1.Why floods are dangerous on human lives, properties, and environment?

Flooding affects people in a multitude of ways. People suffer stress on multiple fronts, not just as
flooding occurs, but also in the anticipatory period preceding a flood and during the cleanup and
recovery phase. Flooding can damage properties, destroy homes, create financial burden and cause
emotional hardship.

Floods damage property. Flood waters damage land by eroding shore lines and stripping soils, as well as
taking out whatever natural vegetation may be in the path of the flowing water. Floods also damage
personal property, such as vehicles and homes, creating hazardous living conditions if water is not
cleaned up immediately. Flood waters carry with them many health and injury risks, including diseases
and hazards such as sharp glass or metals. Flooding also may contaminate water supplies, wreck
drainage systems and damage farm crops.

People affected by flooding may experience a range of emotions, including anxiety, fear, anger,
frustration, sadness and grief. It is natural for people who experience traumatic events, such as flooding,
to experience difficulty sleeping, loss of appetite, depressed or angry moods and heightened feelings of
anxiety.

Loss of life is the most devastating experience flooding inflicts on people. This pain includes the loss of
human life, livestock and beloved pets. Another long-term effect of flooding is economic hardship. This
hardship is caused by the loss of livestock, farm crops, damage to food stores and damaged to industries
or stores. Floods also damage the tourist industry, as travelers are more likely to avoid flood-damaged
regions. Tourist attractions may be irreparably damaged.

Hazards associated with flooding can be divided into primary hazards that occur due to contact with
water, secondary effects that occur because of the flooding, such as disruption of services, health
impacts such as famine and disease, and tertiary effects such as changes in the position of river
channels. Throughout the last century flooding has been one of the most costly disasters in terms of
both property damage and human casualties

Floods impact on both individuals and communities, and have social, economic, and environmental
consequences. The consequences of floods, both negative and positive, vary greatly depending on the
location and extent of flooding, and the vulnerability and value of the natural and constructed
environments they affect.

The consequences of floods, both negative and positive, vary greatly depending on their location,
duration, depth and speed, as well as the vulnerability and value of the affected natural and constructed
environments. Floods impact both individuals and communities, and have social, economic, and
environmental consequences

As most people are well aware, the immediate impacts of flooding include loss of human life, damage to
property, destruction of crops, loss of livestock, and deterioration of health conditions owing to
waterborne diseases. As communication links and infrastructure such as power plants, roads and bridges
are damaged and disrupted, some economic activities may come to a standstill, people are forced to
leave their homes and normal life is disrupted.

Similarly, disruption to industry can lead to loss of livelihoods. Damage to infrastructure also causes long-
term impacts, such as disruptions to supplies of clean water, wastewater treatment, electricity,
transport, communication, education and health care. Loss of livelihoods, reduction in purchasing power
and loss of land value in the floodplains can leave communities economically vulnerable.

Floods can also traumatise victims and their families for long periods of time. The loss of loved ones has
deep impacts, especially on children. Displacement from one's home, loss of property and disruption to
business and social affairs can cause continuing stress. For some people the psychological impacts can be
long lasting.

2.Where do you think flood risk analysis is necessary and what particular actions needed?

Flood risk has more to it than you may think

Flood risk assessment is comprised of several parts. In most areas of our country, water comes from
many different sources; therefore, there are challenges that those assessing flood risk face in
determining potential future problems. Water sources that should be assessed for risk include the more
obvious: rivers, streams or watercourses; sewers and drains; or canals and reservoirs. But they also
include the potential risk of the effects of groundwater (saturated groundwater) and vadose water
(water flowing on the ground in an unsaturated state).

Once all flood risk sources are evaluated, other factors are then considered. These include the
topography of the land; existing infrastructure for drainage or water navigation; location of water
sources in relation to each other; and existing buildings, roads and other manmade structures. Once
these aspects are carefully calculated, a plan of action can be created, and preparations can be made.

Determining what to do in case of flood

Not only does flood risk assessment mean that you need to determine the likelihood of a flood, but it
also means you must determine the best course of action in case the worst happens. When flood risk
assessment is done properly, floods are avoided. But in the event of a flood, a plan exists to lower the
level of danger and damage to people and property. When flood risk assessment is done incorrectly or
not kept up-to-date as has happened in the past, the results can be disastrous.

Flood events in history

While some flood events can not be predicted, a flood risk assessor ensures an area is as prepared and
protected as possible. Unfortunately, a few recent instances exist where this was not the case.

