Planners and its theories:

1. Sir Ebenezer Howard - The English founder of the garden city movement, is known for his publication To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real
Reform AND Garden Cities of To-morrow.
 The garden city movement is a method of urban planning in which self-contained communities are surrounded by "greenbelts",
containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
 Howard envisaged curing the ills of densely packed urban living and rural decline by merging the best of town and country into
Garden Cities of limited size.
 His ideas were taken up, and the Garden City Association was formed in 1899 which led to the creation of Letchworth Garden City,
Herts. (from 1903), and the second experiment, Welwyn Garden City, also in Herts. (from 1919).
 Low densities, separation of housing and industries, and the provision of all amenities were essential ingredients.
 Howard's ideas led to the New Town policy adopted in Britain after the 1939–45 war, and had influence earlier elsewhere, notably
in France, Germany, and the USA.
Core Garden City Principles:
o Strong Community. o Ordered Development. o Environmental Quality
The Three Magnets:
 The diagram summarizes the political, economic, and social context underlying Howard’s utopian vision for the future of British
settlement via three illustrated magnets.
 One magnet lists the advantages and disadvantages of town life and another is accompanied
by the positives and negatives of country life. The third magnet communicates Howard’s
proposal of a Town-Country.
Application:
o Letchworth (London) o Kapyla (Helsinki, Finland)
o Welwyn (London) o Coloner Light Gardens
o Enskede (Stockholm, Sweden) (Adelaide, Australia)
o Chemin Vert in Reims, France.  Orechovka (Prague, Czech
o Margarethenhohe in Essen, Republic)
Germany  Denenchofu (Tokyo, JAPAN)

2. Sir Patrick Geddes – Father of Modern Town Planning and also was First to link Sociological Concepts into Town Planning. He introduced
the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined the term "conurbation".
 A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth
and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation
is a polycentric urbanized area, in which transportation has developed to link areas to create a single urban labor market or travel
to work area.
 Geddes was the originator of the idea and technique of Regional survey and
city survey.
 This town planning primarily meant establishing organic relationship among
‘Folk place and work’, which corresponds to triad (Geddesian triad) of
organism, function and environment.
Examples – London,Uk.Delhi-NCR. Etc.
The Sequence of Planning is to be:
o Regional Survey
o Rural Development
o Town Planning
o City Design.

3. Clarence Perry – A Neighborhood Unit is considered to be a geographic area of the community that is predominantly residential in
nature, and which is bounded by thoroughfares or collector streets, or by other natural or manmade features, such as railroads,
industrial areas or topographic features.
  Principles of Neighborhood Unit:
o Unit of Urban Planning o Population o Neighborhood
o Street System o Sector Walkways
o Facilities o Size and Density o Protective Strips.

 Centre the school in the neighborhood so that a child's walk to school was only about one-quarter of a mile and no more than one
half mile and could be achieved without crossing a major arterial street.
 Place arterial streets along the perimeter so that they define and distinguish the "place" of the neighborhood and by design
eliminate unwanted through-traffic from the neighborhood.
 Design internal streets using a hierarchy that easily distinguishes local streets from arterial streets.
 Restrict local shopping areas to the perimeter or perhaps to the main entrance of the neighborhood, thus excluding nonlocal traffic
destined for these commercial uses that might intrude on the neighborhood.
 Dedicate at least 10 percent of the neighborhood land area to parks and open space, creating places for play and community
interaction.
Application:
o City of West Palm Beach (Florida, US) o Vancouver (Canada, British Colombia)

4. Radburn design housing; Town for the Motor Age: (also called Radburn housing, Radburn design, Radburn principle, or Radburn concept)
is a concept for planned housing estates, based on a design that was originally used in Radburn, New Jersey, United States.
 Radburn, a planned community, was started in 1929 by the City Housing Corporation from the plans developed by Clarence Stein
and Henry Wright
 The design is typified by the backyards of homes facing the street and the fronts of homes facing one another, over common yards.
 The community was intended to be a self-sufficient entity, with residential, commercial and industrial areas each supplementing
the needs of others.
 The basic layout of the community introduced the "super-block" concept, cul- de-sac (cluster) grouping, interior parklands, and
separation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic to promote safety. Every home was planned with access to park walks.
Objectives of Radburn:
o Decentralized o organized to promote o harnessing the auto and
o self-contained settlements environmental considerations promoting community life.
by conserving open space
Key features:
o Hierarchical Transportation o Underpasses o Large – Scale Development
System o Shopping Center o Clustered Superblock
o Cul De Sacs o Ideal Size of 30,000 ppl o Mixed Use
o Footpath System o Homogeneity o Interior Park.

