LAST NAME, FIRST NAME, M.1.

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CN# _____________________________________ DATE _____________________________

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APA REFERENCE AND CITATIONS

A brain twisting and FUN review for Assessment #2

Instructions:
A. DOWNLOAD THIS DOCUMENT, INSERT THE ANSWERS, & UPLOAD IN YOUR WIX OP
PAGE 02. This will be used for our class activity and review for Assessment #2.
CHILL...and let us have fun reviewing!

B. ALL EXAMPLES YOU WILL GIVE HAVE TO BE BASED ON YOUR GROUP CHOICE
OF THE Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Refer to Hand-out #3 (Posted in the GC last
11/11), the Internet, and our document, #4:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1bnxrM_0Vsj7wDM8hdlTkqo-
Uy_5v1zr2B0PyAKcCLy8/edit

C.
Define and give examples for: #1-4 & 13 (in the APA style of research)#2 Meeting
Answer the WHY for: #5-12
Give definition and sample for: #13
Give real existing samples for: #14-16
Answer the questions for #17-19
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1. In-text citation and a SAMPLE

-Using In-text Citation
Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For
every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list.
APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field,
2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14). For
sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number. More
information on citing sources without pagination is given on the APA Style web page.
Example paragraph with in-text citation
A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native
speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing, Rossiter, & Munro, 2002; Thomas, 2004).
Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension
improves with exposure to non-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with
students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native
speakers could benefit from a similar program.
 2. Parenthetical name and a SAMPLE
-In APA style, only the author's last name is used in the document as a whole
and within in-text citations in particular.
If the author's name is mentioned in the text Most often, an author's last name appears in the text with the date of
publication immediately following in parentheses:
Bolles (2000) provides a practical, detailed approach to job hunting.

If the author's name is not mentioned in the text When the author's name does not appear in the text itself, it
appears in the parenthetical citation followed by a comma and the date of publication:
Interactive fiction permits readers to move freely through a text and to participate in its authorship (Bolter, 2001)
If there are two authors
When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the source is cited in the text:
Katzenbach and Smith (1993) define a team as "a small number of people with complementary skills who are
committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually
accountable" (p. 45).
If the authors' names appear in the text itself, connect the names with the word and; however, if the authors' names
appear parenthetically, connect the names with an ampersand (&):
A team is defined as "a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common
purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable" (Katzenbach &
Smith, 1993, p. 45).
If there are three, four, or five authors
When you cite for the first time a work with three, four, or five authors, cite all authors:
Cogdill, Fanderclai, Kilborn, and Williams (2001) argue that "making backchannel overtly available for study would
require making its presence and content visible and its content persist, affecting the nature of the backchannel and
raising social and ethical issues" (p. 109).
(Again, if the authors' names appear parenthetically rather than in the text itself, connect the final two names with a
comma and an ampersand). In all subsequent citations, include only the name of the first author followed by et al.
(the abbreviation for the Latin phrase meaning "and others"):
Cogdill et al. (2001) assert that "backchannel is multithreaded, substantial, and governed by many social
conventions" (p. 109).
Again, if the authors' names appear parenthetically rather than in the text itself, connect the final two names with a
comma and an ampersand.

If there are six or more authors

If a work has six or more authors, cite the last name of the first author followed by et al. in all citations:
Adkins et al. (2001) studied the use of collaborative technology during a multinational, civil-military exercise.
If two authors have the same last name
If a document includes sources by two authors with the same last name, include the first and middle initial of each
author in all text citations:
R. P. Allen (1994) and D. N. Allen (1998) have both studied the effects of email monitoring in the workplace.
If two or more sources are cited
When citing two or more sources by different authors within the same citation, place the authors' names in
parentheses in alphabetical order, followed by the year of publication and separated by a semicolon:
Hypertext significantly changes the process of information retrieval (Bolter 2001; Bush, 1945; Landow 1997).

If no author is identified
If no author is identified, use an abbreviated title instead, followed by the date. Use quotation marks around article
or chapter titles, and underline book, periodical, brochure, and report titles:
The use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems has grown substantially over the past five years as
companies attempt to adapt to customer needs and to improve their profitability ("Making CRM Work").
If the quotation is long (40 words or more), it should be formatted as a block quotation, and the
parentheses should appear after the final punctuation mark:
Bolles (2000) argues that the most effective job hunting method is what he calls the creative job hunting
approach: figuring out your best skills, and favorite knowledges, and then researching any employer that
interests you, before approaching that organization and arranging, through your contacts, to see the person
there who has the power to hire you for the position you are interested in. This method, faithfully followed,
leads to a job for 86 out of every 100 job-hunters who try it. (57)

Treatment of Nonrecoverable Sources and Recoverable Electronic Sources

Nonrecoverable sources
Personal communications (letters, interviews, email, and other nonrecoverable sources) are cited in the text of the
paper rather than in the reference list at the end. Provide the initials and the last name of the author.When citing an
email or letter, provide the date the communication was sent. When citing an interview, provide the date the
interview occurred:
R. N. Valesquez (letter to author, November 17, 2000) noted misapplication as the source of poor product results.
B. O'Connor (personal interview, March 3, 2001) indicated that an environmental task force is being established to
evaluate the most pressing problems and strategies for addressing them.

