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Applicant Information
Agency Name: Women, Infants, and Children
1. The African American mothers of New Orleans face poverty, a history of sociocultural
oppression, and lack of community representation. In a study done by the Center for
Disease Control (CDC) published in 2017, the difference in breastfeeding initiation rates
between African American and White infants was 17.2 percentage points (CDC, 2017).
The Louisiana state average of infants breastfeeding exclusively through 6 months falls
9.3% below the national average. Notably, 59.8% of the New Orleans population
identifies as African American, giving reason to believe that increasing breastfeeding
rates within the African American community may aid in increasing state breastfeeding
behavior rates (USCB, 2018). 75.2% of African American mothers use Women, Infants,
and Children (WIC). WIC offers qualifying mothers breastfeeding support and resources,
meaning that resources alone are not the root cause deterring mothers from breastfeeding.
A communal stigma rooted in the history of wet nursing has imposed on breastfeeding
perspectives. Breastmilk has bioactive components that help prevent morbidity and
mortality (World Health Organization, 2016). In New Orleans, the infant mortality rate is
higher than the national average, 9.3% vs. 6% (March of Dimes, 2013). Low rates of
breastfeeding within the population of New Orleans can be correlated to the high infant
mortality rates.
c. This team member has experience working with lower income populations and
minority groups. Her career focus has been directed at diminishing disparities
found in health care and is a valued member of this team.
c. This intern has been recruited for the year long program prior to attending
graduate school. She will advocate for and educate the population on accurate
breastfeeding practices at the Franklin Avenue Baptist church. This team member
will finalize breastfeeding informative pamphlets with accurate, relevant
information. This team member has worked as a breastfeeding educator prior and
will be of benefit to our project.
c. As an established member of WIC, this team member will work closely with the
project team to screen, interview, and hire additional breastfeeding peer
counselors that will be of benefit to the WIC foundation and the community.
c. This team member’s aim is to study human experience with the intention of
continually improving efficiency of the program in New Orleans. This team
member will be present at breastfeeding meetings and help analyze evaluations in
a. Stanford University
c. This team member has been recruited and will be working on this project prior to
attending graduate school. She will educate the health risks associated with
formula feeding and encourage healthier lifestyles. Will partner and finalize
breastfeeding informative pamphlets to begin the movement of breastfeeding with
accurate, relevant information. This team member has a degree in Public Health
and interned with this team previously, this will be her second time working as
part of our project team.
b. Continue to provide breastfeeding supplies for those qualified for WIC. WIC will
be urged to increase encouragement for use of breastfeeding peer counselors to
local mothers.
a. This organization will primarily provide a space for mothers to come together for
support group twice a month; once after service and once partnered with La Leche
League.
a. This organization will hold their monthly meeting at the Franklin Avenue Baptist
Church.
3. The Project Manager and team members will have lead responsibility over implementing
initiative within the project. This team is composed of highly educated individuals that
create a multi-faceted network to ensure the project moves in a direction that is well-
rounded and sustainable. The goal of the team is to begin an ongoing alteration of
perception of breastfeeding within the community by starting up a movement of
community support. This division has had similar experience in increasing the percentage
of infants under 5 years old using appropriate car seats within the Latinx community in
San Diego, CA. Both projects have cultural groups inflicted by poverty and distinctive
attitudes towards infant related behaviors. Unlike the African American group, the Latinx
group lacks education on the importance of using car seats correctly and the technique of
how to use them correctly. The target population at hand faces a history of negative
attitude toward breastfeeding. The team for that project did not include Olivia Jackson,
interning breastfeeding educator, but adding her to the present team will allow the group
a specialized individual to provide accurate information, technique, and solutions to
breastfeeding related problems.
4. The Program Director, Jessica Plasencia, will spearhead this team to reach the goal of
increasing the proportion of infants breastfeeding exclusively through 6 months by 3%
over the course of a year in New Orleans. The target population is comprised of
approximately 9,750 women. Currently, the Program Director will be in charge of
finalizing logistics in regard with supply distribution, scheduling, and monetary usage.
