× ×

×
=  ≤≤ ≤≤

⋅⋅
⋅⋅
=
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅

× θ ×

= ⇔ = ∀ =  ′
′
= 
−$ %
!" #= $× $ = −&
−& '
−$ −&
′
= ×$ $ = −&
% '

∈ × = 
=   + = +  " (
 + + = + +  ∀ ∈ ×
∃θ × ) + θ × = ∀ ∈ ×
∀ = ∈ × ∃ − = −  )
+ −  = θ ×
+ = + ∀ ∈ ×

∀λ ∈ ∀ = ∈ × λ = λ 
(
λ +  = λ + λ
λ + μ = λ + μ
λ μ = λμ 
= ∀λ μ ∈ ∀ ∈ ×

!
 −& '
+ =
+ ' −
*
− ' −&
− =
' +
,
' −& −& ' −& −& ' − −
= ⇒ = =
+ + ' + + ' $ $ '

& −& & −

- = ⇒ =
+ −+ −& $ −$ −
= ∈ × = ∈ ×
( = × ∈ × = 
= + + + ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤

∀ ∈ × ∈ × ∈ × ⇒ × ×  =  × ×

∀ ∈ × ∈ × ∈ × ⇒ × +  = × + ×
× =θ
−
− $
−$ $
! = −$ ' − =
% '
' % − +
−
∈ $×& ∈ &× × ∈ $×
#×. =
+ −  −$ + % + $ −  −  + −  $ + '+$
−$ + −$ + ' % + −  −  −$ −  + $ + ' ' + −    =
' + % −$ + −  % + + −  ' −  + % $ + −  ' + +

−& % ×
− + /
, 0 (
! +  = ′ ′
+ ′

!  ′ = ′ ′

= ∀ 1 = ′
2
 =− ∀

'
∈ = =
3 ∈ > =
−
∈ ( −
= −
=
(
− ' ' −$
! = − − $ 4 = $ ' %
' $ & − −% '
4
' '
" = & − ' ( (
+ −$

−
= " ( =
− $

−
−
=
−$

" 0 (  
3 0
5 0
0
(
!"  $
 $  $   $  $  $  $ 
$5 = $ ⋅ ⋅ = +
6 0  $   $
!* ( + $&% 
( + % ( 7
6
( ' (
( $ ( 0
( & ( 0
( % ( 0
( 8
 ∈

+ − 6
0 (
- 9 9  
' & ' ' '
' ' ' '
!* 9 9= ' ' $ ' '
' ' ' '
% ' ' ' '
& $$ &% % = &⋅ ⋅$⋅ ⋅% = '
" 0  &$%  6 %
9 9=− '

  6 '
  6 , ( ( ,

= −

−$
! = ⋅ & − −$ ⋅ % = $
% &

9 9= $

$ $ $$

, , 0 :
$$  $ ' +
$ $  $  −
$$  $ −
$ $  $  +
$ $ $  +
$ $ $  $ −
 $

, $ =
$ $ $$
= $$ + $ $ + $ $ −− $ $ − $$ − $ $

$ − '
!* ' −
% & −$
(
$ ⋅ ' ⋅ −$ + −  ⋅ −  ⋅ % + ' ⋅ ⋅ & −
−$ ⋅ −  ⋅ & − −  ⋅ −$ − ' ⋅ ' ⋅ % = $

! 9 9 = 9 ′9
! 6 1 2
7
λ∈ ∈
λ ⋅  ≠ λ  
' −$
! = & −
− '
' −$ $⋅ ' −$
$   = $⋅ & − = $⋅& − = $⋅ / = %
− ' $⋅ − '

$ ' −;
$  = $ −$ = &%;
+ −$ '

! ∈ &  = ' *  
#
 = &
  = +'
! (

7
(
 +% − − % −
! / −$ $ = / $ + / −$ $
; $+' − ; $ − ; ' −
!
(
$ % % $
! = =−
& &

! =  =% * $ 

$  = $ $   = $%

′
, =

′
7 6 < $< ,

= −%

! 6
(
!! (
"! (
6 1= 6
2
#!

$!

9 9 = 9 99 9
−
!* ' −$
−$ ;
 − − −
' −$ = ' −$ = ' −$ ='
−$ ; −$ + → −$ ; ' ' '

+ + +
!*

+ + + + + + + + +
= =

 + +  ='

− −
! − & = −> → − & =
− & ' > → − & '
− −
= ' − = ' − = ⋅ −  ⋅ 8 = −8
> → ' & ' ' 8

! ∈ =− 9 9≠'
−
⋅
, =
⋅
−
9 9 = 9 99 9 = −  9 9≠'
, 6 9 9 =− ,
%
∈ "
α
& −  +
"
&
"  
!

