HOMELESSNESS REPORT

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Table of contents:
Table of contents:.......................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction:.................................................................................................................................................. 2
The data on homelessness across various states in Australia: ....................................................................... 2
Descriptive statistics: .................................................................................................................................... 3
Time series for Homelessness in Australia ................................................................................................... 4
Correlation analysis: ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Regression Analysis: ..................................................................................................................................... 9
Recommendations: ...................................................................................................................................... 10
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................. 10
References:.................................................................................................................................................. 11
Introduction:
According to the CST principle of, “The common good”, every person should have access to
goods and resources of the society that would include shelter for themselves and their families.
The common good is only attained only when the wellbeing of each and every individual in the
society are taken care of. In this regard, however he find that homelessness in Australia has
increased over the years as shown in this report. What has to be done to reduce this homelessness
have to be looked into by the policies taken up by the government and other non-governmental
organizations(Conversation, 2018).

The data on homelessness across various states in Australia:

In the various states of Australia, the total homeless persons have increased as shown in the
piecharts below.
We can see from the above charts that the proportions of homeless people have changed
considerably over the past ten years. For example, the proportion of homeless people in North
South Wales was 25% in the year 2006, but it has increased to 33% during 2016(Camm,
Cochran, Fry, Ohlmann, Anderson, Sweeney, 2015).

The data that was taken for homelessness from the ABS website is tabulated in the appendix. We
have the data for four census years 2001, 2006,2011 and 2016 for the Number of homeless
persons, by selected characteristics, 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 for the various states of Australia
and for Australia as a whole.

Descriptive statistics:
The descriptive statistics of homeless persons in Australia is shown in the following table

Australia

Mean 100977
Standard Error 5769.528534
Median 98876.5
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 11539.05707
Sample Variance 133149838
Kurtosis 0.417834245
Skewness 0.905141072
Range 26699
Minimum 89728
Maximum 116427
Sum 403908
Count 4
Confidence Level
(95.0%) 18361.21476

We can see that the measures of central tendency for the homelessness for Australia as a whole is
shown in the table above. And the mean of number of homeless persons is at 100977 with a
confidence level for mean is given to be

C.I. (x) = 100977 + /- 18361.21 which is given as (119338.2, 82615.79)

The standard deviation of homelessness in Australia is given at 11539.06

The minimum and the maximum values of the homelessness is at 116427 which was noted in the
census year 2016 and minimum is at 89728 which is noted at census year 2006. This obviously
shows the fact that there is an increase in homelessness over the years.
Time series for Homelessness in Australia
For all the states, the various charts in the time series is shown as under.

For North South Wales, we can see that the mean homelessness is at 27613 with the minimum
and maximum values at 22219 and 37715.

NSW

Mean 27613.5
Standard Error 3559.807801
Median 25260
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 7119.615603
Sample Variance 50688926.33
Kurtosis 1.673910425
Skewness 1.437525654
Range 15496
Minimum 22219
Maximum 37715
Sum 110454
Count 4
Confidence
Level(95.0%) 11328.89719

For Victoria, we can see that the mean homelessness is at 20671.75 with the minimum and
maximum values at 17410 and 24817.
 Vic.

Mean 20671.75
Standard Error 1751.950074
Median 20230
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 3503.900148
Sample Variance 12277316.25
Kurtosis -3.42112445
Skewness 0.386360439
Range 7407
Minimum 17410
Maximum 24817
Sum 82687
Count 4
Confidence
Level(95.0%) 5575.487041

For Queensland, the mean homelessness is at 19720.5 with the minimum and maximum values at
18856 and 21671.

