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Impactos y Vulnerabilidad

I. Martínez1*, G. Cuenca-Bescós2+

1
Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Área de Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá
2
Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Grupo Aragosaurus-IUCA, Área de Paleontología, Universidad de Zaragoza
*
Correo electrónico: ignacio.martinezm@uah.es
+
Correo electrónico: cuencag@unizar.es

Adaptación, vulnerabilidad e impacto en la evolución humana


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Figura 1

Figura 1. Distribución temporal de los homininos.

Fuente: Elaboración propia.

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Figura 2. Riqueza relativa de especies de micromamíferos en el yacimiento de Gran Dolina (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos). NMI: Número Mínimo
de Individuos.

Fuente: Elaborado a partir de Cuenca-Bescós et al. (2005).

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