!"
 −
! = − ' $
−$
−
α
$
= = =%
−$
= −  $ α = −%
−$ −% −
"  = ' & −
$ −
? < (

9 9 = − ⋅ −$ + ⋅ −% + ⋅ −  = − +
? < (

9 9 = − ⋅ ' + ' ⋅ & + $ ⋅ −  = −+

? $< (

9 9 = ⋅ −  + $ ⋅ −  + ⋅ = − +
? < $< '
−  ⋅ $ + ⋅ −  + ⋅ = '

" 0 ∈ ( −

1 −
= −
= 2 9 9≠' ( (
9 9
−
=9 9   ′

# ⋅   ′
⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ 9 9 ' ⋅⋅ '
⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ 9 9 ⋅⋅
⋅
' '
=
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ' ' ⋅⋅ 9 9
6
6
, ⋅ 9 9
   =
′ −
= 9 9
   ′

−
! = − ' $
−$
 −$ −% −
 = ' & − 9 9 = −+
$ −

' −
−$ ' $
−
= −+
⋅ −% & − = %
+
−$ +
− −

$ $
−$
@
' −
− ' '
− ' $ ⋅ %
+
−$ +
= ' '
−$ ' '

$ $
−$

" ( 0
−  − − =
−  − = − −
− λ  − = λ − 1 λ ≠ '2
−  ′− =  − ′
(
'
!" =
− '

′
' −
= 4
'
' −
⋅
' '
( =
− ' ' '

∈ ×
3 0 − 3
4 3
#  

!?
! 0
!A 6
A
 $ % −
! = −% −$ '
/ + −& &
$ −
1 $ & 2
+ &
%
1 $ 2
−% −$
B 8
$ % − $ −
$ −$ ' −% '
+ −& & / + &
B & $
' (

! " # "

− − $ −
− '
! =
+ −& − '
− − + −/

− − $ − − − $ −
> → − ' ' − −
→ →
> → + −& − ' > → ' −&
− > → − − + −/ $ → ' $ ' ' −$

− − $ − − − $ −
' − − ' − −
→ →
' ' + $ −+ ' ' + $ −+
−> $ → ' ' + $ −+ ' ' ' ' '

$ "  =$

" 3 0
 $ + $ +⋅⋅+ $ =
$ + $ +⋅⋅+ $ =
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
$ + $ +⋅⋅+ $ =

0 $ 7 (
0
0 1=
2

⋅⋅ $
⋅⋅ $
=
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅ $

%= =  %
0 4
C
4

⋅⋅
⋅⋅
 9 =
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅

$$ − + +# + =
!* $+ − #−$ = /
− $# + = −$
0

$
$ − +
− −$ = /
#
' −$ −$

$ − +
" − −$ /
' −$ −$
 0 $ = = #= =− 
$

=
#
−

0
9 9≠'

⋅⋅ $
⋅⋅ $
=
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅ $

* 0 (

⋅⋅ ⋅⋅
⋅⋅ ⋅⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅ ⋅⋅
$ = 9 9
$ = 9 9
⋅⋅
⋅⋅
⋅⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅
$ = 9 9

* * 9 9≠'
−
( 3 %=
−
7 0 3
−
%=
$ − $ +$ $ = '
!- ( − $ −$ $ = −%
$ +&$ −$ $ = +

−
* 7 0 − ' − = ≠'
& −
 * "
' − '
−% ' − − −% −
+ & − + −
$ = = $ = =

− '
− ' −%
& +
$$ = =$
−
D 4 ( %=
&
−
= −$ − − = −$ − −
−8 −+ −& −& −$ −

$ '
$ = − $
− − ⋅ −% =
$$ −& −$ − + $

!"
* 0
%=
⋅⋅ $
⋅⋅ $
=
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅ $

⋅⋅
⋅⋅
 9 =
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅
E 3 0 3 $ $ $ 

3 0 ,
C  < 7
= −   0
1 (
  2  < −  
0  =
* 0
 6
) * + " 0

0
0

=
 =  9 =
%= <
 <  9 

$ − + # = +
−$# + = −/
!
$ − +# = %
$$ − + = &
"
− ' +
−$ −/
 9 =
'
*
− ' %
$ − ' &

− ' + − ' +
' −$ −/ ' −$ −/
→
− → − ' % − → ' −$ ' −/
−$ → $ − ' & − → ' −+ − &

− ' + − ' +
' −$ −/ ' −$ −/
→ →
' ' ' − ' ' ' ' − '
− $ → ' ' ' − ' ' ' ' ' '
D  9  *
7 0 7

" #
(
 0 ( ?

