 52 56
42 || 38 Friday 4 47 || 52 52 || 45
Tuesday || 3 || 50 53 45 40 || Saturday || 5 || 52 58 50 || 45
-
Wednes. || 4 || 50 55 45 42 || SunDAY | 6 || 54 58 50 || 45
Thursd. || 5 || 50 55 45 41 || Monday || 7 || 52 58 50 45
-
| 8 || 44 52
-
Monday || 9 || 46 53 49 40 Friday 11 45 50 48 || 37
Tuesday | 10 || 49 53
49 || 39 Saturday 12 54 || 62 50 47
Wednes. ll 44 || 52 45 33 il Sunday | 13 56 50 46 || 38
Thursd. 12 53 57 48 || 34 Monday | 14 45 49 44 35
-
Monday 49 45 || Friday 49 49 || 44
| 16 || 50 60 | 18 52
-
Tuesday | 17 | 50 58 45 43 || Saturday 19 50 52 48 38
Wednes. 18 45 47 46 42 || SUNDAY - 20 48 56 48 || 44
sºy
50 || 51 || 37 ||
21 || 52 58 || 48 || 35 || Wednes. 23 55 || 60 || 49 || 42
80
the ** #|*|Noon.”
the
#|*|Noon. Night
---
Night
---
of
of
5–6.
week. Félè-9. 5-0. week.
=3|8-9.
December. o January.
o
o
59 o
59 52 o
o
36 38
26 25
70 54
49
48
Monday
26 25 24
55 55 55
50 45
Thursd.
||
||
||
Friday 63 Tuesday 54 40
||
||
||
|
|
Wednes.
60
Saturday 58 45 27 56 63 54 44
||
||
||
SUNDAY 27 56 65 60 40 Thursd. 28 52 52 48 43
||
||
|
|
29 28
33
30 29
43
Monday Friday
48
50
45
63 50
70 56
49
||
||
|
Tuesday |46 59 49 40 Saturday 54 50
||
|
Wednes. 30 55 61 48 45 Sunday 31 60 60 56 49
I
Thursd. 31 54 60 51 45
||
February.
Jan. 1836. Monday 45
53
67
53
||
1
|
Friday 50 48 46 37 Tuesday 54 60 46 35
1
2
||
|
50
Saturday
56
47 34 Wednes. 3 55 63 54 42
||
||
2
||
|
|
Sunday 50 55 50 34 Thursd. 56 65 53 45
3
4
||
||
||
53 48
Monday
46 40
Friday
60 50
49 42
53 56 49 44
5
4
||
||
||
||
º
50
65
Tuesday Saturday 46 43
||
5
||
6
||
Wednes. 58 67 48 37 SUNDAY 46 50 44 39
6
||
||
||
7
Thursd. 50 55 48 30 Monday
50 55
53 48 43
7
||
||
8
||
|
Friday 50 60
48
60
Tuesday 50 48
30
8
||
||
9
||
||
Saturday 46
48
54
39 Wednes. 10 50 57 50 45
9
||
||
||
SUNDAY 10 49 56 45 37 Thursd. 11 54 59 44 39
|
||
45 50
Monday
46 47
46 36 Friday
13 12
44 50
57 65
12 11
49 33
||
||
|
Tuesday 41 36 Saturday 40 33
||
||
|
||
|
Friday 15 55 52
48
34
56
60
Tuesday 54 39
||
||
||
-
|
Saturday
16
51
50
48 38 Wednes. 54 62 50 39
||
||
||
|
SUNDAY 17 48 53 33 Thursd. 60 50 49
||
46 52
|
||
Monday
19 18
54
49
45 50 40
40
Friday 19 50 56
||
||
|
|
Tuesday |43 46
20
44 39 Saturday 49 37
48 52 |32 50
56
||
|
|scºw
52 54 as
20
so
3:
4
Wednes:
4
|
||
||
4
|
|| ||
||
||
Thursd. 21 48 50 47 35 Monday 22 41 35
|
Friday 22 54 56 46 36
23
Tuesday 45 36.
||
|
Saturday 23
53
54 47 40 Wednes. 24 48 52 45 40
|
||
SUNDAY 24 52 51 47 36 Thursd. 25 47 49 40
||
||
-
45
||
||
||
81
s:
-
Days så Days
** |Night. **
the
the
of #|*|Noon. ##|*|Noon. Night.
of
5–6. 6–7.
week. F#|S-9. week. F#|8-9.