With advising from the Systems Psychologist and results from surveys and evaluations,
the Project Director will make any changes they deem necessary for the good of the
target population.
The Healthy People 2020 Maternal, Infant, and Child Health 21.5 objective is to increase
the proportion of mothers who are breastfeeding their infant exclusively through 6 months. The
national goal is to have 25.5% of infants breastfeeding exclusively through 6 months. However,
the latest data collected indicates that the state of Louisiana only has 13.4% of infants
breastfeeding exclusively through 6 months (USCB, 2018). In the city of New Orleans, 59.8% of
the population identifies as African American (USCB, 2018). Nationwide the African American
community consistently demonstrates much lower breastfeeding rates than all other races,
The goal of this project is to target low-income, African American mothers living in New
Orleans, Louisiana with the intention of increasing infants breastfed exclusively through 6
months by 3% within the one-year timeline. This population is ideal for intervention due to
steady increase in breastfeeding behavior rates until now, despite being below national averages.
Small improvements in data indicate population openness to change. Disparities in behavior can
and lack of resources. Notably, 75.2% of African American mothers living in Louisiana use
Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), indicating that a vast majority of women seek community
help (March of Dimes, 2004). WIC aims to partner up with a local African American church,
Franklin Avenue Baptist church, and La Leche League to solidify a partnership that will form a
In order to reach the goal of increasing infants breastfeeding exclusively through 6 months by
in New Orleans. The increase in peer counselors of similar backgrounds to the target
population will increase representation and ability to form more personal relationships.
2. We will place one breastfeeding advocacy billboard near the New Orleans East WIC
clinic, the largest in the area, using mothers receiving WIC assistance for the campaign.
This will increase communal representation and bring awareness to the importance of
3. In partnership with La Leche League and Franklin Avenue Baptist church, breastfeeding
support meetings will be held at the Franklin Avenue Baptist church. These partner
These partnerships offer unique influence within the community to help increase
resources, representation, and information distribution with the end goal of changing a
with the intention of allowing mothers to feel supported and heard by their community.
Historically in the South, female African slaves served as wet-nurses for their owners’ children.
To refuse being branded as a wet-nurse after slavery was abolished, many negative attitudes
towards breastfeeding developed within the African American community. Lack of family
support and social representation in the media only solidified cultural ideas that breastfeeding is
a feeding method for wealthy, white mothers. These objectives aim to use people within the
community to bring awareness themselves. Indirectly, the increase of breastfeeding rates within
the community may also help address infant health disparities. Breast milk is the best source of
nutrition due to its bioactive components that protect against illness and infection. New Orleans
Dimes, 2013). Essentially, increasing breastfeeding may aid in reducing infant mortality rates
with an established African American Baptist church. The church was chosen due to its
involvement in the community and size. 12.2% of the New Orleans population identifies as
Baptist, allowing for the church to have greater influence within the community and have more
members of various economic status to increase population reach (USCB, 2017). The goal is to
increase spread of information by word-of-mouth to allow for new mothers to feel supported and
encouraged by those around them to breastfeed their child. In the study published in the Journal
of Human Lactation (2014), many African American mothers on the case load stated that the
greatest influence in feeding method of their infant is family and friends. If this program is able
to increase the number of family and friends buzzing about the benefits of breastfeeding, we may
To address underrepresentation, this program will increase the number of peer counselors
working with the target population at WIC and place a billboard campaign near the main WIC
clinic. By utilizing people of the community to be peer counselors, there are additional
employees that have shared experiences with the mothers. Thus, increasing ability to relate,
heard, understood, and educated by someone who understands your struggles and upbringing is
crucial to increase breastfeeding adherence. The billboard campaign will recruit mothers utilizing
WIC. These volunteers will be the face of the community; embodying their friends, family, and
target population.
