Benzene is a liquid that is colorless and flammable, with a sweet and

gasoline-like odor. While it is a useful chemical substance, we must

remember it is a toxic chemical, and continuous exposure to it can have
cancerous effects.

Acrolein It is a colourless liquid with a piercing, acrid smell. The smell of

burnt fat (as when cooking oil is heated to its smoke point) is caused
by glycerol in the burning fat breaking down into acrolein.

Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable, strong-smelling chemical widely

used by industry to make home building products. It is acolorless gas at
room temperature, or available as a liquid called formalin. Formaldehyde is
widely used to manufacture building materials and household products.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are formed by the

incomplete combustion of coal, oil, petrol, wood, tobacco, charbroiled
meats, garbage, or other organic materials. Most of them have no known
use. A few are used in medicines, and to make dyes, plastics, and
pesticides

Effects niyan =are widely distributed and relocated in the environment as

a result of the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Many PAHs and
their epoxides are highly toxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic to
microorganisms as well as to higher systems including humans. Although
various physicochemical methods have been used to remove these
compounds from our environment, they have many limitations. Xenobiotic-
degrading microorganisms have tremendous potential for bioremediation
but new modifications are required to make such microorganisms effective
and efficient in removing these compounds, which were once thought to be
recalcitrant. Metabolic engineering might help to improve the efficiency of
degradation of toxic compounds by microorganisms. However, efficiency of
naturally occurring microorganisms for field bioremediation could be
significantly improved by optimizing certain factors such as bioavailability,
adsorption and mass transfer. Chemotaxis could also have an important
role in enhancing biodegradation of pollutants. Here, we discuss the
problems of PAH pollution and PAH degradation, and relevant
bioremediation efforts.

How can yu prove that it can be used as a fertilizer

Dr. GUO: Charcoal is a fine-grained, porous black carbon, and it is

generated from plant materials. And it is non-toxic to plants. So there are
many tiny pores in charcoal. So once applied to soil, the pores will allow air
to diffuse into the soil. Plant roots need the air to breathe. And in the
meanwhile, the tiny pores will hold water and nutrients and later supply it to
plants. More important, unlike other organic fertilizers, charcoal is very
stable and it will not decompose to carbon dioxide. So once applied, it will
stay in soil for hundreds to thousands of years. So to summarize, the high
stability and porosity make charcoal a better fertilizer than other organic
materials.

Researchers say that adding charcoal to soil may provide more benefits
for long-term soil quality than compost or manure. It could also be used to
sequester carbon captured from carbon dioxide emissions. Mingxin Guo
discusses new applications for the technique, used more than 1,500 years
ago in the Amazon basin.

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