EAPP Clear and Complete Explanations
 Thoughts and thought processes
Features of Language Use
Formality
 The language requires precision
to make it a “legitimate” piece of
academic writing
Objectivity
 The writing must be impersonal
and maintain a certain level of
social distance
Explicitness
 Demands the use of signposts or
transitional devices
Structure
 Sentences need to be constructed
in such a way that they show a
level of complexity that reflects the
sophistication of an academic
language (passivization and
nominalization)
Caution
 Academic writing requires care
since knowledge is built from
proven theories and concepts and
must not be overgeneralized
Principles of Academic Writing
Clear Purpose
 Answer the question you posed
Audience Engagement
 Directed to a specific audience
Clear Point of View
 Clear thesis statement
Single Focus
 Every paragraph should support
the thesis statement
Logical Organization
 Follows a standard organizational
pattern
Strong Support
 Every paragraph should have
sufficient support for the topic
sentence and thesis statement
must be explained
Effective use of Research
 Refer to a variety of high quality,
professional and academic
sources
Correct APA Style
 Basta yung sa handout
Writing Style
 The writer should be clear,
concise and easy to read
Concept Paper
 Connects theory and experience and
establish a relation between the two
 Concepts may be explained through
different modes or patterns such as
definition, explication and explanation to
elucidate on a concept
 The purpose of this paper is to explain,
clarify or theorize a particular concept
 The titles must describe the content and
must concern society
 Explication- interprets another’s work
by examining the concepts presented
which may be done through comparison
and contrast, description, cause and
effect, and others
 The conclusion reemphasizes the thesis
statement
 Uses a conceptual framework which
gives the readers a glimpse of what is to
be discussed throughout the paper
Position Paper
 Devoted to the discussion of one side
of an issue
 The main topic must concern
humanities and social and political
issues
 Motion- main proposal or argument
 Parts: Argumentative thesis, claim,
counterclaim and evidence
 Intro must have the 5Ws and the
thesis statement
 Conclusion must summarize the
paper as a whole and must not
introduce new topics
Thesis Statement- a one or two
sentence overview in the introduction
that describes the writer’s stand and a
quick summarization of what the body
contains
- Overall idea or argument of your
work
- General statement that presents
essential points that leads the
reader to the right direction
- Makes all parts of your work stick
together
Plagiarism
 Serious form of academic dishonesty
and is frowned upon in the academe.
 The copying verbatim of language and
ideas of other writers and taking credit
for them.
Plagiarism of Ideas
 Credit for a work is ascribed to
oneself untruthfully. Citations must
be done (author oriented, text
oriented, “according to…”)
Plagiarism of Language
 An author uses the language of
another writer and claims it as his
or her own
Types:
Direct Plagiarism
 word for word
Self Plagiarism
 When someone uses their old
works and recycles them into their
current one
Mosaic/ Patchwork Plagiarism
 When someone borrows phrases
from a source without using
quotation marks
Accidental Plagiarism
 When a person neglects to cite
their sources unintentionally
Note-taking techniques
 Allow you to rephrase the original
text into your own
Citations
 Used to attribute ownership of
ideas to the authors
Direct Quotations
 Employed for statements that are
so closely associated that altering
the words may lose its rhetorical
impact
Summarizing
 Short restatement of the main idea
or text
Paraphrasing
 Restatement in your own words of
the main idea and supporting
details of a text
 Longer than a summarization
Literal Paraphrasing
 Only replaces vocabulary terms
from the original text
Structural Paraphrasing
 Changes the sentence structure
as well as the word class of key
words of the original text
Alternative Paraphrasing
 Uses a question first then answers
it using his own words after
reading the text
 UCSP
Reactions to Strain
Conformity
 Individuals accept cultural goals
and try to achieve them through
culturally accepted methods
 Hopeful poor
Innovation
 Individuals accept cultural goals
but go about in achieving it in a
culturally disapproved way
 Surviving poor
Ritualism
 Individuals still live in society and
follow its culturally approved
ways but they no longer try to
achieve the cultural goals
 Passive poor
Retreat
 Individuals no longer desire to
achieve cultural goals and have
abandoned the culturally
approved ways in achieving
those goals
 Retreating poor
Rebellion
 Individuals challenge the existing
culturally accepted goals by
coming up with new ones and
also challenge the prescribed
means in achieving those goals
 Resisting poor
Group
 Unit of people who interact with
some regularity and identify
themselves as a unit
 Collection of people interacting
together in an orderly way on the
basis of share expectations about
one another’s behavior
Types of Groups
Influence
 (Primary) small but intimate
 (Primary) members have direct
access and interaction with each
other and emotional bonds are
formed
 Ex. Group of friends
 (Secondary) formed to perform a
specific purpose
 (secondary) often formal and
impersonal
 Ex. A class
Membership
 (In-group) provides a sense of
belongingness and loyalty
 Ex. Being part of a team
 (Out-group) groups that an
individual is not a member
 (Out-group) elicits a sense of
antagonism from a person
 Ex. The women’s b-ball team
having a sense of antagonism
toward the men’s b-ball team for
having more funding
Bands
 Small kin-ordered group living
together in a loosely defined
geographical territory for a
temporary time
 People have equal rights
Tribes
 Made up of kin-groups that
