CHAPTER ·

Chemical Coordination
6 in Plants

Growth is one of the most fundamental characteristics of all living organisms. In plants, growth takes place by
cell division and cell enlargement The main areas of growth by cell d iv ision in plants is meristems which occur
just behind shoot and root tips.
In plants , movement are seen in the form of bending, twisting and elongation of certain parts. They do not need
a fast response to sma:I changes in their immediate environment. They do need to respond to light, gravity and
seasonal changes . They also need to coordinate growth of cells in various parts of the plant body. Nervous
system or sense organs are not present in plants but their sensitivity and coordination is the result of chem ical
control exercised by plant hormones.
Plants respond to stimuli by producing hormones, similar to hormones of animals. The main way in which plants
respond to these hormones is by growth . With the help of hormones , growth is stimulated or inhibited in plants.
PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
It is an established fact that plants produce some specific chemical substances , wh ich are capable of moving
from one organ to the other, so as to produce their effect on growth .These substances , which are active in very
small amounts are called P 1ant hormones (o r Phytohormones) .
The term phytohorrnone (phyton = plant) was coined to d istinguish them from animal hormones .
The term hormone was given by Will iam Bayliss and Ernest Starling .
Hormones are divided into five major classes , namely:
(1) Auxins . (2) Gibberellins . (3 ) Cytokinins . (4 ) Abscisic acid and (5) Ethylene .
These five hormones are divided into two groups ·
(a) The growth promotors : Aux i ns . Gibberellins . Cytokinins .
(b) The growth inhibitors · Abscis ic ac i d and Ethylene .
Discovery of Plant Growth Regulators ( Plant Hormones)
The first indication of its exi~ance was given by Darwin (1880) , who was studying the bending of the coleoptile
of ~ Canary grass towards_ltght. He _found that light falling on the tip of grass coleoptile causes some influenr.e
This influence (hormone) rs transmitted downward and causes the coleoptile to bend tow d 1· ht H ·
d t t d th h h . . ar s IQ . e also
emons ra e at w en t a coleoptrle trp was removed it did not bend when exposed to rght 1 Th h .
response d id not occur. · e P ototrop1c
Funct ions of Plant h o rmones ( Phytohorm o nes)
f he various functions are as follows :
~ Flowering of plants
• Ripeni n g of fru its
Germ ination of seeds
Breaking dormancy of seeds
Stomata/ movement in leaves

Phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism , hydrotropism thigmotropism rl .

' an'"' nast1c movements.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL - - - - - - - - ES)
I Au I Ef-FECTS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS (PLANT HORMON
x ns d
Auxins (Gk. Auxoln ucod from 1h0 root on
shoot-tips ot th to grow) are the first group of plant hormones which are prod
They . 0 plant body, from where they migrate to the region of their action. tiva)
were first disco db I t (AvenP sa
A I vere Y F W Wen t (1928) while experimenting on oat P an
ux ns are of following two types·
A) Natural auxin
B) Synthetl ~ are lndole acetic acid (IAA) and lndole butyrlc acid (IBA) . cetic acid (NAA)
Ph c auxins are 2 , 4 • dlchlorophenoxy acetic ac,d (2 ,4 -0) and Naphthalene a
I
Y• ologlcar effects on plants : f many
• Auxins prom 0 t8 largement 0
fruits b . ~eII elongation and growth of stems and roots. It also promotes en
st
Y imulating elongation of cells in all directions. f 1cal buds
• In many plants ·h . Ib d Removal o ap
res It . · ' e apica ud grows and lower axillary buds are suppresse · f lateral buds
Thii ~'" th e grow!h of lower buds. The auxin of the terminal buds inhibits the growth 0
P enomenon 1s called Apical dominance. h of the
• Weeds ar aper growl
e unwanted plants growing in a field alongwith a crop that do not allow pr
crop By spraying auxin they can be destroyed and removed. f oots
• If the lower t d e number o r
cu en s of rose and Bougainvillea are dipped in auxins. very soon Iarg
are developed on the cut ends due to which these cuttings develop into successful plant~. . d
11 0
• In apples , tomatoes and bananas auxins can induce fruit formation without fertilization which 15 ca
Parthenogenesis :
• In pineapple , auxin promotes flowering.
• In lettuce, auxins help m delaying the flowering .
• In cotton plants, auxin increases the cotton seed production .
2. Gibberellins
Gibberel/ins were first reported in Japan by E Kurosawa (1926) Unlike auxin s, they enhance longitudinal
growth of stem when applied to the plants
Physiological effects on plants :
• Gibberel/ins promote seed germination in cereals and lettuce.
• In pea , bean , tomato and cabbage on treatment with gibberellins they develop broader and elongated
leaves .
• They are more potent parthenocarpic agents than auxins .
• Gibb~rellins causes stem elongation and leaf expansion but have no effect on roots .
• In cabbage , internodes are reduced . Just prior to flowering internode elongates enormously. This is called
Bolting By application of gibbereflins bolting can be induced artificially.
• They are used to increase fruit size and bunch in grapes.
• Gibberellins break dormancy of buds and tubers.
J. Cytckinins
Cytokinins ate the hormones which promote cytokine&1s in cells of various plant origins and prevent ageing
,n tissues. They have little or no effect on growth .
Physiological effects on plants
• In the p resP.nce of auxin , cytokmins s timulate cell division
• Cytokin ins delay ageing process ,n plant organ s by controlling prote in synthesis .
• Cytokinrns break the dormancy of many seeds and promote their germ ination .
• These help ,n the translocation of solutes in phloem .
Cytokinins provide resis tance to plants injured by high or low temperatures .
In s eeds . they cause expansion of cotyledons.
Th ey inhibit apical dominance.
They help 1n promotion of c hlorophyll synthesis in chloroplasts and organ formation .

