Lecture29-OP Amp Frequency Response PDF

Lecture 29
Operational Amplifier frequency Response
Reading: Jaeger 12.1 and Notes
Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle

Ideal Op Amps Used to Control Frequency Response
Low Pass Filter
Previously:
+
Vout Vout R2
=−
- Vin R1
R1 R2
Vin
Now put a capacitor in parallel with R2:
+ If s = jϖ ,
Vout 1
R2
- Vout C2 s
=−
Vin R1
R1 R2 1
Vin R2
Vout 1 C2 s R  1 
C2 =− =− 2  
Vin R1
R2 +
1 R1  1 + R2 C 2 s 
C2 s
Low Pass Filter
+
Vout
-
Vout R  1 
=− 2  
R1 R2 Vin R1  1 + R2 C 2 s 
Vin
C2
•At DC (s=0), the gain remains the same as before (-R2/R1).

•At high frequency, R2C2s>>1, the gain dies off with increasing frequency,
 1 
 
Vout  1  C s
≈ −  = − 2 
Vin  R1C 2 s   R1 
 
 
1
= 2π f H = ω H
R2 C 2
•At high frequencies, more “negative feedback” reduces the overall gain
Low Pass Filter
AV  Vout 
DB AV DB
= 20 Log   is the gain expressed in dB
 Vin 
 R2 
AV DB
= 20 Log  
 R1 
-3dB drop at fH (Vout has dropped in half!)
Slope = −20 dB / Decade
1
fH =
2π R2 C 2
fH Log(f)
•At DC (s=0), the gain remains the same as before (-R2/R1)
•At high frequency, R2C2s>>1, the gain dies off with increasing frequency
•Implements a “Low Pass Filter”: Lower frequencies are allowed to pass the filter
without attenuation. High frequencies are strongly attenuated (do not pass).
+ High Pass Filter
Vout Vout R2
=−
- Vin R1
R1 R2
Vin
Vout R2
=−
+ Vin 1
R1 +
Vout C1 s
- Vout RCs
=− 2 1
Vin 1 + R1C1 s
C1 R1 R2
Vin
•At DC (s=0), the gain is zero.
•At high frequency, R1C1s>>1, the gain returns to it’s full
value, (-R2/R1)
High Pass Filter
AV DB
R 
AV DB
= 20 Log  2 
 R1 
-3dB drop at fH
Vout R2 C1 s
=−
Vin 1 + R1C1 s
Slope = +20 dB / Decade
1
fL =
2π R1C1
fL Log(f)
•At DC (s=0), the gain is zero.
•At high frequency, R1C1s>>1, the gain returns to it’s full value, (-R2/R1)
•Implements a “High Pass Filter”: Higher frequencies are allowed to pass the filter
without attenuation. Low frequencies are strongly attenuated (do not pass).
Band Pass Filter (combination of high and low pass filter)
+
Vou
- t
C1 R1 R2
Vin
C2
1
R2
Vout C2 s
=−
Vin 1
R1 +
C1 s
Low High
1 Pass Pass
R2
C2 s
1
R2 +
Vout C2 s  1  R2 C1 s 
=− = −  
Vin 1  1 + R C s
2 2  1 + R C s
1 1 
R1 +
C1 s
Vout  1  R2 C1 s 
= −  
Vin  1 + R C s
2 2  1 + R C s
1 1 
Slopes = − 20 dB / Decade
+
AV DB
-3dB drop at fH
 R2 
AV = 20 Log  
DB
 R1  f L << f H
1
fL =
2π R1C1
1
fH =
2π R2 C 2
fL fH Log(f)
Vout  1  R2 C1 s 
= −  
Vin  1 + R C s
2 2  1 + R C s
1 1 
Slopes = − 20 dB / Decade
+
AV DB
R 
AV DB
= 20 Log  2 
 R1 
More than a -3dB drop at fL and fH
fL < fH and fL → fH
fL fH Log(f)
General Frequency Response of a Circuit
Poles and Zeros
Generally, a circuit’s transfer function (frequency dependent gain expression) can be written as the
ratio of polynomials:
vout (τ 1z s )(1 + τ 2 z s )(1 + τ 2 z s )... vout (τ 1zϖ ) 1 − (τ 2 zϖ )2 1 − (τ 3 zϖ )2 ...
=A =A
vin (1 + τ 1 p s )(1 + τ 2 p s )(1 + τ 3 p s )... vin 1 − (τ ϖ ) 1 − (τ ϖ ) 1 − (τ ϖ ) ...
2 2
1p
2
2p 3p
Complex Roots of the numerator polynomial are called “zeros” while complex roots of the
denominator polynomial are called “poles”
Each zero causes the transfer function to “break to higher gain” (slope increases by 20 dB/decade)
Each pole causes the transfer function to “break to lower gain” (slope decreases by 20 dB/decade)
0 dB/Decade -20
ca d
e dB
/D Typically, τ=RC
e ec a
 vout  dB/D de
20 Log  

2 0 0 dB/Decade
 vin 
de
eca
/D
dB
40
de
Deca
B/
0d
ϖ
2
1 1 1 1 1
ϖ= ϖ= ϖ= ϖ= ϖ=
τ 2z τ1p τ 2p τ 3p τ 3z
Real Op Amp Frequency Response
•To this point we have assumed the open loop gain, AOpen Loop, of
the op amp is constant at all frequencies.
•Real Op amps have a frequency dependant open loop gain.
AOϖ B ϖT
AOpenLoop ( s ) = =
s +ϖ B s +ϖ B
where,
s = jϖ
AO ≡ Open loop gain at DC
ϖ B ≡ Open loop bandwidth
(
ϖ T ≡ Unity - gain frequency frequency where AOpenLoop ( s ) = 1 )
AOϖ B
AOpenLoop ( jϖ ) =
ϖ 2 +ϖ B2
AO
AOpenLoop ( jϖ ) =
ϖ2
1+
ϖ B2
At Low Frequencies: AOpenLoop = AO
AOϖ B ϖT
At High Frequencies: AOpenLoop ≈ ϖ
=
ϖ
For most frequencies of interest, ω>>ωB , the product of the gain and frequency is
a constant, ωT
ϖ
f T = T ≡ Gain − Bandwidth Pr oduct (GBW )
2π
For the "741" Op Amp, For the " Op 07" Op Amp,