Qld

Mean 19720.5
Standard Error 657.0053906
Median 19177.5
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 1314.010781
Sample Variance 1726624.333
Kurtosis 3.578922793
Skewness 1.878166746
Range 2815
Minimum 18856
Maximum 21671
Sum 78882
Count 4
Confidence
Level(95.0%) 2090.884378

For South Australia, we can see that the mean homelessness is at 5872.75 with the minimum and
maximum values at 5607 and 6224.
 SA

Mean 5872.75
Standard Error 128.4674894
Median 5830
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 256.9349788
Sample Variance 66015.58333
Kurtosis 1.965949797
Skewness 0.957505838
Range 617
Minimum 5607
Maximum 6224
Sum 23491
Count 4
Confidence
Level(95.0%) 408.840887

For Western Australia in the table below, the mean homelessness is at 9068 with the minimum
and maximum values at 8277 and 9799.

WA

Mean 9068
Standard Error 313.46717
Median 9098
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 626.93434
Sample Variance 393046.6667
Kurtosis 1.113285886
-
Skewness 0.277810978
Range 1522
Minimum 8277
Maximum 9799
Sum 36272
Count 4
Confidence
Level(95.0%) 997.592437
For Tasmania, we can see that the mean homelessness is at 1392 with the minimum and
maximum values at 1145 and 1622.

Tas.

Mean 1392
Standard Error 112.2935142
Median 1400.5
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 224.5870284
Sample Variance 50439.33333
Kurtosis -4.025897465
Skewness -0.114803823
Range 477
Minimum 1145
Maximum 1622
Sum 5568
Count 4
Confidence
Level(95.0%) 357.3680794

For Northern Territory, we can see that the mean homelessness is at 15315 with the minimum
and maximum values at 13717 and 16948.

NT

Mean 15315
Standard Error 659.735932
Median 15297.5
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 1319.471864
Sample Variance 1741006
Kurtosis 1.491390807
Skewness 0.079494258
Range 3231
Minimum 13717
Maximum 16948
Sum 61260
Count 4
 Confidence
Level(95.0%) 2099.574179

For Australian Capital Territory, the mean homelessness is at 1306.5 with the minimum and
maximum values at 943 and 1738.

ACT

Mean 1306.5
Standard Error 210.14697
Median 1272.5
Mode #N/A
Standard Deviation 420.29394
Sample Variance 176647
Kurtosis -5.43643
Skewness 0.0977342
Range 795
Minimum 943
Maximum 1738
Sum 5226
Count 4
Confidence
Level(95.0%) 668.78146

Correlation analysis:
To find out whether the homelessness in Australia and in the various states have increased over
the four census years that covers a period from 2001 to 2016, we correlate them with the years
and the correlation table is shown as under.

Year NSW Vic. Qld SA WA Tas. NT ACT Austr

alia
Year 1.00
NSW 0.89 1.00
Vic. 0.92 0.95 1.00
Qld 0.71 0.94 0.78 1.00
SA 0.68 0.93 0.85 0.95 1.00
WA -0.30 0.02 0.10 0.07 0.33 1.00
Tas. 0.84 0.88 0.98 0.69 0.82 0.25 1.00
NT -0.94 -0.83 -0.76 -0.72 -0.59 0.54 -0.63 1.00
ACT 0.84 0.72 0.90 0.44 0.56 0.07 0.93 -0.62 1.00
Austra 0.85 0.98 0.97 0.90 0.96 0.18 0.93 -0.73 0.77 1.00
lia
From the above correlation table, we can see the second column that tells us about the correlation
between the years and the homelessness in the various states of Australia and Australian country
as a whole.

We can see that the correlation between the years and the homelessness in NSW is positive and
strong at 0.89, correlation between years and homelessness in Victoria is positive and strong at
0.92; the correlation between years and homelessness in Queensland is strong and positive at
0.71 and between year and homelessness in southern Australia is strong and positive at 0.68;
correlation between years and Tasmania homelessness is strong and positive at 0.84; between
years and Australian capital territory, it is strong and positive at 0.84. And the correlation
coefficient between Australian homelessness and years is strong and positive at 0.85(Jackson,
2015).

Only for the states, western Australia and Northern Territory, we can see that the correlation
between the years and the homelessness are negatively correlated, at -0.30 for Western Australia
and -0.94 for Northern Territory.

Regression Analysis:
As we find significant correlation between years and homelessness in Australia, we have
conducted regression between them, the results of which are shown as under.