practice agriculture allowing them
to support larger populations
Chiefdom
 Power and authority are bestowed
to the chief because he is the
highest ranking individual
 Loose federation of chiefs bound
by loose ties of personal
allegiance to a senior among them
 Types of Authority
Traditional
 Fuses power with tradition
 Authority is based on claim by the
leaders and a belief on the part of
the followers, that there is a virtue
in the sanctity of age-old rules and
powers
Rational-legal
 Bureaucratic authority
 Power legitimated by legally
enacted rules and regulations
 Social change is achieved by
modifying social and material
structures of society
Charisma
 Extraordinary personal qualities
that turn an audience into
followers
Charismatic authority
 Power legitimated through
extraordinary personal abilities
that inspire devotion and
obedience
Transnational advocacy groups
 Networks of activists,
distinguishable largely by the
centrality of principled ideas or
values in motivating their
formation
Household
 Defined as the basic residential
unit where economic, production,
consumption, inheritance, child
rearing, and shelter are organized
and carried out
Types of Household
Nuclear family
 Refers to the smallest family unit
consisting of one or two parents
and offspring, which may include
a stepparent, stepsiblings, and
adopted children.
 Can either belong to orientation
(unit where one is born and
raised) or procreation (unit that
one forms when he or she takes a
spouse and they have a child or
children)
Extended family
 When there are three or more
generations that live inside the
household
Blended family
 A family consisting of a couple and
their children from this and all
previous relationships
Educational Institution
 Created to give young people
formal training in the skills that
they will need later in life
 Handles the responsibility of
teaching individuals what it is to be
a member of society, how to live in
it and how to survive
 Systematic, formalized
transmission of knowledge, skills
and values
Formal Schooling
 Allows people to enter into the
socialization process
 Provide children opportunities to
interact in groups, enabling them
to discover individual differences
like sexual and gender roles,
personality and preferences, etc.
Types of Education
 Formal
 Non-formal (ALS, ETEEAP)
Functions of Education
 Develop a productive citizenry (it
is through schools that individuals
are politically socialized through a
curriculum designed by the state)
 Promote self-actualization
(educators aim to let students
discover personal meanings and
develop own perceptions about
themselves and their
environment)
UNESCO
 United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural
Organization
 Its Education for All initiative
continuously amplifies the need to
uphold the right for primary
education at the very least
regardless of gender, race and
conditions in life.
 Ensures that by 2015 “all children
particularly girls, children in
difficult circumstances, and those
belonging to ethnic minorities
should have access to complete,
free and compulsory primary
education of good quality”
TUCP
 The Trade Union Congress of the
Philippines is the largest national
trade union center in the
Philippines
 Formed in 1975 with the official
backing of the Marcos
government, TUCP is affiliated
with the International
Confederation of Free Trade
Unions and the International
Trade Union Confederation.
INGO
 International Non-Governmental
Organization
 has the same mission as a non-
governmental organization
(NGO), but it is international in
scope and has outposts around
the world to deal with specific
issues in many countries
UNICEF
 The United Nations Children's
Fund, originally known as the
United Nations International
Children's Emergency Fund, was
created by United Nations
General Assembly on 11
December 1946, to provide
emergency food and healthcare to
children and mothers in countries
that had been devastated by
World War II.
NGO
 Non-government organizations
 Campaigns for policy reform and
advancing sustainable
development
Religion and Belief Systems
Religion
 Oldest form of social institution
and as old as human civilization
 Organized system of beliefs
concerning supernatural beings
 Exercised through rituals that are
meant to influence facets of the
universe which otherwise people
can do nothing about
 Perceived to be universal,
assumes diverse forms and ways
Emile Durkheim
 A sociologist who emphasized the
role of religion as an agent of
social cohesion
 The origin of religion is not
supernatural but social
 Religion provides the people a
reminder of their common group
membership, reaffirmation of their
values and roles, maintaining
morals and taboos, and comfort
during crisis
 Religion helps transmit cultural
heritage from one generation to
the next
Karl Marx
 Espoused that religion is a
profound form of human
alienation, the situation in
which people lose their control
over the society they have
created
 “Man makes religion, religion
does not make man…
 religious suffering is an 4 basic types of religious
expression of real suffering organizations
and a protest against real Ecclesia
suffering. Religion is the sigh  Claims the membership of
of the oppressed creature, the everyone in society or even in
sentiment of a heartless world, several societies (ex.
and the soul of soulless Christianity)
conditions. It is the opium of Denomination
the people.”  2 or more established, relatively
Protestant ethic tolerant religious organizations
 Challenged the excesses of that claim allegiance to a
Roman Catholic hierarchy and substantial part of the population
influenced the development of (ex. Roman Catholic)
capitalism Sect
Islamic Fundamentalism  An exclusive and
 Poses a threat to international uncompromising religious
security and balance of power as organization; often, one that has
well split off from a denomination due
Functional Roles of Religion in to doctrinal reasons (ex.
