DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

SECOND QUARTER

Lesson 7: Views and Perspectives: Classical and Contemporary Social Theories

CLASSICAL SOCIAL THEORIES

- are essential to the study of social sciences and remain relevant and applicable to many problems,
issues, phenomena that societies face today.
- created during periods of political, economic and cultural crisis. (Behavioralism, Rational Choice theory,
Institutionalism, Structural Functionalism and Marxism)
CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL THEORIES
- emerged from the need to complement, modify or challenged traditional and classical social theories.
offer alternative perspectives in viewing and analyzing old but recurring social problems and phenomena.
(Interpretivism, Social Constructivism, Symbolic Interactionism, Hermeneutics, Phenomenology, Postmodernism,
Psychoanalytic Theory, Critical Theory, Post-colonialism, Feminism, Socio-Environment System, Human Ecology
and Social Medicine)

Lesson 8: Making Sense of the Human Mind: Behavioralism and Rational Choice

Social Sciences are largely DESCIPTIVE rather than NORMATIVE.

Descriptive Approach – expresses observations of things as they are.
Normative Approach – prescribes how things should or should not be.
Empiricism – all knowledge was derived from sense experience through the process of observation.
Positivism – Study of social phenomena should adhere to the methods of the natural sciences (August Comte)
BEHAVIORALISM - is a theoretical approach that studies directly observable behaviour to analyze social
phenomena and processes.
- focuses on the study of political realities conducted by institutions as it remained closely associated to law,
history and philosophy.
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY - is a theoretical approach commonly used in the fields of economics and political
science.
Rationality or Goal Orientation – means that people’s interest leads to collective actions, or that collective
action produces collective goal.
Self-interest – means that people can be relied on to know what they want.
- people tend to evaluate the benefits and risks of their actions before making a decision.
Methodological Individualism – the assumption that all social and political phenomena, regardless of
complexity, can be explained by certain individual actions and interactions that comprise or define such
phenomena.
Strategic Action – affirms that individuals are both strategic and rational.
Opportunity Cost – the value of the use of a particular resource which was forgone in favour of another use of
resourse.
Classic RCT – assumes that individuals assess costs and benefits before pursuing an action in order to maximize
utility.
Contemporary RCT – recognizes that individuals are motivated not only by self-interest but also by factors such
as beliefs, values and their immediate environment.

In earlier studies, political science is closely associated with what studies?

a. Law, History, and Values c. Law, History, and Institution
b. Law, History, and Philosophy d. Law, History, and Norms
Lesson 9: Analyzing Structures: Institutionalism, Structural Functionalism and Marxism

Institution - an established body of procedures, rules, and formal organizations of government or interrelated
rules and routines that define appropriate actions in terms of relation between roles and situations.
INSTITUTIONALISM - an approach believes that institutions matter because they constrain as well as influence
individual behavior, and are able to affect political decisions in a variety of ways.
Old Institutionalism - originally emphasized laws and constitutions, revolutions
New Institutionalism - studies how political behavior and identities are shaped by institutions.
3 Strands of Institutionalism
1. Rational Choice Institutionalism – employs rational choice theory in the analysis of political behaviour
and society
2. Sociological Institutionalism – individuals and institutions are not purely motivated or shaped purely by
self-interest rather they are assert that institutions such as societal norms and belief are culturally
constructed.
3. Historical Institutionalism – individuals acts on both cultural rules and norms and their respective self-
interests. Also, actions, events and phenomena along with the effects of the society must be contextualized
within history to properly understand them.
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM - it seeks to understand how people live in societies and how they function.
 - each part assumes a particular function necessary for the maintenance of order.
Concept of Agency – defined as the ability of individuals to act independently and their capacities to make
their own choices freely.
Concept of Structure – argues that society gives individuals roles to play and these individuals’ actions are
“determined by the choices and roles that society gives them.
Theory of Structuration – proposed by Anthony Giddens, means that society shapes individuals and in
return individuals shape social structure.
System analysis - conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its parts in order to identify its
objectives.
System – according to Anatol Rapoport, is a set of interrelated entities connected by behavior and history.
A Systems Analysis of Political Life – by David Easton, provides an ideal view obn how political systems
work.
Consensus Perspective – states that stability is achieved when there is absence of conflict
Conflict Perspective – deals with how conflicts and crises arise society despite conscious efforts to
establish and maintain order.
Social function - social actions that contributes to the society.
Social dysfunction - consequence of a social action that leads to instability or breakdown of a society.
Manifest function - are intended and deliberated.
Latent Function - unintended and unrecognized.
Manifest Dysfunction - anticipated disruption.
Latent Dysfunction - unexpected disruption.

