2K16/ITE/87 MUHAMMAD YASEEN

DR KAMRAN TAJ FUNDAMENTALS OF MOBILE AND PERVASIVE COMPUTING

Fundamentals of Mobile and Pervasive Computing explains a revolutionary

and rapidly evolving paradigm for computing: Mobile users seamlessly interacting
with wireless devices embedded in the environment provides a platform for many
novel applications, ranging from pervasive health monitoring to homeland security.

Introduction to the field of Pervasive Computing

Pervasive computing creates an unobtrusive environment with full and integrated

Internet connectivity. A combination of technologies is used to make pervasive
computing possible, such as Internet capabilities, voice recognition, networking,
artificial intelligence and wireless computing.

Ubiquitous Computing

Ubiquitous computing (or "ubicomp") is a concept in software engineering and

computer science where computing is made to appear anytime and everywhere. In
contrast to desktop computing, ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in
any location, and in any format..

Pervasive Computing

Pervasive computing, also called ubiquitous computing, is the growing trend of

embedding computational capability (generally in the form of microprocessors) into
everyday objects to make them effectively communicate and perform useful tasks
in a way that minimizes the end user's need to interact with computers.
Sentient Computing Technology
The technological challenges for our system are: creating an
accurate and robust sensor system which can detect the locations of
objects in the real world; integrating, storing and distributing the
model's sensor and telemetry information to applications so that
they get an accurate and consistent view of the model; and finding
suitable abstractions for representing location and resource
information so that the model is usable by application programs and
also comprehensible by people.

Artificial Intelligence &Expert Systems

In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the

decision-making ability of a human expert. Expert systems are designed to solve
complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly
as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code.

Facts and Rules:

It consists of two parts. The first part is similar to a fact (a predicate with
arguments). The second part consists of other clauses (facts or rules which are
separated by commas) which must all be true for the rule itself to be true. These
two parts are separated by ":-".

Inference Mechanism:

In the field of Artificial Intelligence, inference engine is a component of the system

that applies logical rules to the knowledge base to deduce new information. The
first inference engines were components of expert systems. The typical expert
system consisted of a knowledge base and an inference engine.
Context-aware Computing:

Context awareness is the ability of a system or system component to gather

information about its environment at any given time and adapt behaviors
accordingly. Contextual or context-aware computing uses software and hardware to
automatically collect and analyze data to guide responses.

Context, Context-aware & Context-aware computing

Context awareness is the ability of a system or system component to gather

information about its environment at any given time and adapt behaviors
accordingly. Contextual or context-aware computing uses software and hardware to
automatically collect and analyze data to guide responses.

Context Location, Time and Activity:

In computer science context awareness refers to the idea that computers can both
sense, and react based on their environment. ... As the
user's activity and location are crucial for many applications, context awareness has
been focused more deeply in the research fields of location awareness
and activity recognition.

What is context aware computing?

Context awareness is the ability of a system or system component to gather
information about its environment at any given time and adapt behaviors
accordingly. Contextual or context-aware computing uses software and
hardware to automatically collect and analyze data to guide responses.
 Location-aware systems

Location awareness refers to devices that can passively or actively determine

their location. Navigational instruments provide location coordinates for vessels and
vehicles. Surveying equipment identifies location with respect to a well-known
locationa wireless communications device.

What is a Sensor?

In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem whose

purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information to
other electronics, frequently a computer processor. A sensor is always used with other
electronics.

Hardware Sensors (GPS, Satellite, Tracking Devices)

GPS Tracking Devices & Hardware

 AVAGPS – GV 04. Vehicle Tracker with Location monitor function and easy
installation process.
 AVAGPS – GT03A. Magnetic Tracker for Logistics Device. ...
 AVAGPS – GT300. Personal Tracker with incoming and outgoing calls, SOS
etc.
 Teltonika FM1010. OBD II Unit. ...
 Teltonika FM1120. ...
 WP30C.
Software Sensors (Web Activity, Web Services)
The phrase the "sensor web" is also associated with a sensing system which heavily
utilizes the World Wide Web. OGC's Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) framework
defines a suite of web service interfaces and communication protocols abstracting
from the heterogeneity of sensor (network) communication

URI, URL, URN

URI (uniform resource identifier) identifies a resource (text document, image file,
etc) URL (uniform resource locator) is a subset of the URIs that include a network
location. URN (uniform resource name) is a subset of URIs that include a name
within a given space, but no location.
Web 1.0, Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 with their difference ?