Flood hazard assessment estimates the probability of different magnitudes of damaging flood
conditions, such as the depth of inundation, duration of inundation, velocity of moving water, quality of
water, debris content of water, or the wave height in addition to still water level. For example, in many
urban riverine settings, the most important flood condition is the annual maximum depth of inundation
at the location of an insured structure.

flood risk refers to the magnitude of economic flood loss and the probability that losses of that
magnitude will occur. Flood risk assessments focus on four main components:

Flood hazard—the probability and magnitude (e.g., depth, velocity, discharge) of flooding

Exposure—the economic value of assets subjected to flood hazard

Vulnerability—the relationship of flood hazard properties to economic loss

Performance—the effectiveness and behavior of flood protection and damage mitigation measures that
modify the flood hazard, the exposure, or the vulnerability

3.As a student, how will you deal petrochemical accidents?

1. What does ecogical integrity means?

Ecosystem integrity is defined as the system’s capacity to maintain structure and ecosystem functions
using processes and elements characteristic for its ecoregion (Dorren et al., 2004).
2.How does human contribute in threatening the ecological integrity?

Climate change threatens biodiversity and ecosystem integrity all over the globe (IPCC, 2014) and is
already triggering pronounced shifts of species and ecosystem

Human activity is changing Earth's atmosphere faster than it has ever changed during its history.

When climate change affects an environment so much that it is unable to sustain organisms, they must
adapt, relocate, or face extinction. Because of this, climate change can have a huge effect on biodiversity.

Human activity is a major threat to the planet's biodiversity. This is because human population growth
thus far has been exponential, meaning that its growth rate stays the same regardless of population size.
This makes the population grow faster and faster as it gets larger.

Populations may grow exponentially for some period, but they ultimately reach a carrying capacity when
they become limited by resource availability. Humans, however, have continued to work around carrying
capacity as they develop new technologies to help support the ever-growing population.

This threatens biodiversity because the more humans there are, the more this displaces other species
and reduces species richness.

Land-use change: Humans may destroy natural landscapes as they mine resources and urbanize areas.
This is detrimental, as it displaces residing species, reducing available habitats and food sources.

Pollution: Pollution can occur from the runoff or disposal of chemical substances, or from energy sources
(noise and light pollution).

Introduced species: Humans may intentionally, or unintentionally introduce a non-native species into an
ecosystem. This can negatively effect an ecosystem because the introduced species may outcompete
native organisms and displace them.

Resource exploitation: Humans constantly consume resources for their own needs. Some examples
include the mining of natural resources like coal, the hunting and fishing of animals for food, and the
clearing of forests for urbanization and wood use.

Extensive overuse of nonrenewable resources, like fossil fuels, can cause great harm to the environment.
Recycling products made from nonrenewable resources (such as plastic, which is made from oil) is one
way to reduce the negative impacts of this resource exploitation. In addition, the development and use
of renewable resources, like solar or wind energy, can help decrease the harmful effects of resource
exploitation.
3. Give ways/solution we can reduce the threat in the ecological integrity.

biodiversity is "essential for the welfare of current and future generations."

But there are a number of issues threatening our planet's biodiversity, from climate change to invasive
species. Below, we discuss some of the biggest threats facing biodiversity today, as well as what the
world can do (and is doing) to keep them in check.

1. Climate change

Changes in climate throughout our planet's history have, of course, altered life on Earth in the long run
— ecosystems have come and gone and species routinely go extinct.

But rapid, manmade climate change speeds up the process, without affording ecosystems and species
the time to adapt. For example, rising ocean temperatures and diminishing Arctic sea ice affects marine
biodiversity and can shift vegetation zones, having global implications.

Overall, climate is a major factor in the distribution of species across the globe; climate change forces
them to adjust. But many are not able to cope, causing them to die out.

What can we do? Individuals can take various steps to fight climate change, such as reducing their
carbon footprints, promoting education and contacting elected officials. International governments and
cities can lead the charge, however, and the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris will
hopefully be a turning point.

Deforestation is a direct cause of extinction and loss of biodiversity. An estimated 18 million acres of
forest are lost each year, due in part to logging and other human practices, destroying the ecosystems on
which many species depend. Tropical rainforests in particular, such as the Amazon, hold a high
percentage of the world's known species, yet the regions themselves are in decline due to humans.

What can we do? The solutions to deforestation mostly lie in policy — companies and corporations can
adopt best practices and refuse to use timber and paper suppliers that contribute to deforestation. In
the same vein, conscious consumers can refuse to patronize companies that do, and put pressure on
retailers that employ unsustainable manufacturing methods. Individuals can also participate in land
preservation through charities and private corporations. Ultimately, however, international governments
need to enact stronger, scientific forest protection laws.

3. Overexploitation

Overhunting, overfishing and over-harvesting contribute greatly to the loss of biodiversity, killing off
numerous species over the past several hundred years. Poaching and other forms of hunting for profit
increase the risk of extinction; the extinction of an apex predator — or, a predator at the top of a food
chain — can result in catastrophic consequences for ecosystems.