MARXISM - is a relatively modern theoretical approach , originating from the works of Karl Marx.
- deals with the role of class conflicts and contradictions in human history.
Marx’ S Two Most Popular Works
Das Kapital (Capital: Critique of Political Economy)(1867) – a systematic account of the nature,
development and future of the capitalist system.
The Communist Manifesto (1848) – with Friedrich Engels, summarized doctrines of the group
Communist League, a powerful synthesis of disparate ideas through materialistic conception of history.
Bourgeiosie – composed of the wealthy who have wide access to resources
Proletariat – the working class employed by the bourgeoisie.
Materialist Conception Of History – understood through dialectical and materialist approaches
Dialectic – asserts that all reality is matter of motion, contradictions and interconnection.
Materialism – a critical response to idealism, holds that processes and consciousness (ideas)
are important in explaining people’s actions.
Stages Of History From The Marxist Perspective
a. Primitive Communism- Production is done exclusively for survival.
b. Slavery- Production is carried out by slaves who are owned by their masters.
c. Feudalism- Production is carried out by peasants/serfs. Unlike slaves, are not the property of their lords.
d. Capitalism- Production shifts from the countryside to the cities.
e. Socialism- Collective ownership of the means of production is emphasized.
f. Communism- All are workers for a commonly-owned industry.
Alienation- a feeling of disconnection between what a worker does all day and what the worker would
ideally be able to contribute to the needs of humanity.

Which of the statements is the CORRECT definition of structural functionalism?

a. It seeks to understand how people live in societies and how they function.
b. Social structures of various components of society.
c. None or bad contribution to the society.
d. It is a set of interrelated entities connected by behavior and history.

Lesson 10: Meaning and Interactions: Interpretivism, Social Constructivism and Symbolic Interactionism

INTERPRETIVISM – a theoretical tradition that examines how individual and social groups p-roduce and
reproduce subjective meanings from day-to-day social interactions.
Prof. Mark Bevir and R.A.W. Rhodes – define interpretivism as an approach in analyzing social meanings that
shape social actions and social institutions.
Interpretivism – an umbrella term that refers to a diverse set of subjectivist and anti-positivist traditions such
as social constructivism, symbolic interactionism, hermeneutics and phenomenology.

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM – arhues that socialization and experience of an individual in his or her social
environment become the bases of his or her subjective concept of social reality.
Lev Vygotsky – learners generate and develop new knowledge through active interactions with their physical
and social environments.
Tabula Rasa – “clean slate”, proposed by John Locke, where learners are born without built-in mental content
therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception.
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM – suggests that people attach subjective meanings to sign, symbols, sounds,
languages, gestures, behaviour and evens depending on their actual experience, shared understanding and socio-
historical milieu.
George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley – through formal and informal social interactions, ciltural
symbols and meanings are produced, reproduced, shared and passed on.
“looking-glass self” – by Charles Horton Cooley, a concept which suggests that the development of our sense
of self or self-identity is shaped by how we believe others perceive us.

It is a theoretical tradition that examines how individuals and social groups produce and reproduce
subjective meanings from their day to day social interactions.
a. Social Constructivism c. Interpretivism
b. Structural Functionalism d. Behavioralism

Lesson 11: Understanding Experience: Hermeneutics, Phenomenology, Postmodernism and Psychoanalytic

Theory

HERMENEUTICS – originated from biblical studies, defined as the understanding and analysis of biblical
interpretations.
Max Weber, Wilhelm Dilthey, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Martin Heiddeger – renowned proponents of
Hermeneutics.
Hermeneutics and Writer’s Bias – enables the reader to understand and interpret materials based from
the author’s specific historical and social context.
Hermeneutics and Reader’s Bias – reading and interpretations of texts can be determined and influenced
by the reader’s own personal viewpoints and specific social contexts.
Hermeneutic Circle – suggests that comprehending the whole text is determined by undertansding its
component parts.

