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LINEAR LAW
CHAPTER 2 : LINEAR LAW
Page
Contents
3.0 CONCEPT MAP 2
17
3.3 SPM Questions
3.5 Answers 30
1
CHAPTER 2 : LINEAR LAW
LINEAR LAW
Reducing non-linear
relation to linear form
Lines of best
fit
Determining
values of
constants
Formation of
equation
Obtaining
information
2
UNDERSTAND AND USE THE CONCEPT OF LINES OF
BEST FIT
THE CONCEPT OF LINES OF BEST FIT.
Example.
Draw the line of best fit for the given graph below.
y
×
× x
EXERCISE 1
Exercises 1
(a) y (b) y
×
×
× ×
× ×
×
×
×
×
×
x x
3
Exercises 2
Example 1 Example 2
y
y x (3, 7)
x (3 , 8) x (1, 3)
2 0x
0 x The equation that can be formed is:
1 Y = mX + c
73
=2Gradient , m =
The equation that can be formed is:
Y = mX + c 3 1
82 The straight line also passes through the
=2Gradient , m = Point (1, 3)
xY
30
Another equation can be formed is,
Y –intercept = 2
3 = 2(1) + c
Linear form
Therefore, y = 2x + 2 .c = 1
Therefore, y = 2x + 1 Linear form
y y
a) b)
x (3, 6)
9
.x (8, 1)
0 x
0 1 x
4
y
c) d)
x ( 5 , 2) x (8, 8)
x ( 6,4)
0 7 x 0 x
Example 1 y Example 1 y
X (7, k)
x (3, k)
x (2, 4) y = 3x + 4
2 4
x x
42
Gradient = =1 0
20
k4 The straight line also passes through
Therefore,=1 the point (3, k)
72
.k – 2 = 5 Another equation that can be formed is
.k = 7 .k = 3(3) + 4
.k = 9 + 4 = 13
5
a) lines of best fit b) Equations of lines of best fit
i) y i) y
X (6, k)
X
x (3, 3) .y = 2x - 3
1 x (k, 3)
0 x
0 x
ii) y ii) y
X (k, 6) y= 6 - x
x (3, k)
x (5, 2)
0 x
0 7 x
iii) y iii)
y
X (8, 8)
X (4, k)
x (6, 4)
.y = x + 2
x (k, 2)
0 x
0 x
6
APPLY LINEAR LAW TO NON- LINEAR RELATIONS
Example 1 Example 1
2
x Non- linear Non- linear
y = ax + b a) y = pxq
yaxx2 Take log of
=+ Divided by x log10 y = log10 (pxq) Both siders
xxxb
y1 log10 y = log10 p + log10 xq
=a+x
Linear form
xb
log10 y = log10 p + qlog10 x Linear form
Y = c + Xm Y = c mX
Exercises 4
Equation Linear form Y X m c
a) y2 = ax + b
b) y = ax2 + bx
ab
c) =+ 1
yx
d) y2 = 5x2 + 3x
5
e) y = 3 x +
x
f) y = abx
4
g) y = (x + b)2
a2
7
Exercises 5
xy
Example 1
y
X (11, 6) a) x
x (1, 2) 10
x2
The above figure shows part of a .x (4, 2)
straight line graph drawn to represent the
equation
0x
. xy = ax2 + b
The above figure shows part of a straight
Find the value of a and b
line graph drawn to represent the equation
. y = ax2 + bx
Find the value of a and b,
62
Gradient , a = 11 1
2
A=
5
22
Therefore,
x +b xy =
5
Another equation that can be formed is
2
.(1)(2) = (1) 2 + b
5
28
b, = 2 -=
55
2 8
Hence a = 5 , b= 5
8
y
b) c) x (3, 6)
x (1, 9)
1
0 1 x
1 The above figure shows part of a straight
.lg x line graph drawn to represent the equation
0
The above figure shows part of a straight .of xy = a + bx
line graph drawn to represent the equation Find the value of a and b,
.of y = axb
Find the value of a and b,
9
STEPS TO PLOT A STRAIGHT LINE
Construct a table
Determine :
gradient – m
Y-intercept c
QUESTIONS
X 2 3 4 5 6 Table
Y 2 9 20 35 54
y
a) Draw the line of best fit for against x
x
b) From your graph, find,
i)the initial velocity
ii)the acceleration
10
Reduce the non-linear
STEP 1
To the linear form
y = px2 + qx
The equation is divided throughout dy x
2 To create a constant that is free from x
ypx qx On the right-hand side i.e, q
= + x
xx
y Linear form
= px + q Y = mX + c
x
Y = mX + c
construct table
STEP 2
.x 2 3 4 5 6
.y 2 9 20 35 54
y
x 1 3 5 5 9
11
12
10
x
8
x
6
x
4
x
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
-2
-4
12
1. The table below shows some experimental data of two related variable x and y
13
14
.x 0 2 4 6 8 10
1.67 1.9 2.21 2.41 2.65 2.79
y
It is known that x and y are related by an equation in the form
axb
.y =+, where a and b are constants.
yy
a) Draw the straight line graph y2 against x
b) Hence, use the graph to find the values of a and b
15
16
1. SPM 2003( paper 1, question no 10)
x and y are related by equation y = px2 + qx , where p and q are constants. A straight
y
against x, as show in Diagram belowline is obtained by plotting
x
y
x
x (2, 9)
x (6, 1)
0 x
17
y
Diagram below shows a straight line graph of against x
x
y
x
x (2, k)
x (h, 3)
a. x
18
SPM 2005( paper 1, question no 13)
The variable x and y are related by the equation y = kx4 where k is a constant.
a) Convert the equation y = kx4 to linear form
b) Diagram below shows the straight line obtained by plotting log10 y against log10 x
log10 y
. x (2, h)
(0, 3) x
log10 y
0
Find the value of i) log10 k
ii) h.
19
SPM 2003( paper 2, question no 7)
Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment. It is
x 2 , where p and k are constants.known that x and y are related by the
equation y = pk
x 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
y 1.59 1.86 2.40 3.17 4.36 6.76
20
21
Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment.
Variables x and y are related by the equation y = pkx , where p and k are constants.
x 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 3.16 5.50 9.12 16.22 28.84 46.77
(a) Plot log10 y against x by using scala of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2
unit on the log 10-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit
22
23
Table 1 shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from on experiment.
(b)where
Plot xyp against
and r arex2constants.
by using scala of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes.
Hence, draw the line of best fit
24
25
1. xy
(0, h)
.x (8, k)
0 x
The above figure shows part of a straight-line graph drawn to represent the equation
61
-Find the value of h and of ky =
x2
26
.x 1 2 3 4 5
a) Change the equation to the linear form and hence draw the straight line graph
for values of x and y
27
28
Exercises 2 Exercises 3
a) y = -x+9 a) i) k = 5 b) i) k = 3
b) y = 3x – 3 ii) k = 1 ii) k = 3
c) y = -x+7 iii) k = 5 iii) k = 6
d) y = 2x - 8
Exercises 4 Exercises 5
Y X m c a) a = 1, b = 2
b) a = 11, b = 8
a) .y 2 x a b c) a = 3 , b = 3
b) y x a b
x
1
c) 1 b 1 Exercises 5
y
x a a
1) a = - 1 , b = 10
y2 2) a = 0.5 , b = 2.8
d) x 5 3
x
e) y x x 3 5
f) lg y x lg b lg a
g) x 2 2b
y a a
29