(ICSE s8 10)
 Ethylene
Ethylona is a simple gaseous hormone which stJmulatos transverse nrowth
11 19 Pl'Oduc«S •n "'-~- ni-..-..
and fungi. Most widely used plant growth hormone "' agrlculturo w · -v- ,...,......
Physlologlcal ettects on plants :
• Ethylene retards flowering In most plants but induces flowering 1n pineawte and mango
• In banana, apple, mango and citrus ethylene stimulates npening of frurts
• Ethylene modifies growth by inhibiting the elongation of stems and roots In storr,, ft causes ,w~
of nodes.
• Ethylene breaks dormancy of buds and seeds
• It initiates germination in peanut seeds, sprouting of potato tuber and induces flowenng .n mang<;
>. Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Abscisic acid is a natural growth inhibitor which retards growth. It is found m angiosperms. gymnosperm, .
pteridophytes and some mosses. Fruits and seeds contain highest amount of ABA It is also called stress
hormone since it increases tolerance of plants to vanous kinds of stresses.
Physiological effects on plants :
• Abscisic acid inhibits cell division and cell elongation Acts as a general plant growth mhtbitor
• It increases resistance in plants to cold.
• In plants subjected to salinity or under severe drought, abscisic acid reduces the rate of transprrabor
by temporarily closing the stoma.
• It induces bud dormancy in many plants.
• In Ivy and bean , it promotes rooting of stem cuttings
• It inhibits seed germination. stimulates closure of stomata and helps seeds to withstand desiccatJOf'
MOVEMENT IN PLANTS
Plants show movement in response to certain stimuli like · light, water gravity wind and touch
Some of the plant movements that 1s usually observed are as follows
Opening and closing of stoma, flower closing during night, sunflower turns toward the sun movement ol
insectivorous plants and movement of roots in the soil These movements can be divided into two catego;,es
(A) Tropic movements (Tropism)
(B) Nastlc movements
A) Tropic movements (Tropism )
A tropism is the movement of part of a plart either towards the source of stimulus (Pos1t1ve} or away from
it (Negative). Depending upon the nature of stimuli these movements are of following five types.
(1) Phototropism
(2) Geotropism
(3) Hydrotropism
(4) Thigmotropism
(5) Chemotropism
1. Phototropism
The movement of plant parts in response to light 1s called phototropism . Most of the stems and flower
stalks moves towards light (positively phototropic). Roots move away from light (negatively phototropte)
The leaves keep their faces at right angles to the direction of light (transversly phototropic)
2. Geotropism
The movement of plant parts in response to the force of gravity is called Geotropism The primary root
always grow vertically towards downward direction towards the force of gravity (positively geotropic)
Shoot moves just opposite to the force of gravity (negatively geotropic).
The secondary roots and branches place themselves at right angles to the force of gravity and are called I
____________________________
....__
diageotropic. Examples are Rhizome and stolon.
./1
ICSE c If Stud y n 5 Jlony 1O]
185]
 ______ ,

•- ..,,.,_
-n.- . . . . Roots art'
·welY "yd"'tfOPlC
pos1 trorn thO \
j
''"" tno\"8m0nt ot plant psrts in response to tho water ~s caUed Hydrotropi5 m .
85
h grows awaY
as they bend towards the sou~ of water. Shoots are negativety hydrotroplc
source of wat&r.
4 . Thlgn'lO-tropfsm 11ed thlgmotroPlsm
Gmwtn 8
sotid object are ca
movements made by p,ants m rosponse to contoct (touch} with . twiners. a rc
Th&se are CUl'\'ature movements and are most apparently seen in tendnls 8nd 18 ndrlls which
Plan
ts such as bitter gourd. bottle gourd. grapevi ne and passi on flower tHi ve stern
positively thigmotropjc..
Plants Such as peas and glory lily hava leaf tendnls which are positively thigmotropic.
5. Che:motropfsm ants Growth
. tropic movern · 10
The trQpic m0\,"'8mefll in response to the stimulus of the chemicals are called Chemo ds 0 var; du e
1
of polten lube through the st,i e towards the embryo sac, movement of pollen tube towa~n insectivorou s
absorption of ca.lcium and borate from style of carpel. movement of tentacles in Drosera, ment of fungal I
P_lant. dosing of lid of No.nonthes an insectivorous plant due to nitrogenous food , move t body all arc
h ..._., ' ' · · to hOS
yphae towards sugars and pept-on es and penetration of haustoria of parasite 10
examples of chemotropism . -