What can we do? Conservation and continued awareness surrounding overexploitation, especially
poaching and overfishing, are key. Governments need to actively enforce rules against such practices,
and individuals can be more conscious of what they eat and purchase. Other solutions, such as removing
subsidies granted to large-scale fisheries, can help, too.

Invasive species

The introduction of non-native species into an ecosystem can threaten endemic wildlife (either as
predators or competing for resources), affect human health and upset economies.

What can we do? According to the National Wildlife Federation, solutions include creating systems to
prevent introduction of invasive species in the first place, effectively monitoring for new infestations and
swiftly eradication newly detected invaders. Some scientists use more creative means, such as Google
Street View.

5. Pollution

From the burning of fossil fuels (releasing dangerous chemicals into the atmosphere and, in some cases,
depleting ozone levels) to dumping 19 billion pounds of plastic into the ocean every year, pollution
completely disrupts the Earth's ecosystems. While it may not necessarily cause extinction, pollutants do
have the potential to influents species' habits.

For example, acid rain, which is typically caused by the burning of fossil fuels, can acidify smaller bodies
of water and soil, negatively affecting the species that live there by changing breeding and feeding
habits.
What can we do? The average person can do a number of things to fight atmospheric and hydrologic
pollution, such as recycling, conserving energy at home and using public transportation. The
Environmental Protection Agency has a helpful guide here.

1. three ways minerals are classified.

Texture

The texture of a rock is the size, shape, and arrangement of the grains (for sedimentary rocks)
or crystals (for igneous and metamorphic rocks). Also of importance are the rock’s extent
of homogeneity (i.e., uniformity of composition throughout) and the degree of isotropy. The latter is the
extent to which the bulk structure and composition are the same in all directions in the rock.

Analysis of texture can yield information about the rock’s source material, conditions and environment
of deposition (for sedimentary rock) or crystallization and recrystallization (for igneous and metamorphic
rock, respectively), and subsequent geologic history and change.

Classification by grains or crystal size

The common textural terms used for rock types with respect to the size of the grains or crystals, are
given in the Table. The particle-size categories are derived from the

Udden-Wentworth scale developed for sediment. For igneous and metamorphic rocks, the terms are
generally used as modifiers—e.g.,

medium-grained granite. Aphanitic is a descriptive term for small crystals, and phaneritic for larger ones.
Very coarse crystals (those larger than 3 centimetres, or 1.2 inches) are termed pegmatitic.

Porosity

The term rock refers to the bulk volume of the material, including the grains or crystals as well as
the contained void space. The volumetric portion of bulk rock that is not occupied by grains, crystals, or
natural cementing material is termed porosity. That is to say, porosity is the ratio of void volume to the
bulk volume (grains plus void space). This void space consists of pore space between grains or crystals, in
addition to crack space. In sedimentary rocks, the amount of pore space depends on the degree of
compaction of the sediment (with compaction generally increasing with depth of burial), on the packing
arrangement and shape of grains, on the amount of cementation, and on the degree of sorting. Typical
cements are siliceous, calcareous or carbonate, or iron-bearing minerals.
1.As Civil Engineering student, how do you plan on adapting in the dynamic nature of the planet?

The earth is constantly active. sIt rotates, it revolves and it moves relative to other bodies in the
Universe. Its atmosphere constantly circulates sabot vertically and horizontally. It rains, it snows,
temperature varies throughout and is constantly changing. Water circulates through the atmosphere, on
the surface, and underground. Its surface is constantly changing by erosion, deposition, extrusion of lava
and by plate motion. Magma circulates underground, rocks melt, magma solidifies, and plates subduct.
Everything moves and changes constantly, and that’s why the earth is said to be dynamic.

Civil engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering and is further divided into numerous other
sub-disciplines: Geotechnical engineering. Environmental engineering. Transportation Engineering.Mar
28, 2017

Civil engineers design, build, and maintain the foundation for our modern society – our roads and
bridges, drinking water and energy systems, sea ports and airports, and the infrastructure for a cleaner
environment, to name just a few. ... Drive to work on roads and bridges through synchronized traffic
lights.

2. Do you agree that Climate change could be the end of the world? Defend your answer.

Climate change has an impact on turtle nesting sites. It alters sand temperatures, which then affects the
sex of hatchlings.

Sea levels are rising and oceans are becoming warmer. Longer, more intense droughts threaten crops,
wildlife and freshwater supplies. From polar bears in the Arctic to marine turtles off the coast of Africa,
our planet’s diversity of life is at risk from the changing climat