PHENOMENOLOGY - a philosophical movement which studies experience and how we perceive reality, which,
according to its proponents, consists of objects and events (“phenomena”) as perceived by human consciousness.
- a useful tool in gaining insights into the experiences of survivors of natural disaster, miscarriages and etc. This
will allow them to articulate their stories from their own perspective and experiences.
Phenomenologist’s believe that words often mean that their denotative/ dictionary meaning and language
itself id the source of meaning.
Phenomenology views conversations as important bases for understanding social relations and interactions
because conversations are imbued with symbols, signs, and terminologies that reflect the identities and
orientations of the actors involved.
Sir Isaac Newton - postulated that time is composed of a series of distinct, separate, absolute, and measurable
points which contain “things” or events and each of which we perceive as “now”.
Edmund Husserl – view typical activities in everyday life as veritable mines of social and cultural information
about human consciousness and human societies.
Retention - the ability to retain aspects of an event or experiences in our consciousness.
3 Levels or Perception and Experience of Time
1. Objective time – measureable concept of time
2. Subjective time – perceive time as “fast” or “slow”
3. Internal time – allows to comprehend both objective and subjective time.
Conversation Analysis - a common approach where both verbal and non-verbal communications are coded
and examined in order to understand nature and dynamics of everyday social interaction.

POSTMODERNISM – based from the assumption that certainty is impossible in an ever-changing social
environment.
Postmodernist - believe that it is virtually impossible to arrive at the absolute truth, arguing that all forms of
knowledge are fragmented, incomplete, fluid, and local.
Jean-Francois Lyotard, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Derrida – notable postmodernist
Postmodernist believe that all systems of human knowledge are subjective and that all grand narratives must
be questioned and challenged.
Grand Narratives – also known as meta-narratives or master narratives
- Proposed the idea that absolute truth derived from science, religion and ideology can adequately
explain and determine the diverse and complex aspects of human societies.
Mini Narratives – also known as micro-narratives, are stories that depicts events and phenomena on
smaller, locale scale, making o claim to universality.

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY - the study of society which involves the analysis of the human mind.
- exploration of the individual’s unconscious mental processes that are manifested in his or her dreams
or conflict with others.
- Founded by Sigmund Frued
 Psychoanalysis – set of theories and therapies designed to uncover and examine the issues and repressed
conflicts within the unconscious mind and bring them to the consciousness.
Psychotheraphy or talk theraphy – a way to help patients or people with sa broad variety of mental illnesses
and emotional difficulties.
Freudian Structure of Human Personality
a. Id (it)- pertains to the immature, selfish and demanding instinct of the personality that influences the
drive to satisfy the bodily and worldly desires of the self, totally unmindful of societal norms and value
systems
b. Ego (Self) – pertains to the organizedand realistic aspects of the personality that mediates between the
aggressive tendencies of the id and the moral imperatives of the superego.
c. Superego (Above self) – refers to the critical and moral dimension of the personality that invokes
behaviour which society deems acceptable and ethical.

This is a theoretical approach that was based from the assumption that certainty is impossible in an
ever-changing social environment.
a. Hermeneutics c. Postmodernism
b. Phenomenology d. Psychoanalytic Theory

Lesson 12: Reaction and Relevance: Critical Theory, Post-colonialism and Feminist Theory

CRITICAL THEORY – rejects all forms of domination and oppression in the domains of politics, language and
culture.
Jurgen, Habermas, Theodor Adornpo, Max Horkheimer – scholars from Frankfurt School that are
renowned in the study of Critical Theory.
Positivism – subscribes to the idea that all academic disciplines, including the social sciences, must adopt the
standards of exactness and rigidity in the physical and natural sciences.
Anti – Positivism – rejects neutrality, arguing that any research study id reflection of the researcher’s inherent
bias and political orientations.
Renato Constantino – a Filipino anti-positivist that rejects myth of neutrality, arguing that research study is a
reflection of the researcher’s adherent bias and political oriention.
Emancipatory Critical Theory – sought the elimination of all forms of injustices and the promotion of total
libreration.
Features of Critical Theory
a. Explanatory – capacity to explain the inherent problem with the present social structure “expose”
b. Normative – capacity to provide a normative lens from which the current social structure may be
criticized and challenged. (“oppose”)
c. Practical - capacity to formulate an alternative, progressive and emancipator social order (“propose”)