February. o March. o
o
o
o
47 46 o
55 52 o
o
47 36
29 28
46
27 26
54 48
Friday 45 35 Monday
||
|
||
|
yº
45 37
49
Saturday Tuesday |49
35
|
Sunday 28 48 58 48 40 30 48 55 47 36
||
||
||
||
|
45 38 Thursd. 45
49
52
31 50 41 31
29
Monday
||
||
|
April.
March.
Friday 38 42 37 34
||
1
Tuesday 44 46 43 35
1
35 33 28
33 32
40 46
Saturday 36||
... 35 40
36||
45 60
Wednes.
4
2
||
||
2
||
||
||
40 38
Thursd. Susuax ||33 36||
3
||
||
||
||
|
38
Friday Monday ||37
5 4
||
.. ..
|
.
.
.
.
4
||
||
Tuesday 38 43 40 40
-- -- --
||
||
Saturday
5
||
Wednes. 45 48 46 40
6
||
||
Sunday
|
|*
50 40
|
50 56
6
46 48 48 42
7
Monday 45 48 40 36 Thºma.
||
7
*
*
40
34
Tuesday
40
45
*
s
*|
|
|
40
46
46
52
Saturday
Wednes. - -- 9
||
|
9
.
.
.
.
|
SUNDAY 10 48 51 47 38
||
|
35
47 48
48
49 50
67. Monday
12 11
||
|
Thursd. -- -- -- 46 35
..
10 Tuesday
!
-
Friday 11 44 46 44 33 Wednes. 13 48 48 47 31
||
||
||
||
|
40 Thursd. 40 42 40
44
33 14 49
12
40
Saturday
||
||
|
Sunday 13 44 46 40 35 Friday 15 47 52 46 45
||
|
46
48
42
35
40
44 43 44
Monday
16
50
Saturday
16 15 14
41 40
|
||
||
||
|
Tuesday 40 36 Sunday 17 43 46 42 37
|
|
||
|
40
26
38 40
44 44
43 43
36 40
|42
19 18
Wednes. Monday
||
Thursd. 17 46 50 Tuesday 43 35
||
d;
||
||
||
Wednes. 40 35
40
44 40
Friday 35 40 20 40 47
18
||
||
|
|
||
||
||
Sunday 20 46 52 46 41 Friday 22 40 44 33 29
||
||
||
||
|
46
33
23
46
42
36
52
|46 Saturday
22 21
47 50
Monday
||
||
||
||
|
40 36 Sunday 24 45 50 35
|45
2
Tuesday
||
||
||
|
|
|
Wednes, 40 34 42 40 30
25
35 36
23 40 44 Monday
||
||
38
34
Thursd. 24 40 38 Tuesday 26 47 38 37
||
||
||
||
32 28 Wednes. 27 42 40 33
26 25
39 39
Friday 47
48 41
||
||
||
||
|
||
|
| Saturday 45 42 Thursd. 28 40 48 45 35
||
| |
||
| Sunday 27 40 50 40 37 Friday 29 39 38 37 33
||
||
||
|
82
si | s:
-
Days Days
...
the
#
the ##|*|Noon.” Night Noon...
of
of Night.
6–7. 6–7.
week. F# 8–9. week. Făş-9
|
June. - o -
-
o
April. o o
|*|
o
*
*
32
44
30
35
saturday |37 Wednes.
|
||
*|
||
|
Thursd. 35 36 36 35
2
||
||
|
May.
sº
35 40 40
41
Friday
41 44 41
36||
||
3
||
||
|*
*||
4
saturday |43
*
||
||
4
||
|
|
susp,
41
46 47
|40
52 49
35 35
48 47
Monday
*
||
||
||
|
5
|
Tuesday P--I-
4 3
||
||
Wednes. 41 47 41 35 7-8.
||
||
6
I
||
-
|
37
46 36 34
39
47
35
Friday Tuesday
6
||
7
||
||
||
|
||
35 29
47
41 31 Wednes. 36 38
47
Saturday
8
||
|
8 7
||
SunDAY 35 43 36 31 Thursd. 31 37 30 24
9
||
||
||
33
32
30
Friday
29
34
10
33
Monday
37
||37
||
||
||
||
|
10 9
||
||
40 40 38
37 41 40
41 41 Saturday
31
Tuesday ||37
12 11
|
||
|
39 37
35 40
Sunday 39
40 40
43 434
11
Wednes.
||
||
||
||
Thursd. 36 35
14 13
12 41 41 Monday ||37
||
||
||
||
|
47 46 32 31
35
Friday 13 41 34 Tuesday 33
||
||
||
|
|
37 36 34
43
36 Wednes. 15 33
14
35
Saturday 41
||
||
||
||
|
Sunday 15 40 43 38 27 Thursd. 16 35 42 40 36
||
||
||
|
40 38
41 42
|31 40 35 Friday
17 16
18 17
Monday 40 40
||
||
|
|
40
40 36
43
44
Saturday
45
41
Tuesday
||
||
||
|
|
Wednes. 18 44 46 45 37 Sunday 19 42 47 40 38
||
||
||
||
||
45 38
43
21 20
Thursd. 19 41 43 38 33 Monday 32
||
20 38 38 38 37 30 26
38
Wednes. 22 |32 40 36 26
38
29 25
29
21
Saturday
||
||
||
SunDay 22 29 38 35 35 Thursd. 23 36 41 38 27
||
||
||
||
47 44
40
23
Monday 43 35 Friday 24 30 38 37
42
||
||
||
|
|43 42 34
25
46
45
24
|| ||
||
|
||
|
37 39
28 27
||
|
|33 33
25
Friday 34
27
Tuesday
31
||33 33
||
|| ||
||
||
|
|
30 31 25
||
||
||
||
||
||
|
36 37
33 35
36 37
32 32
July.
30
Monday
||
|| |
40
38
40 44
||
1
||
-
Saturday ||38|| 32 30
|
2
|
83
-
Days Days
#
º
#
º
|
of the
Week.
#:
5 *T*
Noon.
.:
-U-
Night. of the
Week
#:
# 9-9.
Noon.
;-G-: Night.
—
| |
July. o o o o August o o o o
Sunday || 3 || 35 | 40 || 38 39 || Monday | 1 || 35 || 41 34 32
Monday || 4 || 41 || 42 41 30 || Tuesday | 2 || 33 41 34 || 34
wednes. 6 || 4 || 4 | as 33 || Thuria. || 4 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 23
Thursd. 7 40 || 43 40 35 | Friday 5 25 32 31 25
Friday 8 || 41 || 45 39 35 Saturday | 6 || 30 35 30 || 21
Saturday || 9 || 43 47 43 34 || Sunday || 7 || 24 31 27 26
SUNDAY | 10 || 38 41 35 | 24 Monday | 8 || 27 | 37 35 | 33
Monday | 11 29 || 36 36 36 || Tuesday | 9 || 36 40 41 || 36
Tuesday | 12 40 || 43 36 25 Wednes. | 10 || 37 || 38 34 24
Wednes. 13 28 33 35 | 34 || Thursd. | 11 26 || 32 30 23
Thursd. 14 42 43 43 40 Friday | 12 24 33 25 22
Friday 15 43 || 44 40 37 || Saturday | 13 29 36 31 28
Saturday | 16 || 38 || 41 39 31 || SUNDAY | 14 || 36 || 40 34 27
Sunday | 17 | 33 || 37 31 27 Monday | 15 29 29 24 22
Monday | 18 30 31 28 25 || Tuesday | 16 || 23 28 23 30
Tuesday | 19 28 49 35 25 || Wednes. 17 || 23 28 23 26
Wednes. 20 28 49 35 | 28 Thursd. 18 27 | 28 24 ..
Thursd. 21 29 37 32 29 || Friday | 19 22 27 24 .
Friday | 22 29 37 33 31 || Saturday | 20 24 28 30 | ..
Saturday | 23 ||32 || 37 34 || 33 SUNDAY 21 30 || 37 31 --
SUNDAY 24 36 || 38 36 32 || Monday 22 ||34 || 36 36 | ..
Monday 25 . . . . -- - Tuesday | 23 36 || 38 35 | . .
Tuesday | 26 35 | 37 35 | 28 || Wednes. 24 || 36 || 40 37 -
Wednes. 27 29 || 32 29 28 || Thursd. 25 38 || 42 37 .
Thursd. 28 35 | 38 37 37 || Friday | 26 39 || 43 39 . .
Wednes. 31 32 || 43 39 -
Remarks on the Temperature of England, France, and Germany,
º in 1838, 1839, and 1840.
LONDON.
1838.
difference of 35°. On the 28th, the night of the storm, there was
a variation of only 12° betwixt day and night.
at 50°, and night at 41°, these days and nights being both very
stormy.
PARIS.
1839.
January.—Extract from the letter of a correspondent, dated
Paris, 9th January. “After a densefog, which lasted three days,
“ we have been visited with sudden and intense cold. On Sunday,
“ the 5th instant, the temperature had descended to 28° of
“ Fahrenheit, and by the following morning, at seven o'clock, to
“ 19°, and at eight o'clock on Wednesday morning to 16°, pre
“ ceded by a heavy fall of snow: the lowest point at night I do
“ not know; but even taking it at 16°, you will perceive that in
“ the space of a week the variations have been from 58° to 16°,
“making a difference of 42°.”
S6
LONDON.
1839.
January.—The lowest being 10° of Fahrenheit.
...
>> 25
.
as
ranged
to
From the 5th
so
to
in
the 13th the thermometer
on
of
to
to
62° the 14th the 15th
30°, and on the 16th 33°, with snow, hail, and frost severe.
to
1840.
January—On the 7th instant the temperature Hyde Park
was, seven o'clock P.M., 20°, midnight 10°, and seven A.M. in
at
at
the 8th
at
it
from the 26th December 1839 till the 14th January 1840. The
of
in
storms mean
height being 29'584 inches. The quantity
of
one day.
GERMANY.
1840.
January.—The German journals state that the weather there
was intensely cold from the 5th the 16th instant. The thermo
to
Reaumur,
of
of
or
its
The
Agricultural Report for February, 1840, “From the 18th June
England eight months incessant rain,
of
in
at
of
March
to
the 7th
appears very considerable at
of
in
April
on
on
F.
of
of
the 21st
tity rain during the three weeks was but seventeen-hundredths
of
of an inch.
88
o o o o
April 42 48 9
, 2
1
36 57
51
84 48
, 39 50 79
, 3
32
40
, 4
35
49
55
66
79
34
44
, 5
36 55
, 6
38
71 35
, 7
8 37
51
47
72
58
34
21
30 48 55
,
» 9
31 51 72
25
41
, 10
11 29 59 87 58
,
1, 12
13
40
34
56
62
87
98
47
64
,, 14 36 61 95 59
2, 15 37 67 94 57
wils
997 W589
illum
Whitington G
3 1951 OO