AO ~ 200,000 = 106 dB AO ~ 12,000,000 = 141 dB
ϖ B ~ (2π ) 5 Hz ϖ B ~ (2π ) 0.05 Hz
ϖ T ~ (2π ) 1 MHz ϖ T ~ (2π ) 0.6 MHz
GBW GBW
If the open loop bandwidth is so small, how can the op amp be useful?
The answer to this is found by considering the closed loop gain.

Previously, we found that the closed loop gain for the Non-
inverting configuration was (for finite open loop gain):
Vout AOpenLoop R1
AV ,ClosedLoop = = , where β =
Vin 1 + β AOpenLoop R1 + R 2
Using the frequency dependent open loop gain:
Vout AOpenLoop
AV ,ClosedLoop = =
Vin 1 + β AOpenLoop
 AOϖ B 
 
s +ϖ B  AOϖ B Low
AV ,ClosedLoop =  =
Aϖ  s + ϖ B (1 + β AO ) Pass
1 + β  O B 
 s +ϖ B 
AOϖ B AO  
 
ϖ B (1 + β AO ) (1 + β AO ) 1
AV ,ClosedLoop = = = A
s s  s  V ,ClosedLoop @ DC
+1 +1 1+ 
ϖ B (1 + β AO ) ϖ B (1 + β AO )  ϖH 
where,
ϖ H ≡ Upper Cutoff Frequency (Closed Loop Bandwith ) = ϖ B (1 + β AO )
Open LoopGain
The closed Loop
Amplifier has a
lower gain than Closed LoopGain
the Open Loop
Amplifier
Closed Loop Bandwidth

ϖT
ϖH = ϖ B (1 + β AO ) =
AV ,ClosedLoop
@ DC
The closed Loop Amplifier has a higher
Closed Loop DC Gain bandwidth than the Open Loop Amplifier
AOpenLoop
AV ,ClosedLoop =
Georgia Tech
1 + β AOpenLoop ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle
Closed Loop Gain set

by feedback network
below ωH
Closed Loop Gain

set Open Loop
Gain above ωH
(Gain x Bandwidth ) Open Loop

= (Gain x Bandwidth ) Closed Loop
Example: 741 Op Amp is used as a low pass filter with fL=10kHz. What is the
maximum voltage gain possible for this circuit?
From before, we can write:
(200 , 000 x 5 ) Open Loop
= (Gain x 10 , 000 ) Closed Loop
(Gain ) Closed Loop

= 100 V
V
Maximum
For the Inverting Configuration:
+ By sup erposition,
Vout R1 R2
v − = vout + vin
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
v- -
R2
v − = vout β + vin β
R1 R2 R1
Vin but ,
vout = −v − AV ,OpenLoop
so,
vout R2
− = vout β + vin β
AV ,OpenLoop R1
vout AV ,OpenLoop β  R2 
AV ,ClosedLoop = =  − 
vin 1 + AV ,OpenLoop β  R1 

Inserting the frequency dependent open loop gain:

AV ,OpenLoop β  R2 
AV ,ClosedLoop =  − 
1 + AV ,OpenLoop β  R1 
 AOϖ B 
  β
 s +ϖ B   R2  AOϖ B β  R2 
AV ,ClosedLoop =  −  =  − 
Aϖ 
1 +  O B  β  R1  s + ϖ B + AOϖ B β  R1 
 s +ϖ B 
AOϖ B β
AOϖ B β  R2  ϖ B (1 + AO β )  R2 
AV ,ClosedLoop =  −  =  − 
s + ϖ B (1 + AO β )  R1  s + ϖ B (1 + AO β )  R1 
ϖ B (1 + AO β )
 AO β  R2  
  −  
 (1 + AO β )  R1  
AV ,ClosedLoop = 
s
 +1 
 ϖ B (1 + AO β ) 
 
 AO β  R2  
  −  
 (1 + AO β )  R1  
AV ,ClosedLoop = 
s
 +1 
 ϖ B (1 + AO β ) 
 
 
 
 1 A
AV ,ClosedLoop =
 s  V ,ClosedLoop @ DC
1+ 
 ϖ B (1 + AO β ) 
Closed Loop Bandwidth Closed Loop DC Gain

ϖT AV ,OpenLoop β  R2 
ϖ H = ϖ B (1 + β AO ) = AV ,ClosedLoop =  − 
AV ,ClosedLoop 1 + AV ,OpenLoop β  R1 
@ DC
The frequency behavior is the same as for the the Non-Inverting case!

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Lecture 29

Operational Amplifier frequency Response

Reading: Jaeger 12.1 and Notes

Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle

•At DC (s=0), the gain remains the same as before (-R2/R1).

Slope = −20 dB / Decade

At Low Frequencies: AOpenLoop = AO

For the "741" Op Amp, For the " Op 07" Op Amp,

Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle

Closed Loop Bandwidth

Closed Loop Gain set

Closed Loop Gain

(Gain x Bandwidth ) Open Loop

(Gain ) Closed Loop

For the Inverting Configuration:

Georgia Tech ECE 3040 - Dr. Alan Doolittle

Inserting the frequency dependent open loop gain:

Closed Loop Bandwidth Closed Loop DC Gain

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