POSTCOLONIALISM –is an academic discipline and theoretical structure that analyzes, explain, and responds to
the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism.
-it speak about the human consequences of external control and economic exploitation of native people
and their lands.
-rejects the dominant western way of seeing and superiority of western culture.
Frantz Fanon – “The Wretched of the Earth”, denounced the military, and the psychological, mental and
ideological violence that colonialism has committed against the indigenous people.
Edward Said- “Orientalism”, challenged the colonizer’s construction of “binary social reactions”, such as
the west vs, east, occidental vs. Oriental and white vs non-white that discriminate against and marginalized the
colonies in the Third World.
- argues that European colonizers misinterpreted the people of the colonized regions as weak, irrational
and inferior to justify i8mperialist dominations and control.
Decolonization – is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby a nation establishes
and maintains its domination on overseas territories.
Self-determination - states that people, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality
of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with
no interference.

FEMINIST THEORY - is a theory, ideology, social movement that seeks to improve overall condition of women in
society and to change distorted perception of women’s role in nation-building and development. It challenges the
unequal power relations between men and women such as stereotyping.
Misconceptions about women are physically weak, impulsive buyers, illogical-makers, poor at math, fickle-
minded. Research has proven that these notions to be wrong, baseless, and unjust.
Definition of Terms
 Sex - pertains to physiological and biological differences between man and women.
  Gender - on the other hand, is the identity of masculinity and femininity that is socially constructed and
culturally influenced, for example, boys are considered to play with toy guns while girls are socialized to
play with dolls and toy kitchen sets.
 Class - refers to the groups of people with the similar status on the bases of income and wealth.
Major Strand Feminism
Liberal Feminism - enhancing women’s social status is possible through institutional reforms in the realms of
education, legislation and governance.
Marxist Feminist - asserts that the condition of women can be better understood by examining and
challenging the intersection of the oppressive sex-gender system and the prevailing class structure.
Black Feminism - emerged as a strong reaction against the tendency of the western feminist movement to
focus only on the conditions of the white, middle-class, female population.
Ecofeminism - women and environmental activists in the Global South seek to examine and challenge
the intersection of oppression experienced by Third-World women and their natural environment
in the poor regions of the world under the dominant system of patriarchy, capitalism and
neocolonialism.
Intersectionality Theory – seeks to understand how various identities interrelate and reinforce each other to
create a positive or a negative impact on the life chances of an individual or group.
- how women’s multiple identities render them vulnerable to greater and deeper marginalization.

Media and information literacy might lure people to abuse and misuse their skills when accessing
the Internet, which can lead sharing messages or files that can lead to obscene and rebellion. This is
an example of what theoretical approach?
a. Institutionalism c. Structural Functionalism
b. Critical Theory d. Rational Choice Institutionalism

Lesson 13: Interacting with your environment: Socio-Environment System, Human Ecology and Social
Medicine

SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM - the holistic study of society must involve the analysis of the interaction
between the natural and social environment.
- seeks to understand and explains the dynamic and complex interaction of the natural environment.
Multi-dimentional Impact of Disaster
ASPECT and their IMPACT
1. Economic - Business and economic activities are brought to a standstill
2. Political and Administrative - Governance and basic social sevice delivery are compromised
3. Cultural - Cultural activities and practices interrupted
4. Psychological - Disorientation and depression become common among disaster victims
5. Medical - Outbreaks of diseases and compromised immune system become prevalent among vulnerable
population
Sense of Place - a place is a source of people’s collective identity and memory.
- serves as a “stage” where people perform their social, economic, political, religious and cultural activities
HUMAN ECOLOGY - seeks to explain the relationship between humans and the natural world.
- it is an approach that investigates changes in the biophysical and socio-economic spheres and their
interactions that requires interdisciplinary skills that cover various fields such as environmental science,
demography, sociology, geography, public policy, public health, and development studies among others.
- covers a wide range of areas such as urban planning, human settlement and infrastructural development.
Human ecologists also believe that modern society has many things to learn from the folk wisdom of
indigenous people regarding environmental management and development.
SOCIAL MEDICINE - a theory and social movement views the health status of an individual or a community a largely
determined by the prevailing social, economic, and political structures in society.
Traditional Medicine - are traditional approaches in the medical sciences such as biomedical theory focus
solely on bio-physical, pathological and microbiological dimensions.
Social Determinants of Health (SDH) - refers to the multi-dimensional socio-economic conditions that
impact individual or group differences in health status.

