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BGP advertises the complete path to the advertised network. Path is sent
as a LIST OF AS no. Which avoids loop.
BGP advertises only the best path to a destination network. You can
control BGP path selection using BGP attributes, and you can control
the best path selection process using certain Cisco IOS Software BGP
configuration commands.
BGP follows its own best path decision process to find the most efficient
path; this path is stored in the main routing table.
BGP forms peer relationships only with explicitly configured peers, and
only advertises networks that it was explicitly configured to advertise.
BGP does not redistribute its routes into IGPs unless explicitly
configured to do so.
BGP is an extremely customizable protocol; it can be as dynamic or
static as it is configured to be. You can advertise and control route
policies in a number of different ways.
Idle - incoming connections are refused, and the system gets ready to
start speaking BGP. After this is done (by way of a Start event), move to
Connect.Connect - a connection is made to the peer. Send a BGP OPEN
message, and go to OpenSent. Active - a connection comes in from a
peer. Send a BGP OPEN message, and go to OpenSent. OpenSent - Wait
for an OPEN message from the peer. When received, send a
KEEPALIVE and go to OpenConfirm. OpenConfirm - Wait for the
KEEPALIVE from the peer, then move to Established. Established -
Bidirectional communication is established. Start sending UPDATE
and KEEPALIVE messages as required
BGP defines the following message types:
Open = Includes hold time and BGP router ID. Keepalive, Update =
Information for one path only(could be multiple networks) Includes path
attributes and networks. Notification.= When error is detected, BGP
connection is closed after sent.
How iBGP works?
This is a partially meshed IBGP network hence RTR-A and RTR-C are
not exchanging the NLRI.
Rule of Synchronisation:
Routes learnt via IBGP must be validated by Interior Routing
Table/Protocol such as OSPF,RIP etc
before they can be advertised to remote peers
Note: In some case Synchronisation is not practical and this rule can be
turned off by command: No Synchronisation.
Synchronization requires that before a route is learnt from an IBGP
neighbor and entered into Routing table and advertised to other BGP
peers, the route must first be learnt via IGP.
In this example, RTR-A and RTR-C have formed a BGP Peering, and
the TCP session passes through RTR-B. There is no physical
connectivity between RTR-A and RTR-C but a logical connection
exists. If Synchronization is turned on, then it is important to note that
the routes advertised by RTR-A will appear in the RTR-C’s Routing
table only if these routes exist in the IGP. The same applies for RTR-A,
the routes advertised by RTR-C will not appear in the RTR-A’s Routing
table if these routes are not being learnt by the IGP first.
Rule of Synchronisation:
BGP routers try to synchronise between IGP table(show ip route bgp)
and bgp table(show ip bgp)
In order for bgp route to be used and advertised, it must be learned by an
IGP(another routing protocol rip/eigrp/ospf) etc
But if you run only bgp and if same routes are not advertised by IGP,
you may want to turn off this automatic synchronisation between IGP
table of BGP(show ip route bgp) and BGP table(show ip bgp) with
(config-router)#no sync
Now in new IOS "no sync" is default.
Content of Advertisement
BGP routers advertise routes
Each route consists of a network prefix and a list of attributes that
specify information about a route.
All BGP Routing Policies are configured using BGP attributes.
BGP calculates its Metric through a series of attributes.
BGP converges slowly. Batch updates sent once every 5 seconds for
IBGP peer, and once for every 30 Sec for EBGP.
Transitive Attribute: Are those which will keep travelling through the
system whether they are recognized by bgp router or not.
Non Transitive Attribute: Are those which will be stripped off it is not
recognized by router or it chooses not to propagate it.
Next-Hop Cont.
Each The next-hop concept with BGP is slightly more elaborate. It
takes one of the following three forms:
For EBGP sessions, the next hop is the IP address of the neighbor
that announced the route.
For IBGP sessions, for routes originated inside the AS, the next hop
is the IP address of the neighbor that announced the route
For routes injected into the AS via EBGP, the next hop learned
from EBGP is carried unaltered into IBGP. The next hop is the IP
address of the EBGP neighbor from which the route was learned.
We can suggest the path from A-C since it has a lower MED ( which is
better)
You cannot tell another Autonomous System how to Route Traffic .
As with everything... the scalability, control, and flexibility you get from
iBGP means that it's a slower converging protocol than IGPs (in
general).
Convenience:
Arguably the most obvious motivation to design BGP to run over TCP is
simple convenience. Remember that BGP is essentially just another
application layer protocol to the TCP/IP stack; at the time of BGP's
creation TCP was already out there and working, so why not take
advantage of it? From RFC 4271:
BGP uses TCP as its transport protocol. This eliminates the need to
implement explicit update fragmentation, retransmission,
acknowledgement, and sequencing.
Security
Unlike other IPv4 routing protocols, BGP does not provide its own
security mechanism. Sure, you can secure neighbor adjacencies using
MD5 digests, but these aren't actually carried within the BGP header.
Rather, security is facilitated by a TCP option defined in RFC 2385, the
TCP Authentication Option (kind 19).
The Hold Down Timer indicates how long a router will wait between
hearing messages from it's neighbor. The Hold Down Timer defaults to
180 seconds on a Cisco router, but can be reconfigured.
cisco default setting: 60 seconds
Neighbour Database
Lists all of the configured BGP neighbors
Router# show ip bgp summary
BGP Database
Lists all networks known by BGP along with their attributes.
Router# show ip bgp
BGP neighborship is not coming up. Please define the various steps
to troubleshoot it.
Answer: To troubleshoot BGP, first we need to check neighbor state
using “show ip bgp summary.”
If the state is Idle, it means that the peer address or AS is not defined
properly; if the state is Active, it means that TCP port 179 is not open,
the peer is not reachable, network congestion, or BGP misconfiguration.
Common neighbor stability problems of BGP
* Misconfigured neighbor’s IP address and AS number
* Reachability issues when interfaces other than directly connected
interfaces are used while peering (update-source issue).
* Authentication must be properly implemented (if configured)
* Router-ID must be unique
If this is eBGP, make sure you have configured multihop=yes and TTL
settings as needed. Use routing bgp peer print status to see the current
state of BGP connection.
Also note that if the remote peer is not supporting BGP Capabilities
Advertisement (RFC 2842), some extra time will be needed for session
establishment. The establishment will fail at the first time in this case,
because of unknown options in BGP OPEN message. It should succeed
at second attempt (i.e. after about a minute) and in any further attempts,
because RouterOS will remember the offending options for that peer and
not include them in BGP OPEN messages anymore.
Explain BGP attributes.
A quick copy-and-paste summary on BGP attribute categorisation.
WELL-KNOWN, MANDATORY:
AS-path: A list of the Autonomous Systems (AS) numbers that a route
passes through to reach the destination. As the update passes through an
AS the AS number is inserted at the beginning of the list. The AS-path
attribute has a reverse-order list of AS passed through to get to the
destination.
Origin: Indicates how BGP learned a particular route. There are three
possible types -- IGP (route is internal to the AS), EGP (learned via
EBGP), or Incomplete (origin unknown or learned in a different way).
WELL-KNOWN, DISCRETIONARY:
Local Preference: Defines the preferred exit point from the local AS for
a specific route.
Atomic Aggregate: Set if a router advertises an aggregate causes path
attribute information to be lost.
OPTIONAL, TRANSITIVE:
Aggregator: Specifies the router ID and AS of the router that originated
an aggregate prefix. Used in conjunction with the atomic aggregate
attribute.
OPTIONAL, NON-TRANSITIVE
Multi-exit-discriminator (MED): Indicates the preferred path into an
AS to external neighbors when multiple paths exist.
A list of path attributes is contained in BGP update messages. The
attribute is variable length and consists of three fields: Attribute type
consisting of a 1-byte attribute flags field and a 1-byte attribute code
field, Attribute length field that is 1 or 2 bytes, and a variable length
attribute value field. The attribute type codes used by Cisco are: 1-
origin, 2-AS-path, 3-Next-hop, 4-MED, 5-Local preference, 6-Atomic
aggregate, 7-aggregator, 8-community, 9-originator-ID, and 10-cluster
list.
Prefix length:
To understand this better, let's look at an example. Assume a router has
four routing processes running: EIGRP, OSPF, RIP, and IGRP. Now, all
four of these processes have learned of various routes to the
192.168.24.0/24 network, and each has chosen its best path to that
network through its internal metrics and processes.
Each of these four processes attempts to install their route toward
192.168.24.0/24 into the routing table. The routing processes are each
assigned an administrative distance, which is used to decide which route
to install.
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