Society Jehovah’s Witnesses)
 Provides explanations of things Cult
that cannot be grasped by  Loosely organized religious
human senses movement and independent from
 Provides believers with sets of the religious tradition of the
guidelines of what is right and surrounding society (ex.
what is wrong Philippine Benevolent
 Reminds individuals to reflect on Missionaries Association in
their own thoughts and Dinagat province)
behaviors (Separation of Church and State)
Animism Philippine Constitution Sec. 6, Article 2
 Belief that spirits may dwell in Separation of Church and the State shall
nature, people, or human-made be inviolable
objects (Dualism to unity)
Polytheism (Uniformity to tolerance)
 Belief in multiple gods
Monotheism Health Institutions
 Belief in a single, all-powerful Health
deity  Considered as a precious and
Religion as a Social Institution priceless asset although
(Organized religion or possessing a sometimes taken for granted by
religious organization) people until they become
 Each religion has a set of moral seriously ill
codes which are repetitively Sickness
taught to its believers until they  Universal problem affecting
internalize and accept it as the individuals and society
truth Disease
  Refers to a specific pathology
Illness
 Refers to the meaning and
elaborations given to a particular
physical state
Types of Diseases
Endemic
 Always present in a large part of
the population (ex. Dysentery)
Epidemic
 Affects a significant part of the
population wherein the disease is
normally uncommon to the
people and the area (ex.
Influenza)
Chronic
 Disease that lasts for a long time.
The victim may or may not die but
often does not recover (ex.
Diabetes and Arthritis)
Acute
 Short duration disease;
generally, either the victim
recovers from it or dies fast (ex.
Measles and Common Cold)
Social Impact of Diseases
 Inability to play their normal
social roles
 Immediate family deals with
emotional and financial problems
Systems of Diagnosis, Prevention and
Healing
 Traditional
 Western
 Scientific
Mass Media
 Most conspicuous, ubiquitous and
overreaching in scope and
coverage in the modern world
 Channels of communication
directed to a vast number of
audiences within a society
 Have enormous impact on the
attitudes and behavior of people
towards events and things that
affect their day-to-day lives
Types of Mass Media
Printed
 Include books, magazines,
newspapers, etc.
Non-printed
 Include television, movies, radio,
internet and social media
Social Media
 Allows people to communicate
and interact online and it also
serves as a purveyor of popular
culture
Internet
 Drastically altering man’s lifestyle
and cultural orientation
 Help empower individuals to
spread ideas and communicate to
others faster
Economic Institutions
Reciprocity
 Transaction between 2 socially
equal parties concerning goods or
services that are estimated to be
of equal values
 Signify social ties being created or
strengthened by the gesture of
gift-giving
Generalized Reciprocity
 Undertaken by closely related
people; more of a gesture that
expresses personal relations than
an economic transaction (ex.
Child fulfilling the parents’ wishes
after graduating)
Balanced Reciprocity
 Transaction between 2 distantly
related people; the giver expects
something in return, although it
does not have to be given
immediately (ex. Business
transactions between 2
companies)
Negative Reciprocity
  Undertaken with people who are  Provides services to the
considered outsiders of a group community (ex. Medicine,
 Based on distrust because there is teaching, broadcasting)
no personal relationship between
one party to the other
 People try to profit as much as
possible ,also, often deceitful
means are practiced to gain profit
 Ex. Business transactions with
real estate developer
Redistribution
 All produce from the community is
sent to the center where they are
stored, counted and later on,
redistributed back to the people
 The chief is in charge of the
process
Market exchange
 The price of the exchange of
goods and services are
supposedly dictated by the rule of
supply and demand however,
personal loyalties and moral
values intervene in price
determination most of the time
Major Economic Sectors
Primary sector
 Involves the gathering or
extracting of underdeveloped
resources (ex. Fishing, mining,
forestry, agriculture)
 Main producer of raw materials
(ex. Baguio- flowers)
Secondary Sector
 Turns the raw materials into
manufactured goods (ex.
Furniture, houses, automobiles,
canned goods)
 Closely associated with
manufacturing and reassembling
of pieces and converting them into
finished products (ex. Raw
tobacco- cigarettes)
Tertiary Sector