Lesson 14: Filipino Social Thought

SPANISH COLONIALISM took place at a time when te socio political development of communities in Luzon and
Visayas was in its initial stages. The lack of strong and solid socio-political foundation rendered the
communities in Luzon and Visayas vulnerable to colonial invasion and subjugation.
 The Cavite Mutiny in 1872 – involved Filipino soldiers and workers employed in the Spanish shipyard and
arsenal in Cavite who protested against the unjust abolition of previous entitlements and privileges of the
Spanish shipyards such as exemption from forced labor and payment of tributes.
GOMBURZA (Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora)
- were ardent supporters of the secularization movement, who supported the cause of native priest who
were fighting for the right to be assigned to run parishes in the country.
- False accused of being the masterminds and sentenced to death via garote.
-their unjust execution sparked a nationalist sentiment and served as eye-opener to the glaring
racial discrimination against Filipino natives.
El Filibusterismo – wrote by Jose Rizal, dedicated to the birth of Filipino national consciousness and the
memory of GOMBURZA.
- dwelt heavily on revolutionary theme which was seen by historical analysts as the embodiment of
Rizal’s deepening cynicism against the abusive and misguided Spanish colonial administration.
Propaganda Movement – articulated the Filipino anti-colonial movement.
- believed that the political and social change which they were aspiring for could be fully achieved through
reform within the Spanish colonial administration
Ilustrados – from the middle class who were able to study in Manila and abroad and internalized the liberal
and progressive ideas derived from the legacies of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution.
Noli MeTangere – authored by Jose Rizal which is about the liberation and social problem that beset
Filipino society, he describes as cancer.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin – authored by Harriet Beecher Stowe, a story about the liberation from the shackles of
slavery.
Letter to the Women of Malolos – contained themes which reflected his very high regard for education as
a tool for social liberation.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar – wrote parodies that exposed the abusive character of the Spanish Clergy.
Graciano Lopez Jaena – wrote Fray Botod, a tale that symbolized greediness of Spanish Friars.
Political ideas were powerful forces in arousing, organizing, and mobilizing people into political solidarity and
collective action.
Revolution – was a social and political imperative when peaceful means turns out to be hopeless and
unrealistic in correcting and ending Spanish violence and injustice.
- waged by Filipinos to achieve full national liberation from the political, economic, and military control of
Spanish sovereignty over the country.
Katipunan – a revolutionary organization that aimed to attain national liberation from Spanish colonialism
through armed struggle.
Apolinario Mabini – national revolution is justified when people use it to assert their legitimate rights, and
when utilized to replace an abusive and repressive government with a just and democratic one.
National Consciousness and Identity
- defined by Renato Constantino as a “sense of oneness which comes from the community of aspirations,
response and actions.”
US Colonialism and Neocolonialism
- were significant challenges to Philippine nationalism. The prevalence of Western influence has led to the
mingling of western and indigenous traditions, as well as the replacement of indigenous cultural forms by
foreign elements.
Neocolonialism and the challenges of globalization have given rise to significant economic, political, and
social challenges for the Philippines.
Nationalism provides a framework by which we can critically examine the effects of westernization and
globalization, and address the contradictions and inequalities that arise from them.
Economic Nationalism – argues that liberalization in the financial market renders the Philippines more
vulnerable to financial losses and economic crises.
- National sovereignty must prevail, especially with regard to access and use of natural resources.
Filipino Nationalists
a. Isabelo de los Reyes (1864-1938) – Politician, journalist, folklorist and labor activist
- also known as “Don Belong”, sought to expose the oppression experiences by Filipinos during the
Spanish colonial rule through his progressive writings.
b. Claro M. Recto (1890-1960) – National Legislator and activist
- challenged the accusation of American imperialists that Filipino nationalists were being
ultranationalists in tendencies.
- authored Rizal Law (R.A. 1425), which required Philippine school to study Rizal’s life and works.
c. Jose Diokno (192-1987) – Nationalist lawyer, legislator and activist
- believed that denying an individual of his/her human rights is tantamount to removing his/her
dignity as a person.
- fought against the presence of American troops and military bases in the Philippine territory
d. Lorenzo Tañada (1898-1992) – Nationalist lawyer and activist
 - believed that nationalism serves as a precondition not only for independence but also for
economic development.
- he opposed the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant based on security, environmental and ethical
considerations.
Cultural Nationalism – academic institutions must hone the skills of students to become productive
members of the community and in still among them the deep sense of commitment to contribute to its
holistic development.
Political Nationalism – argues that political convictions should allowed us to critically evaluate appropriate
courses of action to pursue as a nation.
The Anti-Dictatorship Movement – Martial Law undermined the people’s deeply-held values of
freedom and justice and the country’s democratic institutions and processes.
The Anti-Military Bases Agreement Movement – the rejection of the Philippines-United States
Military Bases Agreement (MBA) in 1991 was a historic victory of the nationalist movement in
its struggle against US neo-colonialism.
Self-Determination: The Cordillera Experiences – Macliing Dulag was an indigenous village
leader from Kalinga who mobilized his local community and cordilleran indigenous people (IP)
against the Chico river megadam project during the Marcos administration in 1974.
- Macliing Dulag was an advocate of self-determination and asserted that the Cordillerans
must determine and shape their own existence and their future as an ethnic group.
Filipino Intellectuals as Social Critics
Francisco Namenzo – Intellectuals must also serve as social critics because critical and creative
minds are essential elements in rejecting unjust policies, proposing alternative development agenda, and
crafting effective strategies and programs to achieve them.
Therefore, education to be truly liberating must serve the interest of the Filipinos and should be
aligned to the actual needs and aspirations of the nations.

