Physics - Grade 11

September 16 & 17, 2019

Electric Forces, Electric Field & Electric Potential
Just a quick review of our last class...
- Why does the PVC pipe attract the metal can?

- Triboelectric series & conservation of charge

- Building and atom

- Metallic objects and free electrons

- Different atomic models along history

- Electric forces and fields

 What happens when a piece of PVC pipe
is rubbed against a piece of cloth?
10,000,000,000 protons
Vocabulary 10,000,000,000 electrons

Electrons (-)

Protons (+) 10,000,000,000 protons

10,000,000,000 electrons
Atoms

Positive(ly)

Negative(ly)

Lose / Gain 10,000,000,000 protons

8,000,000,000 electrons
10,000,000,000 protons
Charges 12,000,000,000 electrons + ++
+ +
+ +
+
A GRAIN OF SAND SiO2

~ 50,000,000,000,000,000,000 atoms.
Possible answer
Based on previous studies, we know that to get electrically charged, a certain
material gains or loses electrons. Protons are inside the nucleus and usually do
not leave the atoms.

According to the list named Triboelectric Series, the PVC pipe is a material that
has a strong tendency of gaining electrons and becoming negatively charged,
while most clothes have a tendency to lose or transfer their electrons, becoming
positively charged.

When we rub the cloth against the PVC pipe, the cloth loses electrons to the
pipe`s surface. By having more electrons than protons, the pipe becomes
negatively charged. At the same time, by having more protons than electrons, the
cloth becomes positively charged.
 The Principle of Charge Conservation

Charge is not destroyed. Charge is not created.

Charge is just moved or transferred from one place to another.

A little challenge to make us think...

Our bodies are made up of charges (protons, electrons & neutrons).

So, if charges are not destroyed or created, the charges in our body
came from somewhere. Where did they come from?
 What is the smallest amount of charge that can
be transferred from one object to another?

Millikan`s Oil Drop Experiment and The elementary charge e - video

 Neutral He atom
2 protons
2 electrons

NEUTRONS
No net charge +
He
It gave one electron
(cation)
ELECTRONS
negative charges -
PROTONS He
(e = - 1.6 x 10-¹⁹ C) positive charges It received one electron
(anion)
(e = 1.6 x 10-¹⁹ C)
In previous lessons, we saw that rubbing is one possible way to make a material
lose or gain electrons, correct? Is there any other way to do the same thing?
 What keeps the electron spinning around the nucleus and what
keeps two atoms of hydrogen near an atom of oxygen making water?

Answer: Electrostatic Forces

How do we represent electrostatic forces?
WE USE VECTORS!

Q2
Fe or F
+
Q1
+
Q2 Fe or F
Q1
+
+
Everything in the world is made up of atoms!
 Carbon atom Hydrogen atom
包子

WATER K
POR T
UR MEA
FLO Nitrogen atom Oxygen atom

Water: 53%
Water (14%) H2O Protein: 26%
Protein (9 - 14%)
Fat (1 - 2%) Fat: 10-16%
Carbohydrates (54 - 62%),
Fiber (1.7 - 2.6%)
Ash (1.2 - 1.7%).
And other atoms ...
Electric forces on the surface of water
Electric charges Electric field

When you put an electric charge

in a certain place of space, it
changes the amount of energy in
each point of space. This region
around the electric charge is
called ELECTRIC FIELD.
 Positive charge
Repulsive field

+
+
+
Q

+
+
 Negative charge
Attractive field

+
+
-
Q

+
+
The more electric field lines an object has, the stronger is the object`s charge.
In this example, it is possible to see that the charge on C
is greater than that on B which is greater than that on A.
Earth's Gravitational Field
Gravitational Field Electric Field

may be Repulsive ( + ) or Attractive ( - )

Is ONLY attractive
 Just an analogy!
Electric field lines DO NOT EXIST in the real world. They are simply a theoretical
tool that helps us understand how the electric field works and to have an idea

BORDERS also don't exist naturally, but we draw them to better administrate land.
It is theory being used in practice.
Electrostatic Potential Energy
z

x
Rules for Electrostatic Forces, Fields and Potential
ELECTRIC FORCES (Fe) ELECTRIC FIELDS ( E )
1) They always exist in pairs
of same magnitude (same
value), but opposite
direction (NEWTON's 3rd).
2) They become higher when
you are near the charge and
become smaller when you
are far from it.
3) The more charge objects
have, the stronger the
forces between them will be.
4) It is measured in N
(Newtons).
1) It is an area in space that has
its properties completely
changed because of the
presence of the electric
charge.
2) We cannot see it with our
eyes, but electric field equipments
can detect it by measuring
differences energy.
3) We usually use lines of force
to represent the field.
4) It is measured in N.C (Newton
x Coulomb)
POTENTIAL ENERGY
(V or U)
1) It is a number that represents
the amount of energy that is
available in that region of
space.
2) That number is always a
difference between the energy
available in that point and in the
infinite (where V = 0 V)
3) It is usually measured in V
(Volts).
 Is there a way to actually measure
the force between charged objects?
The intensity of the force may depend on…
the distance between the charged particles ( d)

And I believe it also depends on…

the amount of charge of those particles ( q1 and q2)

See p.411 of Hewitt`s book

for this equation

Proportionality constant k = 9,000,000,000 N.m²/C² = 9 x 10⁹ N.m²/C²

Coulomb (C) is the unit of electric charge. The smallest electric charge that exists is 1 electron (- 1.6 x 10-¹⁹ C)
How to measure the force between charged objects?

Coulomb`s
Torsion
Balance
1785

Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736 - 1806)

Interactive simulations that we used during our class
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/charges-and-fields/latest/charges-and-fields_en.html

Electric charges and electric fields

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/coulombs-law/latest/coulombs-law_en.html

Coulomb`s Law
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/electric-hockey

Electric Field Hockey

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/balloons-and-static-electricity

Baloons and static electricity