INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM:
and chemical composition.
1.Protection
2.Sensation
3.Vitamin D production
4.Temperature regulation
5.Excretion
HYPODERMIS:
-foundation of the skin
-called SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
-it is the loose connective tissue that
contains about half the body’s stored fat
although the amount and location vary with
age, sex and diet.
-can be used to estimate body fat.
SKIN
1.DERMIS- dense collagenous connective
tissue that makes up the dermis.
-CONTAINS:
1.Fibroblasts
2.Fat cells
3.Macrophages
-fewer fat cells and blood vessels.
Responsible for the structural strength of
the dermis:
1.Collagen
2.Elastic fibers
Striae or stretchmarks- are lines that
develop during pregnancy.
DERMAL PAPILLAE- projections in the
upper part of the dermis. They extend
towards the epidermis.
PURPOSE: ridges increases friction and
improve the grip of the hands and feet.
Incision
- made across cleavage lines can
gap, increasing the time needed for
healing and result in increased scar
tissue.
- Made parallel to cleavage lines
results in less gapping, faster
healing, less scar tissue.
2.EPIDERMIS:
-stratified squamous epithelium; cells are
produced by mitosis.
KERATINIZATION- cells change in shape
KERATIN- makes the cell hard.
STRATA- recognized during keratinisation
STRATUM BASALE- consists of cuboidal or
columnar cells that undergo mitotic divisions
every 19 days.
STRATUM CORNEUM- most superficial
stratum of the epidermis.
- Consists of dead, squamous cells
filled with hard protein keratin; that
gives the corneum its structural
strength.
- Are also coated and surrounded by
lipids, which help prevent fluid loss
through the skin.
- Composed of 25 or more layers of
dead squamous cells.
Denosomes-joins the dead squamous cells.
- When denosomes break apart, and
the cells are sloughed through the
skin.
Dandruff- dead cellsthat are sloughed from
the surface of the scalp.
Callus- thickened area produced by number
of layers in the stratum corneum.
Corn- stratum
SKIN COLOR:
Melanin- group of pigments responsible for
the hair, skin, eye color.
-provides protection against UV rays.
MELANOSOMES-are produced by the golgi
apparatus of the melanocyte..
-move into cell processesof the
melanocytes.
-all races have the same amount of
melanin.
Epithelial cells- phagocytise the tips of the
melanocytes cell processes.
Melanocytes----Melanin-----epithelial cells
ALBINISM-recessive agent trait that causes
a deficiencyor absence of melanin.
Increase in melanin production during
pregnancy:
1.Estrogen
2.Melanocyte stimulating hormone.
Cyanosis- decrease in blood oxygen
content that produces a bluish color.
Carotene- yellow pigment found in plants
such as squash.
-lipid soluble; it accumulates in the lipids of
the stratum corneum and in the fat cells of
the dermis and hypodermis.
-gives the skin the yellowish tint
ACCESSORY SKIN STRUCTURES:
Hair- one of the characteristics common to
all mammals.
- It is thick and covers most of the
body surface. (FUR)
Shaft- protrudes above the surface of the
skin.
Root and Hair bulb- below the surface.
Cortex- surrounds a softer center; Medulla.
Cuticle- single layer of overlapping cells that
holds the hair in the hair follicle.
Hair Follicle- extension of the
epidermisdeep into the dermis; it plays an
important role in tissue repair.
EPIDERMIS is damaged; the epithelial cells
within the hair follicle can divide and serve
as a source of new epithelial cells.
Hair- produced in the hair bulb, which rests
on a dermal papilla.
BLOOD VESSELS WITHIN THE PAPILLA-
supply the hair bulb with the nourishment
needed to produce the hair.
GROWTH STAGE OF HAIR- it is formed by
the epithelial cells within the hair bulb.
HAIR ROOT AND SHAFT- consists of dead
keratinized epithelial cells.
Resting stage- the growth of hair stops and
the hair is held in the hair follicle.
Eyelashes- 30 days.
Resting stage: 105 days
HAIR: 3 years
Resting stage:1-2 years
Pattern baldness- permanent loss of hair in