The city of New Orleans has nearly double the amount of people living in poverty than the
national average, 25.4% vs 11.8% (USCB, 2018). To address lack of resources, the Franklin
Avenue Baptist Church will have breastfeeding supplies stocked monthly for mothers who need
it. Those who are members of WIC have access to breastfeeding support and resources. But by
extending this reach into the community, more obtainable resources are available to women who
may not meet the eligibility requirements of WIC. A communal location without eligibility
Additionally, two team members have been chosen with unique skill sets that will be of
added benefit to the effectiveness of the project. Professor of Psychology at the University of
New Orleans, Eliana Hollinger, is a Systems Psychologist that has graciously accepted our
invitation to join our team. She has years of research and work experience in the field of
Psychology that will be of benefit to ensure that the program is completed as efficiently as
possible. This team member will be present at breastfeeding meets and aid in the analysis of
evaluations to maximize program outcomes. Having a systems psychologist on the team is a less
obvious choice in team member, however this will solidify the sustainability of the program
beyond the one-year mark. Hannah Sanders, the interning Public Health official, has worked
with this team previously and has demonstrated that she is a beneficial addition. This team
member will help mostly with health education. She offers great advising in regard to
community health and has experience working on projects aimed at lower-income groups. The
experience these two team members offer in regard to addressing a sensitive social issue will be
Franklin Avenue Baptist Church will be utilized mostly as a space, hosting two monthly
meetings. One will be held on the third Saturday of each month in collaboration with La Leche
League. The other will be held by our Breastfeeding Consultant after service on the first Sunday
of each month. Prior to the first meeting, there will be a collaboration to create an announcement
at church service and on the church’s website. A monthly stocking of breastfeeding supplies will
be available for mothers who need them; however, a system will be used to ensure that equal
distribution is taking place. Rules of this system will be taught during a meeting held prior to
stocking and commencement of distribution. This meeting will also entail goals, assessment
details, and types of supplies provided. The types of assessments that will be distributed will be
in the form of surveys and supply tracking. These surveys will be distributed at three different
times during the project to track progress and any changes in population perspective. Supply
tracking will give a rough estimate of what types of supplies are needed most by the community
and how much of each supply are used. This system will help with inventory restocking.
Above figure is an example of the supply log out chart that will be used to track supply
La Leche League is an established organization with thousands of locations worldwide.
However, in New Orleans there is no established, constant meeting place. The collaboration with
La Leche League is not to fund them with supplies or education resources, because they have
these already, but to offer them a space to meet. Prior to joining forces with the Franklin Avenue
Baptist church, the two will sit down to discuss goals and expectations of the collaboration. A
written agreement binding the two for the year-long program will be signed and a brief
order to ensure that everyone is on board with the collaboration. At two times during the
program, surveys will be given to the participants of the meetings to gain insight into their
improve the meetings, and overall effectiveness of the meetings. The church will have resources
in stock for mothers in need, but La Leche League also has its own resources for its members
The peer counselors will be recruited from the community. The HR team member from
WIC, Michael Ucciferri, will thoroughly interview and hire members that will be a positive
representation of the organization. These peer counselors will go through a trial period where
they will be trained on the goals of the year-long program and desired outcomes. Not only this,
but the peer counselors will be evaluated using employer reviews and client reviews. A survey
will be handed out to the WIC clients during the first month following peer counselors hiring to
review perspectives, effectiveness, and comfort level with the hired individuals. If reviews are
negative, a rehiring will take place to find individuals more suited for the positions. Following
this, there will be two more surveys to assess final breastfeeding perspective, breastfeeding
behavior changes, and likelihood of telling others about what they have learned at WIC. This
way our program may create a ripple effect in the communication through friends and family.
The billboard campaign will show cast women who use WIC. Creative input will be done
in collaboration with the hired photographer. This campaign will be done and begin advertising
during the first two months of the program. Thereafter, three surveys will be given to the target
population at the WIC clinic and church. This survey will not be exclusively about the billboard
but will have questions regarding social representation and their feelings toward the billboard.
The evaluation of this program will be done exclusively through the use of surveys.