Lesson 15: Indigenization Movement in Social Sciences

INDIGENIZATION (pagsasakatutubo)- is an academic and socio-cultural movement in the former colonies in the
Third World which seeks to rediscover, relearn and re-apply the traditional and indigenous cultural forms and
systems that are authentic markers of national identity.
- is a collective process of reflection and re-examination, contributing to the rediscovery of Filipino
indigenous cultural identity.
Modernization Theory – suggests that Western societies epitomize modern societies and development is
mainly viewed through the lens of the Western experiences.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO (SP) – is an academic movement which seeks to indigenizedthe theory, method and
practice of psychology.
- rejects the tradition of mainstream psychology to overly rely on quantitative approaches in studying
human behaviour which is western-oriented.
Virgilio Enriquez – the forerunner of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, advocated for a transformative and critical
approach in psychology education, research and practice.
Cultural Subjugation – how colonizers undermine Filipino culture in carrying out their cultural
domination.
PANTAYONG PANANAW (PP) – proposed by Dr. Zeus Salazar, defines this approach in history as an “internal
interrelatedness of values characters, knowledge, wisdom, aspiration, tradition, behaviour and experiences
of a particular culture or civilization as a whole.”
- PP aims to decolonize Philippine historiography (method of writing history).
- seeks to write and explain Philippine history to fellow Filipinos in the language they can understand,
appreciate, and internalize.
PILIPINOLOHIYA – adheres the idea that academic disciplines must be rooted in the actual histori9cal and
social conditions where they have situated.
- argues that indigenous knowledge can contribute to the vast body of knowledge in the fields of science
and humanities
Prospero Covar – defined Pilipinolohiya as the “systematic study and understanding of Filipino thought
and culture as they manifest in the realms of language, media and the arts”.
INDIGENIZING SOCIAL SCIENCES DISCIPLINES – must involve both theory and practice in their proper
social contexts.
- considered a significant contribution to the development of the social sciences as a field, as well as in
the broader objective of cultural and educational development.
Dr. Ramon Guillermo – argues that in order to be truly liberating, the process of indigenization must be
complemented by structural and class analysis of Philippine society.