~ EXPECTED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Q. .i . Name the follo wing . t vi) Clinostat
(I) A fl"0\,1h inlubiror. (1·1i) Georropism
(II) A gaseous hormone. l 1·111) ALL'<in'-
(m) The tropic mo, emenr m res ponse to the 1u l Senescence
:mmulus of the chemicals. (.\ ) Abscission
(11 •) G ro \\'t.h movements made by plant s in () . ! . Choose the correct altemau ve
response rocontacr (touch) with a solid object. (1) What are Plan t hormo nes called '1
( 1·) A fl ower bud which is pos1u \'ely geotrop1c but (a ) Hypohormones (b) Metaho nuone "
when the tlov,·er ope ns it shows negative (c) Phytohonnone s (d) Cytohonnone~
geocropism t1i) The leaves of mrmosa are sens1ttve to .
( t'JJ A special apparatus m w hich 1f a plant 1s (a) Light th) Touch
rotated neutralizes the effect of graYity. (c) He at (d) Smell
( m) The mo \·ement of plant parts in response to (11 i) A sunflower plant bends towards the ~un . It
rhe force of gravity. 1s _ _ _ respon se .
( mi) A plant ho rm o ne which 1s sy nthes ized (a) Thigmonast1c (b) 5eismonasuc
pnmanly m shoot apical menstems and young ( c ) Thennonasu c (d) PhotonasttC
leaves ( tl') Whr c h hormon e func t1 o ns as a gn.rn th
(1\ ) TI1e penod o f dec reased functional capacity promotor '1
between reproduct1ve matunty and dea th of (a) A uxin (b) Ethylene
Jll urganr,m Absc1s1c ac id
( c) td) Both B and ('
t r) Separation of leaves. flowers and fruns from ( v) Which of the following shows th1 g.rnona~lt l
the plant body respo nse •)

(i) Ab.sc rs1c acid (a) Sun flow er (b) I nsec ti vorous planh
(i i ) Ethylene (c) Lotus (d) Bryophyllum
(1' 1) A higher concentration of ethylene ,._ l 11t1 t 1d
t,11 ) Chemotropism
m:
, " 1 Tiugmotroptsm
(a) Green banana (b) Ripe banan a
( 1•> Poppy
(c) fres h potato tuber(d) Green apple
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l dot-oi.nancc)
C tobn1nsl..AP1ca c 1d (Seed
( II )
Auxinsand y "-bsc i s 1c a
~ . &. Li <it any four functions of Phytoh onnones . · and ,...
G1bbe1e\\1 nl>
•s.. 1 Aowcnng of plams l 111 )
ernunation) d (Growth)
2 Ripening of fn.uts g b c 1s1c ac• 0 10
n o P' s n1
3 . Gcnninat1on uf seed s A ux ins and A s .I ChC
anv
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" f n \<>nlS ,n y - s\ who
Q .9 . Ellpla m bne fl y ap,cal dom11u111.:e Name th ~ (mu ve-mcnl o r • ( S c1ent\ ,
., Cytuk1n1ns
hommnc th,u l' Ontrols it (V I) I\Ullllll> anv
q{ noP'c
\ n s. Tht- ap11:11l blll.ls grow and lower I\Xillary buds an:- discu vcr1:d) (TY p e '
anJ l)r ui,,crJ.
s uppressed Rc-11,oval of a pical h ud s res ult!- in (I' ll ) C u sc u ta
growth uf lower bmh fh1 s ,s called a p u: al rnovcrncnt sh o wn )
(Full furtnl
dominance The honnonc 1s Auxin. ( v 111) \AA and AttA Gibbere\hn" (Seed
Q IO W h11t 1, 8 oltmg? Give an ex.ample ( i) Au,ans
dorm~nc.... , v>
J
\ n, J ust p rtut to flowenng . 111tcrno d e elongates
S uppre!.,C'>
l'noonously 1111s ,s c alled bolting. N o effec t ( Ap1cal
Cyto\on1n,;
e.g . C ~bbage ( 11) Auxin!>
jominance)
() 1 1 Auxins Jnd Gibbcrelhm, mducc growth Ill plant~
lnh1b1l..,
W h,ch hormun~ ha" inhibitory effect u n g ro wth'' Promotes •5ced
Absc1s1c a l. l d '
.\ h~ . Ethykoo has 1nhih1tory e ffect un e longatwn of stem ( 111) G ,bberellio.s
gcrmina u 01, l
.ind root
Q l .?. G1v-c rc.i-.on.., for the following \noucc<,
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Ill ) AUJl.ll\',
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1
( 11' ) Why 111 thl' ,r11wc111e 111 of A 11 m l it I~ In ,li fl l'rt' lll IJ /f"' r /ll Vl ,rl! If , llf 111t1t , ~ ~f,, 1 1,,,,, llr,,,
11
f
d lrCl'linn~·t tl ,.. J(li/1 \1'- ly ;t 1-1 t1111trl t I /if r1,,,1 ,,, j
,\ 11 '1 ( ,) n,
dc 11Hm~tJ11f1• fhtll p l11 111~ q/111w gcolJ t1JdR111 clow 11 w1,11 f~ , lll,w/11/f r,r, ,11 , .. ,,,.,,,,,, ,.
111 11
( /Ji I I 1111 11 1 IIIIN jWt f tll • ti/111,111,1, 1,f" If ttl

