DESIGN PROJECT REPORT

Topic: HARWARE
CAMERA

Submitted by,
JOEN JOY
CSE-S5
Roll No. 16

Sree Buddha College Of Engineering

Ayathil,Elavumthitta
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 HARDWARE
 CAMERA

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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4
HARDWARE ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
CAMERA .............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
EVOLUTION ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
WORKING................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

ADVANTAGE ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9

CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11

REFERENCE............................................................................................................................................................................ 12

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 INTRODUCTION
HARWARE
Hardware includes the physical, tangible parts or components of a computer, such
as the cabinet, central processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage,
graphics Card, sound card, speakers and motherboard.

By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.

Intermediate between software and hardware is “firmware”

Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or

instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing
system, although other systems exist with only hardware components.

The template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed
in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann. This describes a
design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a
processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a
control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to
store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output
mechanisms. The meaning of the term has evolved to mean a stored-program
computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the
same time because they share a common bus. This is referred to as the Von
Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system.

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 CAMERA

A camera is an optical instrument to capture still images or to record

moving images, which are stored in a physical medium such as in a digital
system or on photographic film. A camera consists of a lens which
focuses light from the scene, and a camera body which holds the image
capture mechanism.

The still image camera is the main instrument in the art of photography
and captured images may be reproduced later as a part of the process of
photography, digital imaging, photographic printing. The similar artistic
fields in the moving image camera domain are film, videography, and
cinematography.

The word camera comes from camera obscura, which means "dark
chamber" and is the Latin name of the original device for projecting an
image of external reality onto a flat surface. The modern photographic
camera evolved from the camera obscura. The functioning of the camera
is very similar to the functioning of the human eye. The first permanent
photograph was made in 1825 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.

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 EVOLUTION
CAMERA
1.Camera obscura (before 11th c.)
The ancestor of the photographic camera was the camera obscura.
Camera obscura (Latin for "dark room") uses the natural phenomenon
that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or a
wall, for instance) is projected through a small hole in the screen to form
an inverted image (left to right and upside down) on an inner surface of
the camera obscura, opposite to the opening.

2.Pinhole camera (11th - 17th c.)

A pinhole camera is a simple camera without a lens but with a
tiny aperture, a pinhole camera – effectively a light-proof box with a
small hole in one side. Light from a scene passes through the aperture
and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box, which is
known as the camera obscura effect.

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3.Single-lens reflex camera (1954)
A single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is a camera that typically uses a
mirror and prism system (hence "reflex" from the mirror's reflection) that
permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what
will be captured. With twin lens reflex and rangefinder cameras, the
viewed image could be significantly different from the final image.
When the shutter button is pressed on most SLRs, the mirror flips
out of the light path, allowing light to pass through to the light receptor
and the image to be captured.

4.Digital single-lens reflex camera

A digital single-lens reflex camera (digital SLR or DSLR) is a digital
camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens
reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor.
The reflex design scheme is the primary difference between a DSLR and
other digital cameras. In the reflex design, light travels through the lens
and then to a mirror that alternates to send the image to either
the viewfinder or the image sensor. The viewfinder of a DSLR presents an
image that will not differ substantially from what is captured by
the camera's sensor, but presents it as a direct optical view through the
lens, rather than being captured by the camera's image sensor and
displayed by a digital screen.
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 WORKING

A camera is an optical instrument to capture still images or to

record moving images, which are stored in a physical medium such as in
a digital system or on photographic film. A camera consists of
a lens which focuses light from the scene, and a camera body which holds
the image capture mechanism.

A camera captures light photons, usually from the visible spectrum for
human viewing, but in general could also be from other portions of
the electromagnetic spectrum.All cameras use the same basic
design:light enters an enclosed box through a converging or
convex lens and an image is recorded on a light-sensitive medium (mainly
a transition metal-halide).
A shutter mechanism controls the length of time that light can enter the
camera.Most photographic cameras have extra functions that allow a
person to view the scene to be recorded,a desired part of the scene to be
in focus, and control of exposure so that it is not too bright or too dim.
On most digital cameras a display, often a liquid crystal display (LCD),
permits the user to view the scene to be recorded and settings such
as ISO speed, exposure, and shutter speed.

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 ADVANTAGE

1.Planning Your Shot

Before digital photography, people were limited to a maximum
36 photos per roll of film. Unless you had a Polaroid, there was no way to
see the photo immediately after taking it. Developing and printing all the
photos on the film was fairly expensive, so you had to take care not to
waste shots. The advantage of a digital camera is that you can
immediately see your images on-screen, and you don't have to develop a
roll of film. Every failed shot can be deleted on the spot, so you can take a
whole bunch of photos and then select the best ones. The disadvantage
of this technique, however, is that you tend to not focus on getting the
perfect shot as much, exercising quantity over quality when composing
your image.

2.Number of Photos
As of 2013, camera memory cards come with capacities of up
to 64 gigabytes. This means one memory card can store thousands of
photos. This is in stark contrast with film photography, where you were
limited to 36 photos on a roll of film. When film got damaged, the
photographer would lose 36 photos. However, if your memory card gets
corrupted before you have had a chance to download the photos, you
could potentially lose thousands of images at once.

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3.Technological Advancement
Digital technology is developing rapidly, so much so that digital
cameras become outdated very quickly. The models are updated
continually, each with a larger number of megapixels and a better
capacity to store large images quickly. The other problem with rapid
technological advancement is that smart phones' cameras have improved
to such an extent that their photo quality is virtually indistinguishable
from that of many compact digital cameras. The convenience of having
the phone with you at all times, its multi-functionality and the fact that
you can upload photos and videos to social media sites immediately,
make it a real threat to the point-and-shoot digital camera.

4.Editing
Digital photography allows you to edit your images after uploading them to a
computer. This allows for very creative effects, and gives you the freedom to
correct faults in photos that are, for instance, underexposed. It is now possible to
turn an image to grey scale digitally or to remove elements from the background.
The downside of this is that, once again, people tend to be less critical about their
photos because it could be corrected through editing. Instead of getting the shot
right from the start, a lot of time is spent editing away mistakes. Photos are also
often over-edited, taking away from their natural beauty.

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 CONCLUSION

When using computer hardware, an upgrade means adding new

hardware to a computer that improves its performance, adds capacity or
new features. For example, a user could perform a hardware upgrade to
replace the hard drive with a SSD to get a boost in performance or
increase the amount of files that may be stored. Also, the user could
increase the RAM so the computer may run more smoothly. The user
could add a USB 3.0 expansion card in order to fully use USB 3.0 devices,
or could upgrade the GPU for extra rendering power.
The hardware replication acts exclusively at the physical layer of the I/O
stack. It offers advantages such as speed and platform independence.
However, because this replication occurs at a low level in the I/O stack,
the real work must be done at the OS level to fully access the replicated
data. This can be challenging and many IT infrastructures consider a
simple approach: removing the LVM layer. Using this approach, the major
complexity of accessing the data disappears. However, to have
performance file systems, system administrators require the use of LVM,
partly because the LUN management system embedded in storage arrays
is not sufficient for I/O intensive applications.

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 REFERENCE
 https://en.wikipedia.org/
 http://www.informit.com/
 https://unsplash.com/

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