Although this relies heavily on the honesty of participants, this is the most effective method of
gaining insight of the perspective and behaviors regarding breastfeeding. A survey will be given
initially to the WIC clients to give initial numbers related to number of women breastfeeding at
all, number of women breastfeeding exclusively through 6 months, support level from friends
and family of mothers to breastfeed, likeliness to continue breastfeeding, and reasons to not.
These questions will not only give objective values of women breastfeeding but provides
opportunity to identify correlation between the community and breastfeeding rates that the team
possibly missed during the community needs assessment. If alternative reasons are identified, the
team members will then meet and discuss any possible changes that can be made to better
accommodate the population and the project director will finalize any changes deemed of benefit
to the project.
This year-long project will complement the Healthy People 2020 Maternal, Infant, and Child
Health 21.5 objective to increase the proportion of mothers who are breastfeeding their infant
this project is self-sustainability. By creating opportunity for this project to support itself, we
believe that there is opportunity for the organizations involved to continue spreading the message
and continue to change the perspective of breastfeeding in New Orleans. Due to New Orleans
holding such a large proportion of the Louisiana population, we believe that an increase in this
city’s breastfeeding population will significantly affect Louisiana’s breastfeeding statistics. Thus,
attributing to the national average to some degree. If this program proceeds as expected, then this
the proportion of mothers breastfeeding by pairing two organizations together; one with the
education and resources to supply and the other with an established influence within the
community.
Design and ordering of informative Sept 17,2020 Oct 4, 2020 Olivia Jackson
breastfeeding pamphlet.
Use WIC as a platform to recruit 3 Sept 7, 2020 Sept 20, 2020 Michael Ucciferri
mothers of the community to Jessica Plasencia
voluntarily participate to be a part of
the billboard campaign.
Have photo shoot and create campaign Sept 25,2020 Sept 27,2020 Jessica Plasencia
with strong sense of community Hired photographer
representation.
Post online via La Leche League, Sept 25,2020 Oct 3, 2020 La Leche League
Franklin Avenue Baptist church, and Franklin Ave Baptist
WIC websites regarding first La Leche Church
League meeting at the church!
Consult for billboard placement and Oct 5, 2020 Oct 14, 2020 Jessica Plasencia
buy billboard space near East WIC
clinic.
First combined La Leche League and Oct 17, 2020 Jul 17, 2021 La Leche League
Franklin Baptist Church meeting! Olivia Jackson
Small refreshments provided. (Will be Franklin Avenue
held the third Saturday of each month Baptist Church
here on out).
This will be held for the normal
meeting time of La Leche League
meetings.
First breastfeeding support class held Nov 1, 2020 Aug 1, 2021 Olivia Jackson
after church service on Sunday! (first Franklin Church
Sunday of each month here on out)
This will be a one-hour meeting after
service.
Process Evaluation: Surveys will be Nov 5, 2020 Nov 16, 2020 Olivia Jackson
distributed to all organizations Jessica Plasencia
collaborating on this project. Eliana Hollinger
Questions will gain information
regarding breastfeeding perspectives,
habits, attitudes, perspective of
representation of breastfeeding within
local community (targeting usefulness
Budget Information
Email: plasenciajessica9@gmail.com
DNPAO Data, Trends and Maps: Explore by Location | CDC. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://nccd.cdc.gov/dnpao_dtm/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=DNPAO_DTM.ExploreByLocation&rd
RequestForwarding=Form.
Gross, T. T., Powell, R., Anderson, A. K., Hall, J., Davis, M., & Hilyard, K. (2014). WIC Peer
Counselors’ Perceptions of Breastfeeding in African American Women with Lower Incomes.
Journal of Human Lactation, 31(1), 99–110. doi: 10.1177/0890334414561061
Peristats: March of Dimes. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.marchofdimes.org/Peristats/Peristats.aspx.
U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Louisiana; United States; New Orleans city, Louisiana. (n.d.).
Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/LA,US,neworleansc
itylouisiana/LFE041217.