Fundamentals of Engineering Exam REVIEWS.

MATRICES #2

Prepared by Eng. Maged Kamel

Civil Engineer.
Objective of lecture.

To understand the following points

1- Determinants

2- Minors and cofactors

3- Expansion of determinant by row or columns.

4- Solving system of equations by using Gauss versus Crammer Rule.

5- Determinant of 4x4 Matrix.

6- Adjoint of matrix.

7- inverse of matrix.
Determinant for matrix of 2x2

a b
A=
C d Or called det(A)

A = (ad –bc)
Example:
If B= 4 6 If ad-bc =0 matrix is non invertible (does not
Estimate determinant of B
3 8 have inverse)

solution

B = (ad –bc)=(4*8-6*3) = 18 Det(B)> invertible matrix

Example:
If A= 2 6
Estimate determinant of A
1 3

Det(A)=0 singular or non invertible matrix

Det(A)= (ad –bc) =(2*3-6*1) = 0
Determinant for matrix of 2x2

a b
A=
C d Or called det(A)

A = (ad –bc)
Example:
If B= 4 6 If ad-bc =0 matrix is non invertible (does not
Estimate determinant of B
3 8 have inverse)

solution

B = (ad –bc)=(4*8-6*3) = 18 Det(B)> invertible matrix

Example:
If A= 2 6
Estimate determinant of A
1 3

Det(A)=0 singular or non invertible matrix

Det(A)= (ad –bc) =(2*3-6*1) = 0
 Determinant for matrix of
3x3
a b C
C(
a( -b (
d e f
A= Det(A)=
g h i

DET(A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)
)
Rule of Sarrus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Sarrus
 a b C C(
What is minors & cofactor? a( -b (
A= d e f
Determinant for matrix of 3x3
g h i

A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)

Cij = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 Mij a b C

M11 :value of the determinant
obtained By d e f M11
deleting first row with first e f
g h i = ei - fh
column
h i
C11 : Cofactor 11 = =(−𝟏)𝟏+𝟏 M11 =M11
+ - + a b C
- + - M12 :value of the determinant M12
obtained By d e f
+ - + deleting first row with 2nd d f
= di - fg
column g h i
C12 : Cofactor 12 = =(−𝟏)𝟏+𝟐 M12 = -M12 g i
 What is minors & cofactor? a b C C(
a( -b (
Determinant for matrix of 3x3 A= d e f

g h i

A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)

M13 :value of the a b C

determinant obtained By
a *c11 +b *c12+c*c13 d e f M13
deleting first row with 3rd
column d e
g h i = dh - eg
C13 : Cofactor 13 = =(−𝟏)𝟏+𝟑 M13 g h
=+M13
+ - + a b C
M21 :value of the determinant M21
- + - obtained By d e f
+ - + deleting 2nd row with first column b c
g h i = bi - ch

C12 : Cofactor 12 = =(−𝟏)𝟏+𝟐 M12 =-M12 h i

What is minors & cofactor? a b C
C(
a( -b (
d e f
Determinant for matrix of 3x3 A=
g h i

A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)

M22 :value of the determinant a b C

+ - +
obtained By M22
- + - deleting 2nd row with 2nd d e f
+ - + column a c
g h i = ai - cg
g i
C22 : Cofactor 22 = =(−𝟏)𝟐+𝟐 M22 =+M22
a b C
M23 :value of the determinant
d e f M23
obtained By
deleting 2nd row with 3rd a b
column g h i = ah-bg
g h

