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Metals
Polymers
Ceramics
Composites •177
Contents
• Introduction to cement
• Chemical composition of cement
• History of cement
• Methods of cement manufacturing
• Tests/properties of cements
• Heat of hydration
• Types of cements
What is Cement
•198
Methods for fineness measurements
• Fineness can be measured by two methods
• Sieve analysis
• Specific surface
Sieve analysis
• In this method, 50gm cement is sieved (No. 100 &
200 sieve)for a known period of time. Separate the
residue and weigh it.
•3CaO . SiO2
•3CaO . Al2O3
Time
Compressive Strength
• There are two methods for testing the
compressive strength of cement;
• Average compressive strength of three mortar
cubes.
• Average compressive strength of three
concrete cubes.
• Cubes are of 7.06cm sides
Compressive Strength
3 days 15 23 29 8.5 13 18
28 days 34.5 41 46 19 29 33
•205
Setting Time
• Setting time can be defined as the time in which
stiffening of the standard cement paste takes place.
• When cement is mixed with water to form a fluid
paste, the mixture will eventually become stiff and
then hard. This process is called setting.
• The setting time of cement paste of standard
consistency can be categorized as:
• Initial setting time (not less than 45 min.)
•210
Soundness
• Soundness is the ability of cement to maintain
a stable volume after setting.
• An unsound cement that undergoes large
volume changes, will exhibits cracking,
disruption, and eventual disintegration of the
material mass.
• It may be due to excessive amount of free lime
or magnesium.
•211
Free Lime
• The free lime is enclosed in cement particles,
and eventually the moisture reaches the lime
after the cement has set.
• At that time the lime expands with
considerable force, disrupting the set cement.
•212
How to measure Soundness
• Soundness can be measured by
• “Le- Chatlier’s” apparatus. &
• Autoclave test
•213
Soundness using Le- Chatlier’s” apparatus
•214
Soundness using Le- Chatlier’s” apparatus
•215
Soundness using Le- Chatlier’s” apparatus
•216
Soundness using Autoclave
• Standard specimens of neat cement
paste are subjected to high
pressure and temperature for 3
hours.
•217
Heat of Hydration
• It is the heat produced by the chemical reaction
between cement and water.
• The amount of heat generated depends on chemical
composition of cement.
• Rate of heat generated is affected by the fineness of
cement, temperature during hydration, and chemical
composition.
• If heat is not rapidly dissipated, an undesirable rise in
temperature may occur which may be accompanied
by thermal expansion.
•218
Heat of Hydration
• A subsequent drop in temperature may then create
undesirable stresses in the structure as such.
• On the other hand a rise in temperature may be beneficial in
cold weather, help to make favorable curing conditions.
•220
Flash Setting
• If the cement has hydrated and further
remixing will do no good, the type of setting
will be flash setting.
•221
Specific gravity
• Specific gravity of a portland cement is
generally about 3.15. cement made from
materials other than limestone and clay may
have some different values.
• Specific gravity is not an indicator of quality of
cement but is used in mix design.
•222
•223
Types of cements
• Based on ASTM Classifications,
• ASTM Type-I (Normal)
• ASTM Type-II (Moderate Heat or Modified)
• ASTM Type-III (High Early Strength)
• ASTM Type-IV (Low Heat)
• ASTM Type-V (Sulfate Resisting)
•224
ASTM Type-I (Normal)
• This type of cement is used in general concrete
construction when the special properties of the other
types are not required.
• It is used where the concrete will not be subjected to
sulfate attack from soil or water or be exposed to
severe weathering conditions.
• It is generally not used in large masses because of the
heat of hydration generated.
• Its uses includes in pavements, sidewalks, reinforced
concrete buildings, bridges, railways structures, tanks,
and reservoirs,, water pipes and masonry units.
•225
ASTM Type-II (Modified)
• Type II cement is used where resistance to moderate sulfate
attack is important, as in areas where sulfate concentration in
ground water is higher than normal but not severe.
• Type II cements produce less heat of hydration than type I,
thus their use in structure of mass such as piers, abutments,
and retaining walls.
• They are used in warm weather concreting because of their
lower temperature rise than type I.
•226
ASTM Type-III (Early High Strength)
•227
ASTM Type-IV (Low Heat)
•228
ASTM Type-V (Sulfate Resisting)
• Type V is primarily used where the soil or
ground water contains high sulfate
concentrations and the structure would be
exposed to severe sulfate attack.
•229
Types of Cement and their Uses in Concrete
Construction
There are various types of cement used in concrete construction. Each
type of cement has its own properties, uses and advantages based
on composition materials used during its manufacture.
13 Types of Cement and their Uses
• Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
• Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
• Rapid Hardening Cement
• Quick setting cement
• Low Heat Cement
• Sulphates resisting cement
• Blast Furnace Slag Cement
• High Alumina Cement
• White Cement
• Coloured cement
• Air Entraining Cement
• Expansive cement
• Hydrographic cement •Dept of Mat Eng •230
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
Rapid hardening cement attains high strength in early days it is used in concrete
where formworks are removed at an early stage and is similar to ordinary portland
cement (OPC). This cement has increased lime content and contains higher c3s
content and finer grinding which gives greater strength development than OPC at an
early stage.
The strength of rapid hardening cement at the 3 days is similar to 7 days strength of
OPC with the same water-cement ratio. Thus, advantage of this cement is that
formwork can be removed earlier which increases the rate of construction and
decreases cost of construction by saving formwork cost.
Rapid hardening cement is used in prefabricated concrete construction, road works,
etc.
The difference between the quick setting cement and rapid hardening cement is that
quick setting cement sets earlier while rate of gain of strength is similar to Ordinary
Portland Cement, while rapid hardening cement gains strength quickly. Formworks in
both cases can be removed earlier.
Quick setting cement is used where works is to be completed in very short period
and for concreting in static or running water
• Cement sets and hardens when water is added. This setting time
can vary depending on multiple factors, such as fineness of cement,
cement-water ratio, chemical content, and admixtures. Cement
used in construction should have an initial setting time that is not
too low and a final setting time not too high. Hence, two setting
times are measured:
• Initial set: When the paste begins to stiffen noticeably (typically
occurs within 30-45 minutes)
• Final set: When the cement hardens, being able to sustain some
load (occurs below 10 hours)
• Again, setting time can also be an indicator of hydration rate.
Three types of strength of cement are measured – compressive, tensile and flexural. Various factors
affect the strength, such as water-cement ratio, cement-fine aggregate ratio, curing conditions, size
and shape of a specimen, the manner of molding and mixing, loading conditions and age. While
testing the strength, the following should be considered:
Cement mortar strength and cement concrete strength are not directly related. Cement strength is
merely a quality control measure.
The tests of strength are performed on cement mortar mix, not on cement paste.
Cement gains strength over time, so the specific time of performing the test should be mentioned.
Compressive Strength
It is the most common strength test. A test specimen (50mm) is taken and subjected to a compressive
load until failure. The loading sequence must be within 20 seconds and 80 seconds.
Standard tests:
AASHTO T 106 and ASTM C 109: Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 50-mm or 2-
in. Cube Specimens)
ASTM C 349: Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using Portions of Prisms Broken in
Flexure)
Tensile strength
Though this test used to be common during the early years of cement production, now it does not offer
any useful information about the properties of cement.
Flexural strength
This is actually a measure of tensile strength in bending. The test is performed in a 40 x40 x 160 mm
cement mortar beam, which is loaded at its center point until failure.