( 7
" %= #  9 

! 7 6
7
− ' +
' −$ −/
' ' ' − '
' ' ' ' '
(
$ − + # = +
−$# + = −/
− = '
0 =' 7 #=λ 0
= −/ + $λ $ = − +λ "
− + λ −/ + $λ λ '
4 , (
0 $
1 4 7
1 2 2 # 0
7 $ ( 7
$ ( (
$ * 7

!- ( 4

$+ + # = ;
$ + & − $# =
$$ + + − %# = '

;
" & −$ # 0 F
$ + −% '
 ;
' −/ − /
' ' − −$

, (

$+ + # = ;
− /# = − /
−# = −$

" 0 #=$ = $=
- , 0 4

!- ( 4 F

$ − − =
$ − +# + = '
$$ − −$# + = −8
−$ + # +& = −
−% +$# − = $
#  9 

× − ' −

− → − '

 9  = −$ → $ − −$ −+ →

→ − ' & −

' −% $ − $
 − ' −

− × ' − $
−

→ → ' −$ /
− % →

− → ' − /
−

−% → ' −% $ − $

− ' −

' − −$

→ − × ' ' − $
− / →

$ → ' ' '

− $ → ' ' − − ;

− ' −

' − −$

→ ' ' − $ /
→

/
× ' ' ' /
− /

→ ' − &%
&% &%
/ & ' '
 − ' −

' − −$

→ ' ' − $ /

' ' ' −

' ' ' ' '

B (

$ − − =

−# −$ =

# − $
= /

= −
( 0
$= = #= =−
4 0 6
7
) & → − ' − ) )
$) & → ' − −$) )
→
$) & → ' ' − $) /)
' ' ' −

− ' ' ' → − ' ' '

$ → ' − ' − ' ' '
→ →
' ' ' ' ' '
' ' ' − ' ' ' −

' ' '

' ' '
' ' '
' ' ' −
 $ =
=
= (
# =
= −
- ,
⋅⋅
⋅⋅
=
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅

$ $ ⋅⋅ $
−
$ $ ⋅⋅ $ −
= * =
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅
$ $ ⋅⋅ $

⋅⋅ $ $ ⋅⋅ $ ' ⋅⋅ '
⋅⋅ $ $ ⋅⋅ $ ' ⋅⋅ '
=
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅ $ $ ⋅⋅ $ ' ' ⋅⋅

4 "

⋅⋅ ' ⋅⋅ '
⋅⋅ ' ⋅⋅ '
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅
⋅⋅ ' ' ⋅⋅

( 4 F

' ⋅⋅ ' ⋅⋅
' ⋅⋅ ' ⋅⋅
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅
' ' ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅

0 $
! 4 F (
 −
= −
' −$
− ' '
> − ' '
' −$ ' '

* (

' ' $ $
−$ $ $
−$
' ' − ' , −
= − '
' ' &
$
−$ −$ &
$
−$ −$

! "
+ 4
(

$ + $ +⋅⋅+ $ ='
$ + $ +⋅⋅+ $ ='
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
$ + $ +⋅⋅+ $ ='

7 4
' ' ' 0
 = 0 (  <

$ − = '
!- ( $ +$ −/# = '
$ −; +/# = '
*
− ' − ' − '
− → $ −/ → /
× ' / −/ → ' −
− → −; / → ' −/ / ' ' '
, ( (

$ − = '
−# = '
B #=λ  λ λ λ
 A !G " 0 3
( 3
( 0
0 6
3 1, 7
7 6 3 0 2

3 $ 0

$ + $ +⋅⋅+ $ + =$
$ + $ +⋅⋅+ $ + =$
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
$ + $ +⋅⋅+ $ + =$
, 0 ( 0
$ $ 1
0 $  $ 1
=' 2 $ ! 3

? (

 − $ − $ −⋅⋅− $ =
− $ + − $ − ⋅ ⋅ − $ =
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
− $ − $ − ⋅ ⋅ + − $ =

− − ⋅⋅ − $
− − ⋅⋅ − $
=
⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
− − ⋅⋅ − $

 − ⋅$ =
" &= − &⋅$ =
0 $ = &− ⋅ 1 & 2
! 3 6
 $ ' '$ '
$ = '& ' '
$ $ $$ ' '$ '
= 8' = ;% $ = %'

' ; −' $ −' $

−' & ' 8 −' $ =
−' −' / '8 $$

−
$ ' ; −' $ −'
$ = −' & ' 8 −' =
$$ −' −' / '8

/+&/ /+% ' %88 & 8' % / +%

= '% + '%$ ' % +$ ;% = &+8 &
$+ $+ 8%/+ %' / + /8