C23 : Cofactor 23 = =(−𝟏)𝟐+𝟑 M23 =-M23

 What is minors & a b C C(
cofactor? a( -b (
Determinant for matrix of 3x3 A= d e f

g h i

A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)

a b C
+ - +
M31 :value of the determinant
- + - obtained By d e f M31
+ - + deleting 3rd row with 1st b c
= bf - ce
column g h i
e f
C31 : Cofactor 31 = =(−𝟏)𝟑+𝟏 M31 =+M31
a b C
M32 :value of the determinant
M32
obtained By d e f
deleting 3rd row with 2nd a c
= af-cd
column g h i
𝟑+𝟐
d f
C32: Cofactor 32 = =(−𝟏) M32 =-M32
What is minors & cofactor? a b C C(
a( -b (
Determinant for matrix of 3x3 A= d e f

g h i

A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg)

a b C
+ - + M33 :value of the determinant obtained
- + - By
d e f M33
deleting 3rd row with 3rd column
+ - + a b
= ae - bd
g h i
d e

C33: Cofactor 33 = =(−𝟏)𝟑+𝟑 M33 =+M33

Examples for minors and cofactors.

Find the minors and cofactors of 5 -4

+ - +
0 1
- + -
+ - +
M11 =+1 c11 =(−𝟏)𝟏+𝟏 M11 =+M11= 1

M12 = 0 c12 =(−𝟏)𝟏+𝟐 M12 =-M12 =0

M21 = -4 c21 =(−𝟏)𝟐+𝟏 M21 =-M21 =+4

M22 = +5 c22 =(−𝟏)𝟐+𝟐 M22 =+M22 =+5

 Cofactor Expansions

Expansion by 1st row a b C

+ - +
=a *(c11)+b(c12)+c*(c13) A= d e f - + - Cofactor
A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg) + - + signs
g h i

Det(A) =aei- afh -bdi+ bfg +cdh -ceg

a b C
i=2
A= d e f =-d(bi-ch)
Expansio
Det(A)=ai1*ci1+ai2*ci2+ai3*ci3+……+ ai*cin n by 2nd
expansion by i row g h i
row

a b C
a b C

A= d e f A= d e f =+e(ai-cg) aei -ceg

=-f(ah-bg)
g h i
-afh +bfg
g h i
-bdi + cdh
 Cofactor expansions
Expansion by 1st row a b C
+ - +
=a *(c11)+b(c12)+c*(c13) A= d e f Cofactor signs
- + -

A =a (ei–fh)-b(di-fg)+c(dh-eg) g h i + - +

Det(A) =aei- afh -bdi+ bfg +cdh -ceg

a b C
J=1
Det(A)=a1j*c1j +a2j*c2j+a3j*c3j+……+ A= d e f =+a(ei-fh)
Expansion by 1
anj*cnj expansion by j column column.
g h i

a b C
a b C
aei -afh
A= d e f
A= d e f =-d(bi-ch)
=+g(bf-ce) +cdh -bdi
g h i
g h i bfg -ceg
 Properties of determinant

1-The value of determinant is unaltered by interchanging its rows and columns

3 1 -4

A= 2 5 6 Det (A)= +3*(5*8-4*6)-1*(2*8-1*6)+(-4)*(2*4-

1*5)=3*(16)-1*(10)-4*(3)=+26
1 4 8
Same value

3 2 1
Transpose Det (A)= (+3*(5*8-4*6)-2*(1*8-4*-4)-1*(1*6-
1 5 4 5*-4) =3*(16)-2*(+24)+1*(+26)=48-48+26=26

-4 6 8
 Properties of determinant

2- if any of the two rows(columns)of the determinant are interchanged the determinant
change its sign but its numerical value is unaltered .

3 1 -4
Det (A)= +3*(5*8-4*6)-1*(2*8-1*6)+(-4)*(2*4-
A= 2 5 6 1*5)=3*(16)-1*(10)-4*(3)=+26

1 4 8
Same value but –ve sign

Row 2 in
2 5 6
Place of Det (A)= +2*(1*8-4*-4)-5*(3*8+4*1)+6*(3*4-1*1)=2*(24)-
3 1 -4
R1 5*(28)+6(11)=+48-140+66=-26
1 4 8
Properties of determinant

3- if any of the two rows(columns)of the determinant are identical

,the value of determinant =0.

