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Physics Project on:-
TRANSFORMER
It is possible either to decrease or increase the voltage and currents by the use of transformer in AC
circuits based on the requirements of the electrical equipment or device or load. Various applications
use wide variety of transformers including power, instrumentation and pulse transformers.
In a broad, transformers are categorized into two types, namely, electronic transformers and power
transformers. Electronic transformers operating voltages are very low and are rated at low power
levels. These are used in consumer electronic equipments like televisions, personal computers,
CD/DVD players, and other devices.
The term power transformer is referred to the transformers with high power and voltage ratings.
These are extensively used in power generation, transmission, distribution and utility systems to
increase or decrease the voltage levels. However, the operation involved in these two types of
transformers is same.
Introduction to Transformers
A transformer is one of the most common devices found in electrical system that links the circuits
which are operating at different voltages .These are commonly used in applications where there is a
need of AC voltage conversion from one voltage level to another.
It is possible either to decrease or increase the voltage and currents by the use of transformer in AC
circuits based on the requirements of the electrical equipment or device or load. Various applications
use wide variety of transformers including power, instrumentation and pulse transformers.
In a broad, transformers are categorized into two types, namely, electronic transformers and power
transformers. Electronic transformers operating voltages are very low and are rated at low power
levels. These are used in consumer electronic equipments like televisions, personal computers,
CD/DVD players, and other devices.
1. The term power transformer is referred to the transformers with high power and voltage
ratings. These are extensively used in power generation, transmission, distribution and utility
systems to increase or decrease the voltage levels. However, the operation involved in these
INTRODUCTION
alternating voltage.
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated
sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p 1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are
wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that
the both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f
is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to
s1 s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no
current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary &
secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic
the iron core is also negligible.
INTRODUCTION OF
TRANSFORMER
THEORY AND
WORKING OF
TRANSFORMER
Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we
have
get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ----------------(3)
in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if R p is the
resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil
is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
In a step up transformer
Ep I p = Es I s Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.
Efficiency:-
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a
transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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