men.
Hair color- determined by varying amounts
and types of melanin.
MUSCLES:
ARRECTOR PILLI- smooth muscle cell that
is associated with each hair follicle.
Contraction of arrector pili: causes the hair
to become more perpendicular to the skins
surface or to stand on the end and also
produces a raised area of skin called
goosebumps.
GLANDS:
MAJOR GLANDS OF THE SKIN:
1. Sebaceous
- simple, branched acinar glands.Connected
by a duct to the superficial part of the hair
follicle.
-production of sebum.
SEBUM- oily, white substance rich in lipids.
-lubricates the hair and the surface of the
skin, which prevents drying and protects
against bacteria.
2.SWEAT GLANDS
A. Merocrine Sweat Glands
- simple, coiled tubular glands located
almost every part of the skin and are most
numerous n the palms and soles.
-produce a secretion that is mostly water
with a few salts.
-presence of ducts that open unto the
surfaceof the skin through sweat pores
B. APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
-simple, coiled tubular glands that produce a
thick secretion rich in organic substances.
-open into hair follicles, but only in the
axillae and genitalia.
-become active at puberty.
-essentially odourless when released,
quickly brokendown by bacteria into
substances responsible for what is
commonly called body odor.
NAILS- consisting of layers of dead stratum
corneum cells that contain a very hard type
of keratin.
NAIL BODY-visible part of the nail.
NAIL ROOT- part of the nail covered by the
skin
EPONYCHIUM- cuticle; stratum sorneum
that extends onto the nail body.
NAIL MATRIX- nail root extends distally
NAIL BED- located distal to the nail matrix.
NAIL MATRIX AND BED- epithelial tissue
with a stratum basale that gives rise to the
cells that form the nail.
LUNULA- small part of the nail matrix; can
be seen through the nail body as a whitish
crescent shaped area at the of the nail.
PRODUCTION OF CELLS WITHIN THE
NAIL MATRIX – results in the growth of the
nail.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM:
PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS:
1. Intact skin- plays an important role in
preventing water loss.
Lipids-acts as barriers to the diffusion of
water.
2.Skin- prevents the entry og
microorganisms and other foreign objects
into the body.
SECRETIONS FROM THE SKIN- produce
an environment unsuitable for some
microorganism.
3.Stratified squamous epithelium- Protects
underlying structures against abrasion.
4.Melanin- absorbs UV light and protects
underlying structures from its damaging
effects.
5.Hair- protection in several ways:
a. hair on the head acts as a heat insulator.
b.Eyebrows keep sweat out of the eyes.
Blood vessel constricts
(vasonconstriction)- blood vessel
constriction results in decreased blood flow
toward the surface of the skin.
Heat loss across the epider decreases-
decreased blood flow beneath the epidermis
results in decreased heat loss.

Excretion- removal of waste products from

c.Eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign
ob jects. the body

d.Hair- Cyanosis- bluish color caused by

decreased blood oxygen content; indication
e.Ears-dust and other materials of impaired circulatory or respiratory
function.

Sensation- skin has receptors in the

epidermis and dermis that can detect pain, Jaundice- due to damage in livers.
heat and pressure.

HAIR- does does not have a nerve supply.

MOVEMENT OF HAIR- can be detected by

sensory receptors around the hair follicle

VITAMIN D PRODUCTION- exposure of the

UV light forms the molecule of vitamin D.

PRECURSOR- CARRIED BY THE BLOOD

Vitamin D- stimulates calcium and

phosphate uptake in the intestines.

-necessary for normal bone metabolism.

TEMPERATURE REGULATION:

Blood vessels dilate- (vasodilation) –

blood vessel dilation results in increased
blood flow toward the surface of the skin.

Heat loss across the dermis increases-

increased blood flow beneath the epidermis
results in increased heat loss.