Recoverable electronic sources

When citing recoverable electronic sources in text (that is, those sources that have an Internet address), use the
author-date method described above. Also, when quoting or paraphrasing source material from an Internet source,
include either the paragraph number or "n.p." (for no page) directly following the quote or paraphrase:
Wigand and Benjamin (1995) predict "an evolution from manufacturer-controlled value chains to electronic
markets" (n.p.).

3. Reference and a SAMPLE

What Is a References Page?

A references page is the last page of an essay or research paper that's been written in APA style. It lists
all the sources you've used in your project, so readers can easily find what you've cited.

The American Psychological Association (APA) created the APA style, which is a standardized
method of formatting documents and citing sources. The references page format is unique to the APA
style. Other formatting styles have different names and ways of listing sources on the last page of a
document. For example, the Modern Language Association (MLA) calls it a 'Works Cited', and
the Turabian style calls it a 'Bibliography.'

Students complain about having to use these formats, but imagine if you were asked to not only write
the paper, but also come up with your own format and documentation styles! The APA style actually
simplifies things for all of us.

In-Text Citations

When you use an outside source to support or expand your ideas, it's necessary to give credit with an
in-text citation. Each source you use in your paper must also appear in your references page.
A source is a book, periodical, website, peer-reviewed journal article, or other media that you've used
for support. They are also referred to as citations or references.
Bass, R. (1997). Technology & learning: A brief guide to interactive multimedia and the study of the United
States. Retrieved from http://www.georgetown.edu/crossroads/mltmedia.html
Delaroche, Paul (1829) Portrait of a Woman, [Pastel Drawing]. From European Drawings from the Collection of
the Ackland Art Museum (p. 93) by Carol C. Gillham and Carolyn H. Wood, 2001, Chapel Hill: The Museum,
University of North Carolina.

4. Work cited and a SAMPLE

Works cited pages would appear at the end of a research paper. Works cited means the same as references but
differs from a bibliography. A works cited page is a list of works that you referenced in the body of your paper,
whereas a bibliography is a list of all sources you used in your research.
Format for Work Cited Pages

The formats shown below for works cited pages reflect the MLA (Modern Language Association) style. This style is
widely used by schools and colleges, especially in the Humanities departments. The formats shown for reference
pages are from the APA (American Psychological Association) which is used for papers within the social sciences.
Works Cited
"Blueprint Lays Out Clear Path for Climate Action." Environmental Defense Fund. Environmental Defense Fund, 8
May 2007. Web. 24 May 2009.
Clinton, Bill. Interview by Andrew C. Revkin. "Clinton on Climate Change." New York Times. New York Times, May
2007. Web. 25 May 2009.
Eckholm, E. (1985, June 25). Kanzi the chimp: A life in science. The New York
Times, pp. C1, C3.
Fouts, R. (1997). Next of kin: What chimpanzees taught me about who we
are. New York: William Morrow.
In the examples of works cited pages, the header should be centered. It should start on a new page, be six spaces
from the top, and be numbered consecutively. In other words, if your paper is eight pages long, the Works Cited
page will be number nine.
The heading needs to have a double space below it. Entries are in alphabetical order, are not numbered, and are
flush with the left margin. The second line and subsequent lines need to be indented five spaces and all lines are
doubled spaced.
Entry Format Rules

The examples of works cited pages should help you see how to format your page. Here are some rules for the
format of the entries:
● Italicize the titles of books, magazines, films, etc.
● Quotation marks go around titles of poems, articles, and short stories.
● Authors are listed by their last name first.
Following are examples to further explain sources that are not covered by the previous rules. The examples are not
double spaced as they would be in your paper.
Two authors: Caper, Charles and Lawrence T. Teamos (1986). How to Camp.
Philadelphia: Doubleday.
Three or more authors: Ellis, Doris et.al. (1989) History of Japan. New York:
Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Twice-Told Tales. Ed. George Parsons Lathrop.
Boston: Houghton, 1883. 1 Mar. 2002.
Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword: Doctorow, E.L. Introduction.

Sister Carrie. By Theodore Dreiser. New York: Bantam, 1985. v-xi. 
 


