DEFAMATORY TO THE PLAINTIFF WORDS MUST BE PUBLISHED
Unintentional Defamation 1. Publication is the communication of OTHER RELEVAN
P must proof that the words D will also be liable where the Defamation of a Class the words to at least one person other FACTORS refers to him .For example, P`s statement is true of one 1. s.7 DA provides a mitigating 1. A group as whole cannot then the person defamed. name is clearly stated etc. It is person but is, in fact , factors for D. It applies to any be defamed as a group. 1.Husband and Wife immaterial whether D intended defamatory of another person defamatory words which are And also an individual 2. Publication can be done, in words or Communication of a to defame or not. If he intend of the same name or same innocently published. cannot bedefamed by a writing or prints by D. defamatory matter by then P can claim higher award. description, who is not known 2. S. 7 (5) Words are innocently general reference to a class husband to his wife, not to D and that person suffers published if it fulfil following to which he belongs. 3. s. 2 DA defines words as includes publication, but if a third party Hulton & Co. v Jones injury as a result of the conditions: Knupper v London pictures ,visual image, gestures and published to a spouse is a publication. (a) that the publisher did not intend Express Newspaper Ltd. other methods of signifying meaning. publication. Newstead v London to publish them of and concerning Eg. A man says all lawyers Express Newspapers Ltd. that other person and did not know ar thieves. No particular 4. A dictates a defamatory letter to his 2.Repetition of cricumstances by virtue of which can sue him unless there is typist, A is liable for slander. If typist Every repetition of a Morgan v Odhams they might be understood to refer to something to point to a return back to A or read back to A here defamatory matter is a new Press him particular lawyer. not published. But if typist read to a publication and can be sued No need to show key or (b) that the words `were not third party is sander. individually. pointer to P, so long as it defamatory on the face of them, and 2. H/ever if the statements implications point to P, the publisher did not know of indicates a particular 5. If D send defamatory letter to B but 3. Mere Distributor D is liable. circumstance by virtue of which they plaintiff of plaintiffs then can someone else has access to the Distributor are presumptively might be understood to be sue. contents, the issue here is whether D liable but have good defence defamatory of that person reasonably forsee this effect, if so, D if they can proof: (c)and in either case that the 3. Liability depends on the liable. publisher exercised all reasonable size of class.Larger the Huth v Huth (i) that they were innocent of care in relation to the publication. class smaller the chances any knowledge of the libel to success.Smaller the 6. It is rebuttable presumption, that (ii) that there was nothing in Although D can prove as above, it is larger chances to success. postcard and telegram send through the work to suppose for them not a complete defence. Foxcroft v Lacey post office, are published that it contain libel (iii)that when the work was 3. D can discharge his liability by 7. IF slander words spoken in foreign disseminated by them, it was making an offer of amends by: words not understandble no not by any negligence on their (a) publishing suitable correction and publication. part that it contain libel. apology. Luk Kai Lam v Sim Ai Ling (b)necessary steps taken to notify 4. Printer the person to whom copies has been Printer are liable eventhough distributed. he has not acted negligently.It If P accept the offer of amends then is adviseble for him to take no suit for libel. promise of indeminity from the publisher. 4. But he don’t accept.D must proof in his defence: (i) that the words were published innocently (ii)offer was made as soonas practicable (iii, that the author other than D has written it w/out malice.