~ ~-----------------~ TEST YOURSELF

\ Mnt, It thf f11ll11w 111p

{,.~ (_..~ :.-. -
Name the fo llowi ng
S upp rcs ion o f g row th of Intend hutfq
(i) ( 'o lum,, I , ,,fom,, , ,
(ii) A gaseo us na w ra l plan t ho, mo11e I f< espo11 c;f" lo gr11 v1ty r tn,t111Arf1.,~,,
2 Re,qpfJll'lt' to l/1U L h Jly1~,, ,t;1,pi ,r,,
(iii) A hormo ne that ha~ spcc ifit; e ffect~ r,n (,,e ll
l< r,c;pon ,;r to Ii ii( l1t l'>Wff( lft ( tf11 I
divisio n. 4 Re cipr,nc;e to watrr ( ~/TU1<'1rt(J,
(iv) A ho m,o ne e xcep t aux 111 . w hic h rn c ur uh le of
5 J<csp1m,;r lo , lit. m lt Ft lc; ; /'-.Jtf.rt,p,,11 ,
induci ng parthe nocatpy 4 EKplaJ n the fo ll ,,w,;,g term,;
( v) The c he mica l fa c tors respons ible for rl u11 t
(/ ) Ho lt U11! ( /I) J'M lhl'llh< ittJJ/
growth (II{) Mmph1 ,w·oc·,;1c; U 11 1 lnffrfUtlll'tfllrll
2 . C hoose the co rrec t a lte rna tive
( v ) l 'hyt(IIH111riot1c
(i) Whic h is un a uxi n '?
c; u ,ve one 1;1~111fo 0 111 rllfft rr 11u l1rtwP•n 1 ,, h ,ft~,;
( a ) ATP lollow111g
(b ) Py n 1v1c ac1tl (I) ( kotrr1p11; 11111nd f'11, totrop, rn
(c) Phosphog lycc rr c ac id ( 1/) Aux 1111, r1r1d <,, t,l,crdl111 c;
(d) lndo le ace ti c ac id (iii J Planf growth r c g11IHt1,r t. ,m<I r,lar,, v1,wrf1
(ii) T he grow fh rate is highc~I 111 w in ch lt ghl '' 1nh1h1tort.
<a) Red lig ht ( 1v) 'I h1y,rn(Jl1op1<;,r, ,ind< hrtrnMr•J»"-H1
(b) While l ight (v) Mo ve me nt a nti f ,o, l>ITl',1/rrr,
( c ) Gree n liglil f, Explain w hHf wo11ld h:i ppr n If
(d) Bl ue lig h t ( 1) 01bbc rr ll 1M a r e Hpplwd tli u 1hbitge pl ,irtl
( iii ) Pla nt ho rmo n es arc C'ytoku"n " arc a r,p hed ,,, t1 r,laot exrernaHy
( ,i)
(a ) Grow th reg ula to r.~ Et hylene, ~ t.p raycil
(iii) ,1 rnanw , ,,,.,. ,,n
( b) Grow th prorno to rs (i vJ A f1 r,wcr ,, ern;i i;r 11l,11r I and aurtn ,c: app l,ul
1

( c) G rowth 111hi l111o rs to it <i <; tl g m ,J

(d) All of these (v) A plant 1c; kept neM ,m ,,pen w11,<11,w
( 1v) Geotro p ,c resp o nse 1s p e rce ived hy /. Ex pand the folluwm,z
Mature roo ts
(a ) (iJ IAA / J/) ( , />.
(b) E longa ti ng roors ( iii) P(jR f 1v ) f/A/\
( c ) Roof cap (v) A HA
Root hairs
(d)
~ Wh a t hy p<, ; ,. 11, vc M1rl r1rr,M1vr: tr<,p,,,
1c. m c ;ir11
( v) Whic h one of the following ,s a natura l gm w1h moveme n t <, rn pl ,1nl r, 7 f: !< pl;,,n them hy r,1vm1,
inhibitor '' c. u,tahle cxamplc c;
(a) N A A ( b) AHA '> In a w heal field, c.omr br<,ad lt>;., ved wee.tit; w,.,_,..,
(c ) (AA (d ) GA ,;ccn by a farm er Whi ch plant horr"',ne wm,fd 'jffll
c, ugge111 to get n d of the m ?
[ICSE l fl . What i<; Te ndri l'' N;,m,-. ;ir,y tw<, IYf>e'i '>( tu111r, I<.
',r-11 <, ,. 1 ,n A101, ,.; 10]
f~
, -
j
••l:1il!ii=(llM@: 1D•1i•iit•1:•
CHAPTER 1

