Hydraulics (Laboratory)

Laboratory Exercise No.4

Head losses in
pipes
CE123L – A06

SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Joan Kashmere Canusa

SUBMITTED BY:
LATAYAN, CHRISTINE ANNE M.
ILISCUPIDEZ, JOHAN T.
BUAN, PATRICK
SANTOS, CHARLOTTE JOYCEANNE
GOMEZ, COLLEEN
 Hydraulics (Laboratory)
Laboratory Exercise No.4

I.
INTRODUCTION

In this experiment, the energy losses resulting from pipe minor losses it
usually neglected in the calculations. However, these minor losses are generated in
components such as elbows, bends, tees, valves and reducers. The objective of the
experiment is to determine the head loss factors for flow through a range of pipe
fittings including bends, contraction, enlargement and valves. The materials and
equipment needed are piping loss apparatus, graduated cylinder, ruler, Vernier
caliper, thermometer and stopwatch. The procedure are just like the experiment
about the friction losses in pipe, first is determining the diameters and length of the
flow pipes and the diameter of pipes where the fittings are connected. Connect the
U-tube manometer to the pipe in between 2 pressure tappings. And then start the
flow and adjust the control valve in the pipe line for required discharge.
Approximate a laminar flow. Measure the temperature of the water to determine its
density and dynamic viscosity. Measure the pressure difference at two points A
and B of a pipe by means of a U-tube manometer. Collect a volume of water for a
particular time period. The difference of the head losses in pipes experiment from
the friction is in this experiment it will pen the valve near the 90⁰ elbow to allow
the water flow through this fitting. Determine the pressure difference between
points A and new point B’. Open the valve for every next fittings with the
following sequence: 45⁰ elbow, tee section, check valve, ball valve, globe valve,
gate valve, long radius bend, short radius bend, sudden expansion and sudden
contraction. Then lastly, Determine each pressure differences between points A
and new points for every additional fittings.
 Hydraulics (Laboratory)
Laboratory Exercise No.4

Data and Analysis

Straight Pipe:
Diameter (m) 20.5mm
Length (m) 2m
Left Limb Varies
Right Limb Varies
Frictional Head loss (m)
Volume of Water (m^3) Varies
Time collected (s) Varies
Dsicharge (m^3/s) Varies
Pipe Pipe Pipe Left Right Total Head Head
fitting diameter length limb limb head loss at loss
loss pipe factor, k
Hf+hL fitting
90⁰ elbow 26.34 2 68 63.8
45⁰ elbow 26.34 2 79.5 77.5
Tee 26.34 2 62.8 61.8
Check 26.34 2 70.8 65.6
valve
Ball valve
Globe
valve
Gate valve
Long
radius
bend
Short
radius
bend
Sudden
expansion
 Hydraulics (Laboratory)
Laboratory Exercise No.4

Sudden
contraction

Temperature of water: 24
Density of water: 1000kg/cu. m
Dynamic Viscosity of water:

Solution:
 Hydraulics (Laboratory)
Laboratory Exercise No.4

II. CONCLUSION
The researchers have observed that the losses in the pipes greatly
affect the flow rate of the water that was released from the water
source, the losses comes from the fittings provided and due to the
pipes frictional factor, these losses are negligible in an amount that
could may or may not greatly affect the experiment but with these
losses the researchers found out that these losses may result to losses
in investment in companies like water companies with these losses the
company losses money and the costumer benefits from their losses. A
certain Hydrologist said that there is a specific factor of losses and
gains from these, she explained that there is a positive negative three
percent factor for the water companies the positive three percent
means that they gain money from these losses and negative part is that
these water companies lose money from the frictional losses, the
losses cannot be removed but only can be used to both an advantage
and disadvantage it is up to the experts on how will they use the losses
from their piping system.