Applications:
o US- Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles, o Sweden – Vallingby, o Several Towns in Russia.
Kitimat B.C. Baronbackavna Estate o Section of Osaka, Japan.
o England – Coventry, (Orebro). o Wellington, New Zealand.
Stevenage, Bracknell, o Chandigarh, India. o US- Reston, Virginia, Columbia,
Cumbermauld. o Brasilia, Brazil. Maryland

5. Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis - often cited as C. A. Doxiadis, was a Greek architect and town planner. He was known as the lead
architect of Islamabad, the new capital of Pakistan, and later as the father of ekistics.
 Ekistics concerns the science of human settlements, including regional, city, community planning and dwelling design.
 It co-ordinates economics, social sciences, political and administrative sciences, technology and aesthetics into a coherent
whole (sticking together) and leads to the creation of a new type of human settlement.
  It is the science which illuminates problems of human settlements and defines the way which architecture must go.

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Ekistics Units:15 Levels, Also Called Ekistics Logarithmic Scale (ELS)

 o

Works by C.A. DOXIAIDS

Islamabad, Pakistan Prepared Master Plan of the Philadelphia Neighborhood of

Aspra Spitia (Small Settlement Yellow Line Expressway in Rio Eastwick.
in Greece) De Janeiro University of Lahore
Redeveloped Plan for the

6. Broad Acre City Concept - Broadacre City was an urban development planning concept put forward by famous American architect
Frank Lloyd Wright. It first appeared in his book "The Disappearing City’" in 1932. Broadway City was also called "Usonian" or "ideal
city"
 Vison of Multi -Centered, Low Density (Supposedly 5 people per Acre), Auto-Oriented Suburbia.
 Each Family would be given one Acre (4000 Sq. m) from the federal Land Reserves.
 Land would be taken into public ownership; then granted to families for as long as they used it productively.
 12 x 12 ft. model that illustrated the Broadacre City concept as it might be applied to a representative 4 miles2 plot of land.
 Origin
 Because of technological advancements, Wright came to believe that the large, centralized city would soon become obsolete and
people would return to their rural roots.
 Wright despised the city, both physically and metaphorically.
Aspects of Broadacre City that became realities
 Prevalence of urban sprawl.
 Modern suburbia may have many differences with Broadacre, but there are also many similarities.
 Single-family homes on larger parcels of land with smaller roads connecting to larger roads connecting to freeways.
 Being able to own land, build a home, and do what you please with it were important in Broadacre City.
Goals and Objectives
 Broadacre City each family is give one acre (4.000 m2) of land on which to build a house and grow food. The city was considered
to be (almost) fully self-sufficient.
 “more light, more freedom of movement and a more general spatial freedom in the ideal establishment of what we call
civilization.”

7. City Beautiful Movement by Daniel Burnham: The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture
and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur
in cities.
 The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and
Washington, D.C., promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic
virtue among urban populations.
 The particular architectural style of the movement borrowed mainly from the contemporary Beaux-
Arts and neoclassical architectures, which emphasized the necessity of order, dignity, and harmony.
 Burnham believed that a city needed a grand entrance and that was the railway depot.
 The grand boulevard was justified as a solution to traffic problems encountered by suburban
commuters and a way to provide housing for higher income people in the city.
Goals and objectives
• To introduce beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.
• To sweep away social ills
• To have a cultural resemblance with their European competitors through the use of Beaux-Arts Idioms.
• To prevent upper classes back to live, but to work and spend money in the urban zone.