14 Human Evolution

The word evolution means the process of gradual changes in organisms to form more and more complex forms over
a long period of time. In other words it is "descent with modification• The man is scientifically called as Homo
sapiens, belongs to the order Primates of the class Mammalia. They evolved along two lines Apes and Man
It has been established thai Dryopithecus is one of the oldest fossil which in turn evolved into apes and men
1 Dryoplthicus . It is a group of apes whose fossils are about 20 · 25 million years old .
It was discovered by Edouard Lartet in France. Tneir arms and legs were almost equal in length.
They were arboreal and had a semi erect posture, large canines, frontly broadened Jaws, without brow ndges
tour feet (1 2 metres) tall with cranial capacity 325 - 500 cc (cubic centimeters)
2 Ramapithecus . They were the earliest man like fossil discovered by Edward Lewis about 10 - 15 m1lhon
years ago They were arboreal primates having man like feeding habit and walked erect on the ground Their
Jaws and teeth were like those of humans. They ate hard nuts and seeds They had short face and small
brain with cranial capacity ranging from 325 • 500 cc
J A1Jstralop1thecus ( P1e firs t Ape man) - They were discovered by Ramond Dart. They lived about 5 million
years ago.They were about 1 .5 metre height and had human as well as ape characters, showed bipedal
locomotion and had erect rosture . Brow ridges present , canines man like and were omnivorous . They did
not have chin and their brain capacity was about 450 - 600 cc .
!I Homo habilis ( The Handy Man) - They were discovered by L S B.i...eakey ?nd his wife Mary Leakey It lived
in Africa about 2 million years ago. They were 1.2 to 1 .5 metres in height, shewed bipedal locomotion with
cran ial capacity about 650 - 800 cc. They had a human lih.e body and an ape like head.
They were the first tool maker and led community life ,n caves and greatly cared for young ones.
5 Homo e,ectus { The up righ t or erect man) - It was evolved about 1.7 million years ago. Mayer discovered
it. They were about 1 s· - 1.8 metres in height, males were probably larger than females , having low sloping
forehead , thick and projecting brow ridges. Their cranial capacity was 750 - 1100 cc. They had erect posture.Their
toot was arched to support body weight:They had protruding jaws, small canines and large molar teeth
S ThtJ Early Man The true men including the living Modern Man
( J Neanderthal r an ( Hc m o sapiens neanderthalensis ) Their fossils were discovered by C Fuhlrott Their
forehead w~s low and slanting. Their brow ridges were heavy, had no chin , cranial capacity was 1300 .
1600 cc, height was 1 5 - 1.66 metres (5 · 5.5 feet). had semi erect stooping posture and were intellige nt
and good hunters
(b) Cro--Magnon Ma:, ( Homo sapiens foss ilis) - They were th& early modern man Their fossils were discovered
by MacGregor. _They we_re about 1.5 metres tall, with perfect erect posture . Body less hairy, chin well
developed, cranial capacity 1660 cc, teeth closely placed , wisdom tooth present.

{c) Moder~ Man (Ho'!'o _sapiens s~p,ens) - Ev_ olved from Cro-Magnon Man. Entirely erect posture , upright
_ _ head with eyes
____ facing 1n front , straight limbs with arms shorter than legs Fingers and toes atta·med t·1at na,- s.
1

187
, Cr----,~'
~ r,.~
300 -
1 - .- - -
6i00 oc a~abouf l ~ Q b c c : e , , ~ n . ~ ~ mt.D' ~
·~ -- - .. l l l " D ~ ~
dW'i

- ~ Cnlntal Capadty otdffl-tten tHumananoes.tors

~~
J °'>----
cubk-
Cran&al CapacU,es (In
______;__ C41ftttmeten)
-
~ ....,..~ 325 500
2 ~
J2S 500
3. ~
450 600
..: H<xno ;~
650 - &Xl
5 Homo&ECttJ:s
-S0 - 1t00
6 - ~ man
1300 - 1600
7 Cm-Magnan man
1660
8 Modem man 1300 - 1600 ,Average 1450)
TiiEORrEs OF EVOLUTION