Web 1.0
Web 1.0 refers to the first stage of the World Wide Web evolution. Earlier,
there were only few content creators in Web 1.0 with the huge majority of
users who are consumers of content. Personal web pages were common,
consisting mainly of static pages hosted on ISP-run web servers, or on free
web hosting services.
In Web 1.0 advertisements on websites while surfing the internet is banned.
Also, in Web 1.0, Ofoto is an online digital photography website, on which
user could store, share, view and print digital pictures. Web 1.0 is a content
delivery network (CDN) which enables to showcase the piece of information
on the websites. It can be used as personal websites. It costs to user as per
pages viewed. It has directories which enable user to retrieve a particular
piece of information.
Four design essentials of a Web 1.0 site include:

1. Static pages.
2. Content is served from the server’s file-system.
3. Pages built using Server Side Includes or Common Gateway Interface (CGI).
4. Frames and Tables used to position and align the elements on a page.

Web 2.0
Web 2.0 refers to world wide website which highlight user-generated
content, usability and interoperability for end users. Web 2.0 is also called
participative social web. It does not refer to a modification to any technical
specification, but to modify in the way Web pages are designed and used.
The transition is beneficial but it does not seem that when the changes are
occurred. An interaction and collaboration with each other is allowed by Web
2.0 in a social media dialogue as creator of user-generated content in a
virtual community. Web 1.0 is enhanced version of Web 2.0.

The web browser technologies are used in Web 2.0 development and it
includes AJAX and JavaScript frameworks. Recently, AJAX and JavaScript
frameworks have become a very popular means of creating web 2.0 sites.
Five major features of Web 2.0

1. Free sorting of information, permits users to retrieve and classify the

information collectively.
2. Dynamic content that is responsive to user input.
3. Information flows between site owner and site users by means of evaluation &
online commenting.
4. Developed APIs to allow self-usage, such as by a software application.
 5. Web access leads to concern different, from the traditional Internet user base
to a wider variety of users.

Usage: –
The social Web contains a number of online tools and platforms where people share
their perspectives, opinions, thoughts and experiences. Web 2.0 applications tend
to interact much more with the end user. As such, the end user is not only a user of
the application but also a participant by these 8 tools mentioned below:

1. Podcasting
2. Blogging
3. Tagging
4. Curating with RSS
5. Social bookmarking
6. Social networking
7. Social media
8. Web content voting

Web 3.0
It refers the evolution of web utilization and interaction which includes
altering the Web into a database. In enables the upgradation of back-end of
the web, after a long time of focus on the front-end (Web 2.0 has mainly
been about AJAX, tagging, and another front-end user-experience
innovation). Web 3.0 is a term which is used to describe many evolutions of
web usage and interaction among several paths. In this, data isn’t owned
but instead shared, where services show different views for the same web /
the same data.

The Semantic Web (3.0) promises to establish “the world’s information” in

more reasonable way than Google can ever attain with their existing engine
schema. This is particularly true from the perspective of machine conception
as opposed to human understanding. The Semantic Web necessitates the
use of a declarative ontological language like OWL to produce domain-
specific ontologies that machines can use to reason about information and
make new conclusions, not simply match keywords.
Below are 5 main features that can help us define Web 3.0:

1. Semantic Web
The succeeding evolution of the Web involves the Semantic Web. The semantic
web improves web technologies in demand to create, share and connect
content through search and analysis based on the capability to comprehend
the meaning of words, rather than on keywords or numbers.
2. Artificial Intelligence
Combining this capability with natural language processing, in Web 3.0,
 computers can distinguish information like humans in order to provide faster
and more relevant results. They become more intelligent to fulfil the
requirements of users.
3. 3D Graphics
The three-dimensional design is being used widely in websites and services in
Web 3.0. Museum guides, computer games, ecommerce, geospatial contexts,
etc. are all examples that use 3D graphics.
4. Connectivity
With Web 3.0, information is more connected thanks to semantic metadata. As
a result, the user experience evolves to another level of connectivity that
leverages all the available information.
5. Ubiquity
Content is accessible by multiple applications, every device is connected to the
web, the services can be used everywhere.