3 1 -4
Det (A)= +3*(1*8-4*-4)-1*(3*8-4*-1)+(-
A= 3 1 -4 4)*(3*4-1*1)=3*(24)-1*(28)-4*(11) =72-28-44
=0
1 4 8
Row 1 is the same as R2

3 3 1
Det (A)= +3*(3*8-1*1)-3*(3*8-1*1)+(1)*(3*1-1*3)=3*(23)-
3 3 1 3*(23)+1*(0) =69-69+0=0

1 1 8
 Properties of determinant

4- if every element in a row(column)multiplied by a constant K , the value of the determined is multiplied by K.

3 1 -4
Det (A)= +3*(5*8-4*6)-1*(2*8-1*6)+(-4)*(2*4-
A= 2 5 6 1*5)=3*(16)-1*(10)-4*(3)=+26
1 4 8

1st row is multiplied by 3

9 3 -12

A1 = 3 3 1
Det (A)1= +9*(5*8-4*6)-3*(2*8-1*6)+(-12)*(2*4-
1 4 8
1*5)=9*(16)-3*(10)-12*(3)=+26*3=78
 Determinant for 4x4 matrix

It can be calculated by using both elementary row operations (Row reduction) and cofactor method.

Example-1 -1 2 -3 4

Find the determinant of the given matrix 5 0 2 -2

Convert to upper triangular matrix 2 1 1 2

0 0 3 -2
solution

-1 2 -3 4 -1 2 -3 4 -1 2 -3 4

R1*5+R2
5 0 2 -2 0 10 -13 18 0 10 -13 18
R2
0 R1*2+R3
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 0 5 -5 10
R3
0 0 3 -2 0 0 0 3 -2 0 0 3 -2
 -1 2 -3 4 -1 2 -3 4 -1 2 -3 4
0 10 -13 18 0 10 -13 18 0 10 -13 18
-R2/2+R3
0 5 -5 10
R3 0 0 +1.50 1 0 0 +1.50 1
0 0 3 -2 -2R3+R4
0 0 0 3 -2
R4 0 0 0 -4

0 Expand by 1st column

Det(A) =-1 10 -13 18 + - + -
0 +1.50 1 - + - +
0 0 -4 + - + -
Sarrus

10 -13 18 10 -13
Det (A)=-1*(10*1.5*-4-13*1*0+18*0*0+13*0-18*0*0-18*1.50*0-0*1*10-4*0*-13) =-1*(-
0 1.50 1 0 1.50
60-0)=+60
0 0 -4 0 0
 Example-2
5 4 2 1

Find the determinant of the given matrix 2 3 1 -2 + - + -

- + - +
Convert the column to 0 ‘s for 3 rows -5 -7 -3 9 + - + -
1 -2 -1 4
solution

5 4 2 1 5 4 2 1 5 4 2 1

2 3 1 -2 0 2 3 1 -2 -2R4+R2 0 7 3 -10
R2
-5 -7 -3 9 +R1+R3
0 0 -3 -1 10 0 -3 -1 10
R3
-0.20*R1+R4 0 -2.80 -1.4 +3.80
1 -2 -1 4 1 -2 -1 4
0 R4
Expand by 1st
column
 Sarrus
Det(A) =-1 7 3 -10 + - + -
7 3 -10 7 3 -3 -1 10 - + - +
-3 -1 10 -3 -1 -2.80 -1.40 3.80 + - + -
-2.80 -1.40 3.80 -2.80 - 1.40
Det (A)=7*(7*-1*3.80+(3*10*-2.80)+(-10*-3*-1.40) –(-2.80*-1*-10)-(-1.40*10*7)-

(3.80*-3*3)=-1*(-26.6+84-42+28+98+34.20)=7*7.6 = 38

5 4 2 1

Det(A)=38 0 7 3 -10

0 -3 -1 10

0 -2.80 -1.4 +3.80

 Adjoint

Adjoint is the transpose of cofactors

T
C11 C12
Adj(A)= 2x2 matrix
C21 C22

Example find the transpose of (2x2) matrix

+ -
1 4 C11=+(5)=+5
For B=
- +
1 5 C12=-(1)=-1

C21=-(4)=-4

T C22=+(1)=+1

+5 -1 +5 -4
Adj(b)=
-4 +1 =
-1 +1
 Adjoint

Adjoint is the transpose of cofactors

T
Adj(A)= + - +
C11 C12 C13

- + -
C21 C22 C23 3x3 matrix

C31 C32 C33 + - +

Example find the transpose of (3x3) matrix

C12=-(2*4-2*3) =-2 C13=+*(2*3-3*3)=-3

C11=(3*4-2*3)=+6
For B= 1 2 3
2 3 2
C21=-1*(2*4-3*3)=+1 C22=+(1)*(1*4-3*3)=-5 C23=-(1)*(1*3-3*2)=+3
3 3 4
C31=+(1)(2*2-3*3)=-5 C32=-(1)*(1*2-2*3)=+4 C33=+(1)*(1*3-2*2)=-1

T
+6 -2 -3 6 1 -5

+1 -5 +3 -2 -5 +4
Adj(b)=
=
-5 +4 -1 -3 +3 -1
Inverse of matrix

1- by using gauss Jordan

method
If you have matrix A ,it can be use augmented matrix by
placing -1
A I Transform the matrix to identity matrix I A

Example Find the inverse of matrix using the Gauss –Jordan method

3 -8

1 2
solution

3 -8 1 0 R1/3
1 -8/3 1/3 0
R1 1 -8/3 1/3 0
1 2 0
1 2 0 1 R2-R1
1 0 14/3 -1/3 1
R2
 1 -8/3 1/3 0 (+8/3)*R2+R1
1 -8/3 1/3 0
R1
0 14/3 -1/3 1 (3/14)*R2
0 1 -1/14 3/14
R2

1 0 2/14 8/14 1 2 8
𝐴−1 = = *
0 1 -1/14 3/14 14
-1 3

Change of
3 -8
location
Det(A) (3*2-(-8*1)=+14
1 2

Change of sign
 Inverse of matrix

By using adjoint and determinant

The inverse of matrix A when multiplied By A =1 + -

It is written as 𝐴−1 - +

2x2 matrix
-1 T
a b C11 C12
= Adj(A) Adj(A)= d -c
c d
-b a
Det A C21 C22

C11= (−1)1+1 M11= -M11=+d

Det(A)= ad-
cb C12= (−1)1+2M12= -M12=-C
-1
a b d -b C21= (−1)2+1M21= -M21=-b
= ad-cb
-c a
c d C22= (−1)2+2M22= +M22=+a
Example: Find the inverse of matrix
4 7
2 6

-1
Solution a b d -b = 6 -7
= -c a ad-cb 10
c d -2 4

ad-bc =4*6-2*7=24-14=10

0.6 -0.7
𝐴−1 =
-0.2 0.4
Find the inverse of matrix 3x3

1 2 -1
+ - +
A=
3 5 -1
- + -
-2 -1 -2
+ - +
1 2 -1
1 2 -1
Solution 1- try to make two elements 3 5 -1
row/Column =0, to facilitate the 3 5 -1 -3R1+R2
estimation of determinant 2R1+R2
-2 -1 -2
0 3 -4 R2
R3

1 2 -1 C11=+(5*-2)-1)=-11 C21 =-(2*-2)-(-1*-1))=5 C31=+(2*-1)-(-1*5)=3

0 -1 +2 C22 =+(1*-2)-(-1*-2)=-4
C12=- (3*-2)-(-1*-2)=8 C32=-(1*-1)-(-1*3)=-2

0 3 -4
C13=+(3*-1)-(5*-2)=7
C23 =-(1*-1)-(2*-2)=-3
Det(A)=+1*(-1*-4-(2*3)=-2 C33=+(1*5)-(2*3)=-1
-11 8 7 -11 5 3
1
8 -4 -2 * −2
5 -4 -3
Convert to
-1 transpose 7 -3 -1
3 -2

Inverse of A