1.

1 Distance protection

Calculations for distance protection settings based on technical data for lines will be
carried out. The following criteria were considered:

1.1.1 Reactive reach: Zone 1

Distance protection must operate instantaneously for faults occurred in first zone of
protection. With this it is pursued quick clearance of faults in the line. Recommended
criteria for Zone 1 setting is as follows:

Z1= 85% * XL

T1 =0,0 s (Instantaneous)

With a factor of 85% it is intended to cover possible calculation errors of line parameters,
errors in measuring transformers (CT and PT), including high impedance faults.

1.1.2 Reactive reach: Zone 2

The main target in this zone is protecting completely the line serving as back up for
distance protections located on lines of remote substation, in case of eventual failure in
operation of Zone 1.

As minimum setting it is recommended 120% of protected line impedance. With 20%

additional it is intended to cover measuring transformer errors. Additionally, it would be
covered mutual coupling of zero sequence in parallel circuits and fault impedance value,
due to short reach of relay, that means the relay is unable to detect fault in Zone 2.

Zone 2 must operate with time delay, in such a way that time for zone 1 plus a safety
margin provides coordinated opening of circuit breaker. In lines with teleprotection
schemes It is recommended a 400 ms delay.

Some aspects to take into account for setting the reach in Zone 2 are:

• The reach can extend beyond 120% line impedance when summation of protected
line impedance and 50% of adjacent shortest line impedance is bigger than this
value.

• Zone 2 must not trip in other voltage levels. To avoid this, the setting must not be
bigger than summation of total protected line impedance and 80% of equivalent
transformers impedance connected to the remote substation.

For lines with no adjacent lines at remote end, zone 2 must be set as follows:

Z2 = XL + 30% XTRF

Where: XTRF is the transformer impedance in ohms.

1.1.3 Reactive reach: Zone 3
Reach of zone 3 is set with lowest value obtained from following equations:

Z3 = XL + Xbc Ec (1)

Z3 = XL + 70% XTRF Ec (2)

Where:

XL: Protected line

Xbc: Longest adjacent line
XTRF: Largest transformer impedance at remote end

If there are not adjacent lines at remote end, the reactance reach must be calculated
with equation 2.

The recommended time delay setting is 800 ms.

1.1.4 Reactive reach: Zone 4 (Reverse)

This zone allows detecting faults at relay backwards - Basically at busbar and others
lines connected to such busbar- so operates as differential busbar protection back-up.
This function may be set at lower value of:

• 20% of backwards shortest line impedance

• 20 % of station biggest transformer impedance

In order to guarantee system stability and increase equipment protection level, the
recommended time delay setting is 1000 ms.

1.1.5 Resistive Reach (All zones)

It is recommended set the resistive reach at the same value for all distance zones. The
recommended setting value is 45% impedance of minimum load.

The impedance of minimum load is stated in following equation:

0,9 ×Vn
R min =
3 ×1,3 × I LINEMAX
Where:

Vn: Nominal voltage

ILineMax: Maximum load current
 Applying these criteria, the obtained settings for distance function of relays on Station B
33 kV lines are:

For Distance relays 7SA610:

Reach (Ω Sec)
Current
Station Station
capability RCT RPT R Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4
I J
(A)
B I 403 800 300 39,28 5,02 8,86 14,04 0,18
B A 366 400 300 21,62 1,11 1,63 2,62 0,09
B K 500 400 300 15,83 1,40 2,46 3,29 0,09
B M 276 400 300 28,67 9,77 14,79 19,18 0,09

The complete settings for distance relays 7SA610 is attached to this document.