A. ~ s th80fY ot Klhentance ot acqutred characte(s (larrlarc:ldsm)

8
Oarwtn's ttleCXy ol NaturaJ seiect1on ( Darwinism)
1
A.. = RCKISAi (Theo(y ot tnhenta.nce ot acquired characters)
1 tdosm mdudes three maw. factors°' po,5Mates These a re as follows
1 Use and disuse of organs
2. Effect of Enwonment and new needs
3 . trJ-.entance ot acquired characters
Lamarck: expkig)€(j his theory by 9 "''in9 folowmg examples:
1 Evo , .rti on o f lo n g "' eel\ a r d foreli mbs of g iraffe - According to Lama rck. the aflees tors o f giraffe had
short neck and torellmbs and were Just like horses or deers The ground vegetabon dtSappeared They had
to continuos1y stretch thetr neck and forelegs to browse on leaves . This resulted in gradual elongation of
neck and forelrmbs wtudl was transmitted to next generation. in wtuch further elongaoon occurred due to '
SJITlitar efforts. This resulted rn the long neck and long forelimb of giraffe
2. Vestig ial o rga n s in hu,...a'"'s Vesug,al organs are those organs in human beings which are present tn
reduced fonn (poorly aeveloped) that are non-functional and usaless to us but were fully developed and
funcoonal organs in our ancestors. According to Lamarck. drsuse of organs lead to the development of such
ves6gial organs in humans.
The hu man body has about 90 vestigial organs . Some of these are Wisdom teeth (Third molars) .
Vennifonn appendix and Pinna.
B. DARWINISM (Theory of Natural Selection)
Darwinism incl udes four mam postulates. These are as follows:
1. CNetprodocoon
2. Struggle for existence
3. Variations
4_ Natural selection and survival of the fittest
Darwin exp!asned his theory by giving following examples:
1 Evolution of long neck of giraffe - According to Darwin. the ancestors of giraffe showed variation Both
long necked and shon necked giraffe's existed. When ground vegetation disappeared long necked girattej
with long forelimbs _could reach the leaves of trees whil~ the short ones _could _not reach th~ tall trees ~nd
d ied. Natural selection favoured long neck from generation after generation which resutted in the evolution
of present day long necked modem giraffe.

ncse 10)
 2. Adephitlon of Peppered moth (lndus trlol Melanis m) • An adaptaUo,.. wt
,
. •• 1or0 1ho pgnn...
bt1tulsrla), living In tho lndus tnal areas developed molanln pigments to match tnelr ...,..,red rnoth {EJJ•ton
Betort:t lnduslrlal revolution, tho black peppered moth wa s rare The light-bodied body to the tree truni,-3
) in with the light-coloured bark ot trees ot lichens and escaped frorn their enem· rnot ht. were able to bkind
. 10S 9 lack moth
likely to be eaten by the birds Due to lndustrral revolution the soot from the ne was more
. . w coal burning I ct ,
made tho trees became d arksned . T his led to an increase m bird predation for light a onea
· · , on the other hand, got hidden •,ery ~wenI~~mho
coloured moths (81ston betularla carbonar,a) by t~ · ar1-:-
trees and escaped unnotlce~ by the birds. The ~pulation of dark-coloured moth rapid!y increasec.blaeke~
to Darwin, Industrial melan1sm supports evolution by natural selection, that operated In the d,~ rd,ng
eliminating gene tor light coloured and gradual increase of gene for dark pigment. 100 of

Certain points to be noted:

• Nictitating membrane, segmental musclf!s of abdomen, tail vertebrae (Coccyx). hair on body ni
. in
male, clitoris . tema Ies an d porn
. t e d canines
. · organs in humans.' PP1es
are some o f th e ves t'1g1al in

• Increase in melanic variety of peppered moth was explained by Kettlewell

• The tour apes which are close relative of man are gibbon, orangutan, chimpanzee and gorillas

EXPECTED QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Q . 1. Name the fo llowing : (v) Auricular muscles

