Cutting speed (also called surface speed or simply speed) is the speed difference (relative velocity)

between the cutting tool and the surface of the workpiece it is operating on. It is expressed in units of
distance along the workpiece surface per unit of time, typically surface feet per minute (sfm)
or meters per minute (m/min).[1]Feed rate (also often styled as a solid compound, feedrate, or called
simply feed) is the relative velocity at which the cutter is advanced along the workpiece; its vector
is perpendicular to the vector of cutting speed. Feed rate units depend on the motion of the tool and
workpiece; when the workpiece rotates (e.g., in turning and boring), the units are almost always
distance per spindle revolution (inches per revolution [in/rev or ipr] or millimeters per revolution
[mm/rev]).[2] When the workpiece does not rotate (e.g., in milling), the units are typically distance per
time (inches per minute [in/min or ipm] or millimeters per minute [mm/min]), although distance per
revolution or per cutter tooth are also sometimes used.[2]
If variables such as cutter geometry and the rigidity of the machine tool and its tooling setup could be
ideally maximized (and reduced to negligible constants), then only a lack of power (that is, kilowatts
or horsepower) available to the spindle would prevent the use of the maximum possible speeds and
feeds for any given workpiece material and cutter material. Of course, in reality those other variables
are dynamic and not negligible; but there is still a correlation between power available and feeds and
speeds employed.

Cutting speed may be defined as the rate at the workpiece surface, irrespective of the machining
operation used. A cutting speed for mild steel of 100 ft/min is the same whether it is the speed of the
cutter passing over the workpiece, such as in a turning operation, or the speed of the cutter moving
past a workpiece, such as in a milling operation. The cutting conditions will affect the value of this
surface speed for mild steel.
Schematically, speed at the workpiece surface can be thought of as the tangential speed at the tool-
cutter interface, that is, how fast the material moves past the cutting edge of the tool, although
"which surface to focus on" is a topic with several valid answers. In drilling and milling, the outside
diameter of the tool is the widely agreed surface. In turning and boring, the surface can be defined
on either side of the depth of cut, that is, either the starting surface or the ending surface, with
neither definition being "wrong" as long as the people involved understand the difference. An
experienced machinist summed this up succinctly as "the diameter I am turning from" versus "the
diameter I am turning to."[3] He uses the "from", not the "to", and explains why, while acknowledging
that some others do not. The logic of focusing on the largest diameter involved (OD of drill or end
mill, starting diameter of turned workpiece) is that this is where the highest tangential speed is, with
the most heat generation, which is the main driver of tool wear.[3]
There will be an optimum cutting speed for each material and set of machining conditions, and the
spindle speed (RPM) can be calculated from this speed. Factors affecting the calculation of cutting
speed are:

 The material being machined (steel, brass, tool steel, plastic, wood) (see table below)
 The material the cutter is made from (Carbon steel, high speed steel (HSS), carbide, ceramics)
 The economical life of the cutter (the cost to regrind or purchase new, compared to the quantity
of parts produced)
Cutting speeds are calculated on the assumption that optimum cutting conditions exist. These
include:

 Metal removal rate (finishing cuts that remove a small amount of material may be run at
increased speeds)
 Full and constant flow of cutting fluid (adequate cooling and chip flushing)
 Rigidity of the machine and tooling setup (reduction in vibration or chatter)
 Continuity of cut (as compared to an interrupted cut, such as machining square section material
in a lathe)
 Condition of material (mill scale, hard spots due to white cast iron forming in castings)
The cutting speed is given as a set of constants that are available from the material manufacturer or
supplier. The most common materials are available in reference books or charts, but will always be
subject to adjustment depending on the cutting conditions. The following table gives the cutting
speeds for a selection of common materials under one set of conditions. The conditions are a tool
life of 1 hour, dry cutting (no coolant), and at medium feeds, so they may appear to be incorrect
depending on circumstances. These cutting speeds may change if, for instance, adequate coolant is
available or an improved grade of HSS is used (such as one that includes [cobalt]).
Cutting speeds for various materials using a plain high speed steel cutter
Meters per min Surface feet per min
Material type
(MPM) (SFM)
Steel (tough) 18–50 60–100
Mild Steel 3–38 10–125
Mild Steel (with coolant) 6–7 20–25
Cast Iron (medium) 1–2 6–8
Alloy Steels (1320–9262) 3–20 12–65[4]
Carbon Steels (C1008–C1095) 4–51 0–70[5]
Free Cutting Steels (B1111–B1113 & C1108–
35–69 115–225[5]
C1213)
Stainless Steels (300 & 400 series) 23–40 30–75[6]
Bronzes 24–45 10–80
Leaded Steel (Leadloy 12L14) 91 30[7]
Aluminium 5–15 30–50
Aluminium (with coolant) 15–21 50–70
Brass 90–210 300–700[8]
Machinable Wax 6 20
Acetal Copolymer (Delrin) 11 35
Polyethylene 12 40
Acrylic (with coolant) 15 50
Wood 183–305 600–1000