Semantic Web (A meaningful web)

The term “Semantic Web” refers to W3C's vision of the Web of linked
data. Semantic Web technologies enable people to create data stores on
the Web, build vocabularies, and write rules for handling data. Linked data
are empowered by technologies such as RDF, SPARQL, OWL, and SKOS.

Available context-aware systems and their approach

A method for developing context-aware systems is proposed.

The method supports identifying relevant context elements in the
environment. The method supports deriving context-aware system's design
from insight into context. The method supports creating rules for adapting
to context based on insight into context.

Office Assistant Job Description

Under the supervision of the Office Manager,
this position provides administrative support for the company. In addition to
typing, filing and scheduling, performs duties such as financial record
keeping, payroll, purchasing supplies, working on special projects, and
covering the receptionist during breaks and absences

Tourism Systems
Tourism system Leiper(1979) involved five basic elements in hisis dynamic
and constantly changing. ... system: tourists, generating regions, transit
routes, destination regions, and a tourist industry operating within physical,
cultural, social, economic, political, and technological environments.

What is an example of a pattern?

noun. The definition of a pattern is someone or something used as a model
to make a copy, a design, or an expected action. An example of a pattern is
 the paper sections a seamstress uses to make a dress; a dress pattern.
An example of a pattern is polka dots

Data Acquisition
Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world
physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric
values that can be manipulated by a computer.

What is data processing in computer?

Data processing, Manipulation of data by a computer. It includes the
conversion of raw data to machine-readable form, flow of data through the
CPU and memory to output devices, and formatting or transformation of
output. Any use of computers to perform defined operations on data can be
included under data processing.

What is a Knowledge Graph in Google search?

Relationship Between Search Results & Knowledge Graph. According to
HubSpot, 80% of web traffic starts via search queries. To Google, the
information users are searching for is a form of data. Through a series of
tests, Google can improve its algorithm and more closely
align search queries with the intent of the users.

How do I show indoor maps on Google Maps?

Use indoor maps to view floor plans

1. On your computer, open Google Maps.

2. Search for a place that has indoor maps.
3. To see the floor plan, zoom in to the map and click on a building or place.
4. In the bottom right, choose among levels and floors.

What is the difference between knowledge base and database?

In fact we can say that : A knowledge base is a type of database, and this
name is typically used with applications that involve some sort of AI
functionality such as expert systems data stores or machine learning stores.
Simply the difference is that a DB stores data, while a KB stores knowledge

A knowledge base is a database used for knowledge sharing and

management. ... Many knowledge bases are structured around artificial
intelligence and not only store data but find solutions for further problems
using data from previous experience stored as part of the knowledge base.
Semantic Web Technologies

The term “Semantic Web” refers to W3C's vision of the Web of linked
data. Semantic Web technologies enable people to create data stores on the Web,
build vocabularies, and write rules for handling data. Linked data are empowered
by technologies such as RDF, SPARQL, OWL, and SKOS.

RDF

The Resource Description Framework is a family of World Wide Web Consortium

specifications originally designed as a metadata data model.

Resource Description Framework

RDF stands for Resource Description Framework and it is a flexible schema-
less data model. Do not confuse or compare it with XML (more about this
later)! It is one of the core technologies of the Semantic Web and the
current W3C standard to represent data on the web

OWL

The W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a Semantic Web language designed to
represent rich and complex knowledge about things, groups of things, and relations
between things.

FINAL SEMESTER
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