8. City of Tomorrow -
 Concept by le Corbusier.
 He believed that people prefer to live in suburb rather than a city.
 thus, he concluded that the Centre should be for commerce, surrounded by 2 belts of residential area.
 His concepts suggested that the Centre of a great city should consist mainly of skyscrapers – exclusively for commercial
use & area occupied by these should not be greater than 5%.
 The remaining 95% should be parks with trees.
 Surrounding the center there would be belt of residential buildings, in the form of those zigzag blocks with “setbacks”.
9. Mile High City Concept –
 This was a concept based on vertical living.
 This explains that a tower 1-mile high shall be built and all community shall live in it.
 The idea of this living came so that the land could be utilized for greening purposes.
Examples – Denver, Illinois.

10. Single Nuclei Theory –

 This is a model of urban land use in which a city grows from CENTRAL POINT.
 Centre being the Nucleus is the major part of the city.
 The major complexes formed the Centre of the city and other parts of city originate from the
Centre of the nucleus.
 11. Multiple Nuclei Model – he multiple nuclei model is an economical model created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the
1945 article "The Nature of Cities".
 This model is a model of urban land use in which a city grows from several independent points rather than from one
central business district. Each point acts as a growth center from a particular kind of land use, such as industry, retail, or
high-quality housing. As these expand, they merge to form a single urban area.
 Some centers or nodes include:
o ports o airports o neighborhood
o universities o parks business centers.
Multiple nuclei develop because:
 Certain industrial activities require transportation facilities e.g. ports, railway stations, etc. to lower transportation costs.
 Various combinations of activities tend to be kept apart e.g. residential areas and airports, factories and parks, etc.
 Other activities are found together to their mutual advantage e.g. universities, bookstores and coffee shops, etc.
 Some facilities need to be set in specific areas in a city - for example, the CBD requires convenient traffic systems, and
many factories need an abundant source of resources.
Their main goals in this were to:
 Move away from the concentric zone model
 To better reflect the complex nature of urban areas, especially those of larger size.

12. Concentric zone model _The Burgess Model (A Land use Model) - The Burgess
model is a land use model which describes the patterns of land use in a city in the
developed world.
 The centre is the oldest part of the city and building gradually spreads out
from the middle leaving the newest parts of the city on the edge.
 Burgess's work helped generate the bid rent curve (BID RENT THEORY). This theory states that the
concentric circles are based on the amount that people will pay for the land. This value is based on the profits that are obtainable
from maintaining a business on that land.
The zones identified are:
 The center with the central business district,
 The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses or the zone of transition,
 Working class residential homes (inner suburbs), in later decades called inner city or zone of independent working men's home,
 Better quality middle-class homes (outer suburbs) or zone of better housing,
 Commuter zone.

13. Sector Model – The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of
urban land use proposed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt.
 It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city development.
 The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it allows for an
outward progression of growth. As with all simple models of such complex
phenomena, its validity is limited.
 This model applies to numerous British cities.
14. Satellite town concepts - A satellite town or satellite city is a concept in urban planning that refers essentially to smaller
metropolitan areas which are located somewhat near to, but are mostly independent of, larger metropolitan areas.
 Satellite cities are planned cities, adjacent to a major city. Such cities manage or
contain the urban sprawl. They are designed to help a major city extend in all
possible ways. Satellite cities could be completely standalone cities, developed
outside metros.
 Prominent satellite cities near Delhi are Gurgaon, Noida, Ghaziabad and Faridabad.
Mumbai also some renowned satellite cities like Navi Mumbai, Dombivli and Thane.
Important satellite cities in Chennai are Kanchipuram, Mamallapuram,
Sriperumbudur and Tiruvallur, among others.
15. Ribbon development is building houses along the routes of communications radiating from a human
settlement.
 The term 'ribbon development' refers to a line of houses built along existing highways (or railways
or similar linear barriers), each being served by individual accesses.
 The land to the rear of the houses is not developed.
 The buildings can be positioned back from the road, staggered, set at different angles from the
road, or left with gaps between them, and still be classed a as ribbon development, so long as they
are visually linked when viewed from the highway.