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Chapter 15
Explicit Dynamics
15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics
15.2 High-Speed Impact
15.3 Drop Test
15.4 Review
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics 2
Section 15.1
Basics of Explicit Dynamics
Key Concepts
• Implicit Integration Methods
• Explicit Integration Methods
• Solution Accuracy
• Integration Time Steps
• Automatic Mass Scaling
• Static Damping
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics 3
{} {}
M D + C D + K D = F { } {}
• Transient Structural solves the above equation using the following algorithm:
1 2
Dn+1 = Dn + tDn + t 2 Dn+1 + (1 2 )Dn
2
• The parameters and are chosen to control characteristics of the algorithm such as
accuracy, numerical stability, etc.
• It is called an implicit method because the response at the current time step depends on
not only the historical information but also the current information; iterations are
needed in a single time step.
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics 4
{} {}
M D + C D + K D = F { } {}
• Explicit Dynamics solves the above equation using the following algorithm:
Dn+ 1 = Dn 1 + Dn t
2 2
Dn+1 = Dn + Dn+ 1 t
2
• It is called explicit methods because the response at the current time can be calculated
explicitly; no iterations within a time step is needed.
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics 5
Solution Accuracy
• Explicit Dynamics uses the principle of conservation of energy to monitor the solution
accuracy.
(Reference Energy) + (Work Done)Reference Current = (Current Energy)
• It calculates overall energy at each cycle. If the energy error reaches a threshold, the
solution is regarded as unstable and stops. The default threshold is 10%.
• The Energy Error is defined by
• With explicit methods, the integration time step needs to be small enough to ensure
stability and accuracy of the solution. The German mathematicians, Courant, Friedrichs,
and Lewy, suggested that, in a single time step, a wave should not travel further than the
smallest element size, i.e.
h
t
c
where h is the smallest element size, c is the wave speed in the element.
• Because of the CFL condition, when generating meshes for Explicit Dynamics, make
sure that one or two very small elements do not control the time step. In general, a
uniform mesh size is desirable for Explicit Dynamics simulations.
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics 8
m
t fh
VE
• The idea of mass scaling is to artificially increase the mass of small elements,
so that the stability time step can be increased.
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.1 Basics of Explicit Dynamics 9
Static Damping
Section 15.2
High-Speed Impact
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.2 High-Speed Impact 11
Chapter 15 Explicit Dynamics Section 15.3 Drop Test 12
Section 15.3
Drop Test
R20
5 m/s
[1] The phone
10
body is made of an
aluminum alloy.
120
R3
20