(i) T he slow and continuous process whereby (v i ) The Theory of Na tural s~Iection
c omplex forms o f life have e merged from ( v11 ) Ph ilosophic Zoolog1que
s impler fonn s (vui ) Oyster
(ii) The organs that have ceased to be of any use ( 1x) lntraspec1fic compet1t1on
to the possesser but still pers is ts genera tion (x) Speciauon
after generations rn a reduced form . Q .2 Choose the correc t alternatives
(iii) The las t mo lars o n each s ides o f both the Jaws. (i) Industrial mel a nrsm was highlighted b y ·
(1v) The organ wh ic h proJects from the blind e nd o f (a) Mimo sa pud1ca
th e c;iec um ::is a narrow wonn like tube . (b ) Bisron betuiana
( v) The muscles of prnn a which 1s non -fu nctiona l (c ) Po lar bear
rn humans. (d) Butterfly
(v i) The theory given by C harles Darwin . ( ti) Parameci um divides at the rate of _ _ __
(vu) The book written by Lamarck. times in 48 hours
(vii i) The anin,al that lays 60 to 80 m illio n eggs in a (a) One (b) Two
single spawn (c ) Three ( d) Four
( ix) The competition between m e mbers of same ( 11i) The early m o d em man was
species ( a) Cro magnun man
(x) Origin of spec ies by grad ual modifi c ation . (b) Australopithec us
\ 11-.. (i ) Evolutio n (c) Homo e rectus
(ii) Vestig ial organs (d ) Homo lwbi/1 s
(iii) Wisdom teeth (1v) Ramapithecus was di scovered by :
(iv) Vermiform appendix (a) Ramond Dart
(b) C Fuhlrott
[ICSE Seit Study 81of0<Jv 1OJ
[1 8f
 h•irac tcrs thnt ore
(c ) Edward Lewis (1) Offspring mherit only those c • Us
t in germ ce .
(d) MacGregor controlled by the genes prese n
. I haructer Hence.
(v) The average cranial capacity of modem man Blindness is a non-hentab e c
in cubic centimeter 1s· not blind
offspring ofbltnd couple are
-ii because o f
(a) 350 (b) 580 (11) Two individuals are never Idenuc.
. I 1h . g vanattons
(l') 1100 (d) 1450 their genetic differences whic no . .
I of organt $111'-
l v,) The evolutionary histcry of a species 1s cal led 1n shape, fonn . size 3nd co our .
. ·inular because
(a) Phylogeny (b ) Palaeoanthropology Identical twins on other han d are s
they are geneucally ahke.
( c) Speciation (d) Evolutmn d proJecung face
(111) Neanderthals had a forwar
(vii) The se lecti ve age nt ca using the change 10 nathous face .
and jaws so were called as pro g
peppered moth was f \irninat1n g gene
(, v) It operated in the direction o e
(a) Humans ( b) Lichens for light colour and gradual increase of gene
( c ) Birds (d) Smoke
for dark pigment.
( v11i) Wh ich one is not correct for Dryopithecus?
(v ) Cro magnon man started se tteling down in
(a) Large canines use food w as
permanent commumt1es b eca ·
( b) Semi erect posture
abundant.
(c ) No brow ridges
Q. -l . Explain the fo llowing tem1s :
(d) Lived m caves
(i) Acclimatizat1on (1i) Phylogeny
(1.r ) Who were called as Handy m :111 ') (r l') Speciatton
(11 i ) L1v1ng fossil
( a) H omo erect 11s
( 1·) Extinctlon
(b ) H omo sap ie11 s \ 11 -.. ( 1) Acclimatization : Adaptatio n of speci e s o r
(c) H o mo hab1!, s popul atton to a chan ged en vironment
(d) None of these (ii) Phylogeny: lt is the evolut ionary htstory of a
(r) The te nn e volu11on was n.11ned by spec ies.
(a ) Kettlewell (b ' Spence r ( 1u ) Living fossil : A lt vmg .1n1mal of anc ient on g tn
( c) Lamarck ( d ) Darwin with many prim1t1ve characters
(I) b (ii) b (Iii ) a (1v) C (1v) Speciation: The process by which new specie..,
(v ) d ( vi) a ( VII) C (v iii) d are formed .
( LX) C (x ) b (v) Extinction: It ts complete d isappearance of a
Give reasons for the foll owmg living species, race or gro up from the e arth

(, ) Offspring of blind couple are not blind. surface .

ti) No two ,nd1 v1d ual<; :ire ,denu ca l except the ') 3 The fi gure sho ws an apeman
1denuca l 1wrn ~ (i) ldr nufy h11n

,, ) Neanderthal man had prog nathous face . (1i) What type of locl1mot1on they

l Jndustri..il mclani -;rn , uppom evolution by natural :-,bowed''

sclect10n ( 1i1) Wh at 1s th eir crant al capac tty 0

I Cro mag non man -;tarted ~ettehng down m (iv} What was the special feature
penmmenr com111un1t1es ·of.these.ape man?

(ICSE 1 101
 l.} s. W nte thre~ v.ords to cxpla.in eH>luuon
\ \") \\ tut \\ ~ ~ l f h('1ght' \ 11 , De-scent ""1th mod1fo:;,uon
~,, H.,,",ffl,.' >r.;:pil.u ,'Th-! h.md) man) 0 '-I Fill up the bl~'-' 1th ~u1tablc wor-d.s
,,i, a,red-11 k'-' ~'°"'l(\ ( 1) Tile Neanderthals ,-.ere found
..\fnca and _ _ _ _
in Europe North

HJI' (\_..__,, • SC('\..:-

... ~, hunun h~e ~;d" dI\tl ~ h~~ he.id tr i) Th<e rnodiiie<l narural theory of D-.uv. m 1!> calkx!
\ n •\ \ ~~ l ~ j . •

\ \'' I ~ - l ::, i:t<Cm-:-

_..__. . hunx"n p1nn..1 .u,d muscles { w ) _ _ _ 1s the slowe st breeder producmg 6
~ Jt ~;:,Jilffi :,.Jl'.~\ \ ~ ...
Q . t-. l l l'C --0-
)OUn g one'> m 1b hfe of about 90 )CMS
l n ·) The dental .irc h of A ustraloptthecm, wa"!> a
smoothly rounded _ __ _
l \") Modem m.m has b1pedal \ocomouon and _ _
re, e rsed curves m the spine
\ n, ti ) Asia
(H) Neo Dar" 1msm
( m) Elephant
ti) Wh a t 1s X , t n) ?arabola
, .,, Wb ~ n 1:-: -:-.tlle<l ,e.sup a l"> ci) Four
,m, -~c ..--(irdi.ng t0 L.mwre~- " hat kads to t!k' lJ 1 ll Stale the tollO\\ mg. .1.-. lrue or false
de ,·elopmenc oi these 0rg ans'' uI Struggle for e,.1stence \\ as. g1, en b) Lamarck
,n) He>" many , u-:-h ,esug.1al organs .1re pn!senl rn
111) W1-,dom teeth .ippears last .it an age of about
hum.ms "' 1-, - 20 years;
\ n, \11 .\.uncufar muscle , Iw I E,oluuon of mo<lerr man 1s a discontinuous
\II I It \\ JS fuoction.tl in •.uKe 5tOf"- but 1, nO\\ non
proce-.~
funcn..)na.l.
1w) Disuse of vrgJ.P'-
t n, lnduscn al mel.1nhm t0ok place m \1 anchc>ster
I\ l A d e cred~e <l rt:p r o du c t1 ve r ate 1~ ..rn
\ n I u;)
e\olut1onary characte nsttc of man
0 - . WbJt 1s the scie ntific name o f x eandethal mdn )
\ 11, (1) False 111) T rue (lzi) Fa lse
\ ;,- Homo sap1~n.s neanderrlwlensu
In-) True (v) True

TEST y·ouRSELF
 WI n)i! f fl.ld v , 1J /•..
F ... uw1 •.»i,.111 .u:rJ .. "t.1iWA<Jf1 ,.
-.·aJJt.-1
(,,; P iJ111:tMt11fJlll.JptJJ1>~)'
<b ) Atmll OfMt>,t y
(' J PhyJ0~11)
(dj Nooe u, tJ1e:.c
( iti> n r:t~f)lllt ahihty WU~ <.111n.pletd) li)'"f Ill
(a) Upnglu m'" 1
<h J NeandeftruiJ mar,
k) Fi~ t apem.an
(d ) Handy man
imc iJf the follcJwrn,, had the t.Jllillh-:~t
( t v J Whi ch
bram capacity?
(a ) llomo erectuJ
(b ) Homo sapu,m,3
(c) H omo habllo
Ct) 'Nt~t i. the pu.:::.u.r,.. n1n.,a:-,1 ( '
(d ) None of theb<! Ctt) Wntt 1t~ ?>;....it.Wfi:. •_iarri t
( v J W l11ch one of the foll owing wa'> nvt explained <an ln wtuc.,hv>Wr..l') 1ad ~l.l ' 1n1'/ °~'
by the Darw1ntsrn ·)
<,vJ Wb,; -.,e,•: tne e::1~·ut:· ,) "'•~!.it i-wt•n/
(a) Natural selection
<1, J Au.:,91dn •g tv }Jar.i, , •.. ·,m ""ii· Ci~ v xi:. UJ' 1
r.
(b) '>truggJe for ext'>tence of tb u, etfo·;f'
( c) Amval of the litte'> t (J, Wht<-h m<>rphrA'Jgll..s.. ' ect..!ft=' 1Xl'1'l!' -..12.. , .....-,.,.;•;<
( d ) On gin of f>pe<:ie'> efiic1ent m thi: v .r~ ,_,f e\ ,..,~ •'.J"J
Mention the rwo pnnc,pt~ through whicli Lamarck Q .~ J;,x.plam t'VG!ut.1<.n r.,f g.i.rJ'~ • l..i~ m.:.vx:::: ti~
explai ned his idea~ Darwrn , theor) r.>f nawa.. ..,t:lec• r
N ame 11ny two vestigial organ1; found in hurnam ' ) <j M.enuoo the prJ~tulatt· of Vi!,">' ~, :h~.Jf; rf ·~al.Jr-'J;l
5 c,eiect.Jr)T}
The g iven p,cwre show~ the face of a Cro -Magnon
Man () JO F1tne:.~ 11> the end res:ili vi t..~ ~~, h 1:, ~'J arla~:r an-:
get selected by m..ture I:,?1, ,- \.\ :..1 '_ .1.:.:,. ~
ex.ample
Q 1I. WhKh morpl-1vlogiccl feat::n·· -z,l:ldt: ,:ll1.ri 'TJ':1
efiit:1ent rn tht coun.e o' e\ •>luUix1 '

( 1) What, ., hi s ment1fic name"

(ii) Who discovered the fossi l ofCro-Magnon Man'>
111) When did they became extinct?

[ICSE -