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.85
R Square 0.72
Adjusted R Square 0.59
Standard Error 7425.27
Observations 4.00

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 1.00 289180125.00 289180125.00 5.24 0.15
Residual 2.00 110269389.00 55134694.50
Total 3.00 399449514.00

Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%
Intercept -2953951.50 1333923.73 -2.21 0.16 -8693362.07 2785459.07 -8693362.07 2785459.07
Year 1521.00 664.14 2.29 0.15 -1336.55 4378.55 -1336.55 4378.55

We can see that with the time series regression analysis where the homelessness in Australia is
the dependent variable and years are independent variable, with each unit increase in years, we
can see that homelessness increases by 1521 units. And the model is a good fit as the r-square
value which is the coefficient of determination is at 0.72 which means that 72% of the changes in
the dependent variable homelessness is determined by changes in years.
Recommendations:
Though the policy initiatives to address homelessness started decades back during 1970s, under
the homeless persons Assistance Act in 1974, this has not reduced homelessness considerably as
would have been expected. With the National Partnership agreement on Homelessness (NPAH)
which was passed in 2008 November, Aus $ of over 800 million was added as additional funding
to address the problem of homelessness in the nation. This accounted for 55% increase in
funding, and as a result of this funding and stimulus programme, 20000 social housing dwellings
were constructed. Still there has been persistent homelessness in the nation(Flatau et al., 2018).

From the reactions of homeless people themselves it is clear homelessness procedures need to
organize the accomplishment of stable permanent lodging, just like the case in the Housing First
model. By and large respondents demonstrated that once they had stable lodging, they could
address their education, wellbeing, medication and liquor and business issues. It is moreover
clear that a house alone can't address the effects of homelessness, both as far as its forerunners
and results, nor can a house alone satisfy the necessities of destitute people. Wraparound
support, including physical and psychological wellness administrations, liquor and medication
administrations, occupancy backing, and business administrations will be required both to
encourage the continuing of a tenure and the accomplishment of the people's higher prosperity
needs. Equity and legitimate issues that face those encountering homelessness administrations
require critical consideration. As it were, a Housing Plus methodology is called for. Homeless
people are not worried about a 'house with a view' yet a home that will shape the establishment
stone for recovering their lives together once more, shaping connections and being sheltered,
tending to wellbeing issues and picking up work to give the budgetary security and assets to have
the option to explore their general surroundings(Herault & Johnson, 2016).

Conclusion
Even though Australia is a prosperous and developed country where most of the Australians
enjoy high standards of living and life expectancy and health conditions are high and
unemployment is low, and even with more than 2/3 rds of the population are having their own
homes, there is a persistent problem of homelessness and this is seen to be increasing over the
years
References:
Camm, Cochran, Fry, Ohlmann, Anderson, Sweeney, W. (2015). Essentials of Business
Analytics (First). Cengage Learning.
Conversation. (2018). Homelessness: Australia’s shameful story of policy complacency and
failure continues. Retrieved August 24, 2019, from
http://theconversation.com/homelessness-australias-shameful-story-of-policy-complacency-
and-failure-continues-95376
Flatau, P., Tyson, K., Callis, Z., Seivwright, A., Box, E., Rouhani, L., … Ng, S.-W. (2018). The
State of Homelessness in Australia’s Cities: A. Health and Social Cost Too High. Retrieved
from www.csi.edu.au/research/project/the-state-of-
homelessnesswww.csi.edu.au/research/project/the-state-of-homelessness.
Herault, N., & Johnson, G. (2016). Homelessness in Australia: Service Reform and Research in
the 21st Century. European Journal of Homelessness, 10(3). Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/a810/cc78b03acdcd348dcb7c9891ef9f9e25e4ef.pdf
Jackson, S. (2015). Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Retrieved
from https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rTZ-
BAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR4&dq=critical+thinking+and+practice&ots=c1fpMI4zgu&sig
=MoXX5kASZnhMcw5FuOx7WJprHcc