One volume of multivolume work: Stowe, Harriet Beecher. "Sojourner Truth,
the Libyan Sibyl." 1863. The Heath Anthology of American Literature.
Ed. Paul Lauter et al. Vol. 1. Lexington, Heath, 1994. 2425-33.
Computer Software: Maps 'n' Facts. Computer Software. Broderbund
Software, 1995.
Poem online: Frost, James. "Strawberries in a Field." Literature Resource

Center. Alabama Virtual Library. 15 March 2004. 


Encyclopedia on the Internet: "Egypt." Encyclopedia Britannica Online.

Vers. 97.1.1. Mar. 1997. Encyclopedia Britannica. 29 Feb. 2000.
George Lucas (Director). (1980) Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford and Carrie Fisher
(Performers). The Empire Strikes Back (Motion Picture). United States:
Twentieth Century Fox.
Unknown (Director). (1990) Civil War Diary. (Videotape). United States: New
World Entertainment.

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Given: (Agoncillo, Amatorio, & Amparado, 2018)

5. WHY IT IS a gap filler

A gap is something that remains to be done or learned in an area of research; it’s a gap in the knowledge of the
scientists in the field of research of your study. Every research project must, in some way, address a gap–that is,
attempt to fill in some piece of information missing in the scientific literature. Otherwise, it is not novel research
and is therefore not contributing to the overall goals of science.
Identify the gap.

A gap statement is found in the Introduction section of a journal article or poster or in the Goals and
Importance section of a research proposal and succinctly identifies for your audience the gap that you will
attempt to address in your project.
6. A gap might be a lack of understanding about how well a particular instrument works in a certain
situation. It could be introducing a new method that needs to be tested. Or it could be that you are
studying a whole new organism, system, or part of a process. Your project may also address multiple gaps,
in which case you should be sure to identify each of them clearly!
 7. In a class, you might not always be studying something brand “new.” But, in most cases, you should still
try to come up with something unique about your project, however small. Talk to your professor about
what they expect for your gap statement if nothing seems to work.

An example gap from Hosaka, Itao, and Kuroda (1995):

“… The relationship between the four damping factors, i.e. internal friction, support loss, airflow force in free space,
and squeeze force, has not yet been clarified, so it is not obvious which one is dominant in actual microsystems.”

6. WHY IT IS for the readers to know that they are the author/s of the material being read
7. WHY IT IS for the readers to know that the paraphrased or summarized idea/s have
been borrowed from an article by those whose names appear inside the parenthesis
8. WHY IT IS for the readers to know the proponent/s of the theory/concept
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Given: In the APA style, the FULL citation: Andales, Angeles, & Cabarloc, 2018

9. Is found in the Bibliography? WHY?

10. Is found in the Citation? WHY?
11. Is found in the Reference? WHY?
12. Is found in the Work cited? WHY?
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Given: In the APA style, a sample of a parenthetical reference

13. Parenthetical reference and a SAMPLE

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Provide a Reference List of EXISTING MATERIALS using the APA style

14. Book
15. Online article
16. TV broadcast

Books
The American renaissance. (2004). Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. Title of book.
(Publication Date). Place of Publication: Publisher. (The title of the book is in italics. Only the first
word and any proper nouns are capitalized.)

Lee, H. (1982). To kill a mockingbird. New York, NY: Warner Books. Author’s Last Name, Initials.
(Publication Date). Title of book. Place of Publication: Publisher. (Use only the author’s initials.)
Online article
Lowe, W. (2001, November). Pro death penalty web page. Retrieved from
http://www.wesleylowe.com/cp.html Donohue, J. (n.d.). John Donohue's national park photos:

Crater Lake National Park. Retrieved from

http://www.jdonohue.com/parks/crater_lake/crater_lake.html

TV broadcast
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The APA STYLE

17. Why is the APA style important?
- APA Style provides clarity to papers on often complex topics. It makes papers
easier to read and understand. ... APA style can also help the author better
organize their research and help the reader easily find information that is
important for evaluating that research.
18 How does the APA style function?
- APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials; publication
year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title of the article is in
sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper nouns in the title are
capitalized.
19. Copy and paste an example of an INTRODUCTION of a research paper related to
your group’s choice of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs using the APA Style.

The prevalence of insomnia in the general population ranges between 8-40%, depending on the
definition used. While 20-30% of the general population has poor sleep (i.e., insomnia
symptoms of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, early morning awakening, or non-
restorative sleep at any given time), another 8-10% of the population suffers from chronic
insomnia.1,2 Also, about 4% of the population use sleeping pills on a regular basis.3 However,
the connection of insomnia with significant medical morbidity has not been examined until very
recently. This has led to view insomnia and its associated mental and physical health
complaints as a minor problem from a public health perspective.

It's important to cite sources you used in your research for several reasons: ... To be a
responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas.
To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors.