Application Note

Synchronization of OMICRON CMC Test Sets via IRIG-B

Author
Matthias Gromeier | matthias.gromeier@omicron.at

Date
17th April 2014 (1st version 7th December 2010)

Related OMICRON products

CMC, Test Universe, CMIRIG-B, CMGPS 588, CMGPS

Application Area
Protection Systems, Power Utility Communication

Key words
IRIG-B protocol, GPS, PermaSync, PMU, line differential protection, synchronization

Version
v1.1

Document ID
ANS_10012_ENU

Abstract
The necessity of synchronized protection testing exists at least since the introduction of the first line
differential protection relays which communicate via fiber optic cables to compare the current values.
OMICRON has offered this option of synchronizing two test sets since 1993 [1].
Synchronization using the CMIRIG-B, which is described in the present Application Note, is particularly
suitable for testing high-precision components such as Phasor Measurement Units. It also offers the user a
quick method for starting a synchronized test without requiring GPS signals. This Application Note is
intended as a quick setup guide since most users do not regularly use the CMIRIG-B and since the settings
to be made for testing with the CMIRIG-B are rather complex. Hence, this document provides instructions for
performing a synchronized test quickly and reliably using IRIG-B.

© OMICRON Page 1 of 24
 General information

OMICRON electronics GmbH including all international branch offices is henceforth referred to as
OMICRON.
The product information, specifications, and technical data embodied in this application note represent the
technical status at the time of writing and are subject to change without prior notice.
We have done our best to ensure that the information given in this application note is useful, accurate and
entirely reliable. However, OMICRON does not assume responsibility for any inaccuracies which may be
present.
OMICRON translates this application note from the source language English into a number of other
languages. Any translation of this document is done for local requirements, and in the event of a dispute
between the English and a non-English version, the English version of this note shall govern.

All rights including translation reserved. Reproduction of any kind, for example, photocopying, microfilming,
optical character recognition and/or storage in electronic data processing systems, requires the explicit
consent of OMICRON. Reprinting, wholly or partly, is not permitted.
© OMICRON 2014. All rights reserved. This application note is a publication of OMICRON.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 2 of 24

 Content

1 Safety instructions ...............................................................................................................................4

2 Basics of CMIRIG-B ..............................................................................................................................5
2.1 What is IRIG-B? ..............................................................................................................................5
2.2 Connecting the CMIRIG-B to the CMC Test Set ............................................................................5
3 System and software requirements for working with CMIRIG-B ......................................................6
3.1 Requirements for performing a synchronized test ..........................................................................6
3.2 Which Test Universe modules can be used for synchronized testing with IRIG-B? ......................6
4 Configuration for working with IRIG-B synchronization ..................................................................7
4.1 General hardware settings for working with IRIG-B .......................................................................7
4.2 Testing with the individual Test Universe modules ..................................................................... 10
4.2.1 State sequencer ............................................................................................................... 10
4.2.2 Advanced differential modules: diff. configuration and diff. operating characteristic ....... 10
4.2.3 Pulse ramping................................................................................................................... 12
4.2.4 PQ signal generator.......................................................................................................... 13
4.2.5 NetSim .............................................................................................................................. 14
4.2.6 EnerLyzer ......................................................................................................................... 14
5 PMU Testing with GPS and PermaSync .......................................................................................... 16
5.1 PermaSync .................................................................................................................................. 17
5.2 Testing PMUs without delayed output of the test signals ............................................................ 18
5.3 Only test if synchronized to external time base ........................................................................... 19
6 Using the CMIRIG-B to synchronize CMC Test Sets via fiber optic cable ................................... 20
6.1 Requirements for testing.............................................................................................................. 20
6.2 Configuration and cabling ............................................................................................................ 21
7 List of literature .................................................................................................................................. 23

© OMICRON 2015 Page 3 of 24

1 Safety instructions
This application note may only be used in combination with the relevant product manuals which contain all
safety instructions. The user is fully responsibility for any application that makes use of OMICRON products.
Instructions are always characterized by a  symbol even if they are included to a safety instruction.

DANGER
Death or severe injury caused by high voltage or current if the respective
protective measures are not complied.

 Carefully read and understand the content of this application note as well as
the manuals of the involved systems before starting its practical application.
 Please contact OMICRON before you continue the process if you do not
understand the safety instructions, operating instructions, or parts of it.
 Follow each instruction mentioned there especially the safety instructions
since this is the only way to avoid danger that can occur when working at
high voltage or high current systems.
 Furthermore, only use the involved equipment according to its intended
purpose to guarantee a safe operation.
 Existing national safety standards for accident prevention and
environmental protection may supplement the equipment’s manual.

Only experienced and competent professionals that are trained for working in high voltage or high current
environments may perform this application note. Additional the following qualifications are required:
• authorized to work in environments of energy generation, transmission or distribution and familiar with
the approved operating practices in such environments.
• familiar with the five safety rules.
• good knowledge of the CMC test sets and Test Universe.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 4 of 24

2 Basics of CMIRIG-B

2.1 What is IRIG-B?

IRIG or "Inter Range Instrumentation Group Timecode" refers to a group of time codes that were
developed beginning in 1956 [2]. They are used for transmitting time signals from a master to several slaves.
The most well-known application of the IRIG protocol is the WWV time signal radio station in the USA. The
signal is broadcast from Fort Collins in Colorado and makes it possible for radio stations and radio controlled
clocks to synchronize the time via IRIG-H. In Germany, a similar function is provided by the time signal radio
station DCF77 in Mainflingen.

IRIG-B is one of these time codes and described completely in the IRIG standard, revision 200-04 [2]. The
protocol consists of a 1s frame containing 100 pulses with a duration of 10 ms. Each of these pulses
represents one bit. A frame with a length of 1 s therefore contains the complete time information.

2.2 Connecting the CMIRIG-B to the CMC Test Set

Figure 1: Connecting the CMIRIG-B to the CMC test set

As shown in Figure 1, the CMIRIG-B is connected to the ext. Interface on the rear of the CMC test set. Use
the port labeled CMC on your CMIRIG-B interface box for this purpose. The other ports of the CMIRIG-B
used later on for the synchronization process include the IRIG-B OUT output for use of the CMIRIG-B as a
master and the IRIG-B/PPS IN input for operation as a slave.

It is also possible to use a GPS receiver as an external time base for the CMIRIG-B. However, the GPS time
is not required for simple synchronization of two test sets since its use does not influence the accuracy of
synchronization. Nevertheless the use of the CMGPS 588 and CMGPS will be described in more detail in
chapter 5. The function of the PPX OUT output (configurable pulse output, e.g. PPS = pulse per second) is
not covered in detail in this Application Note. For more information about this and the other ports, please
refer to the CMIRIG-B reference manual [3] stored on your PC within the Test Universe documentation.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 5 of 24

3 System and software requirements for working with CMIRIG-B

3.1 Requirements for performing a synchronized test

Prerequisites for synchronizing and testing with the CMIRIG-B:

> Two CMC test sets with Ethernet interface (test sets with parallel port are not supported!)
> Two Test Universe licenses for the two CMC test sets for all software modules used
> Two CMIRIG-B and the necessary Lemo connection cables to connect to CMC
(order no. VEHK0003)
> Test Universe 2.30 or higher support the Permanent Synchronization feature (PermaSync).
> For testing with a CMGPS 588 Test Universe 3.00 or higher is required.
> For testing with a CMGPS a power supply unit must be available.

3.2 Which Test Universe modules can be used for synchronized testing
with IRIG-B?

The following modules of the Test Universe software are compatible with IRIG-B:
> State Sequencer
> Advanced Diff. Configuration
> Advanced Diff. Operating Characteristic
> Pulse Ramping (Test Universe 2.411 and higher)
> PQ Signal Generator
> NetSim
> EnerLyzer (this module provides time synchronization of signal recordings)
> Advanced TransPlay ( to start the synchronized playback of two or more recordings)

1 In modes other than Direct Mode and for df/dt ramps only full seconds will be executed for all time settings for synchronized operation.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 6 of 24

4 Configuration for working with IRIG-B synchronization

4.1 General hardware settings for working with IRIG-B

 Open the Hardware Configuration.

Figure 2: Opening the Hardware Configuration

 Change to the last tab, Time Source.

Figure 3: Hardware settings of the Time Source tab

Settings for master and slave:

Generally the master sets the time to which the slaves synchronize. If you should already have an IRIG-B
signal from a master, you can set both CMC test sets to slave mode (Trigger via IRIG-B using a
CMIRIG-B). Otherwise one CMC/IRIG-B must adopt the master function.
For a usual application where you merely want to synchronize two CMC test sets, you can leave the
standard settings. For example, the settings of the master can then be set as shown in Figure 4. Just be
careful with the setting at the bottom of the IRIG-B & GPS window, Set date and time at test start
(figure 4). If this option is selected, it may cause some confusion during the test. Therefore it is
recommended to deselect this function or read step 6 in this section on how to handle it.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 7 of 24

 Figure 4: Setting the CMIRIG-B as a master

When configuring a slave, you may also leave the standard settings as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Hardware Configuration settings for the slave

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  Check the hardware status and any error messages: After confirming the Hardware Configuration by
clicking OK, the LED A of the CMIRIG-B should light up green. In addition, the PPX LED of the
master should start flashing at a rate of once per second. If LED A lights up in red, the hardware is
not configured correctly; if it does not light up at all, the CMIRIG-B supply voltage is missing.
 Do not proceed with step 5 before LED A lights up on master and slave and any error messages in
the Test Universe module have disappeared.
 Open the Time Trigger Configuration (Time Trigger).

Figure 6: Opening the Time trigger configuration (Time Trigger)

 Set the Time Trigger Configuration as shown in Figure 7. It is important that the start time for both
computers (i.e., for master and slave) is set the same.

Figure 7: Trigger configuration

If the Current local time displayed should not yet be correct and/or synchronous for both computers, this is
not unusual. The time is transmitted from the master PC to the slave PC only after test start. After the start,
the Current local time will be set correctly and the time for the next possible start will be updated.
You should also note that the time appearing as Current local time in the Time Trigger Configuration is
overwritten by the Hardware Configuration if there the Set date and time at test start function is
activated.
Example for the function "Set date and time at test start":
If a current local time of 12:55 o'clock (as shown in Figure 7) is specified in the Time Trigger Configuration
before test start, you will assume that the first trigger occurs in five minutes if you set the start time (see also
Figure 7) of the trigger to 13:00 o'clock. However, if you set a start time of 12:00 o'clock in the Hardware
Configuration (as shown in Figure 8) and the option Set date and time at test start is selected, the
Current local time will be overwritten at test start and the next trigger will arrive after one hour.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 9 of 24

 Figure 8: IRIG-B source settings

4.2 Testing with the individual Test Universe modules

The following chapters describe the settings that are necessary to perform a successful synchronized test
with the individual test modules.

4.2.1 State sequencer

 Make all hardware settings according to chapter 4.1.
 In the General tab of the Detail View, select the Start Test Condition option On time trigger. This
setting must be selected on both the master and the slave.

Figure 9: Condition for test start in State Sequencer

 Start the measurement on the master first, since it will then begin to transmit the time signal and
update the slave. Start the test on the slave only after this. This is especially important if you
selected the option Set date and time at test start in the Hardware Configuration.

4.2.2 Advanced differential modules: diff. configuration and diff. operating characteristic
The following instruction refers to the Diff. Configuration and Diff. Operating Characteristic modules. For the
Diff. Trip Time Characteristic and Diff. Harmonic Restraint modules, it is not possible to synchronize a test.
When using the Diff. Configuration module, please note the information at the end of this chapter. All of the
screenshots in this chapter were taken from the Diff. Configuration module. However, in the Diff. Operating
Characteristic module you will find the settings for synchronized testing at the same place.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 10 of 24

  Make all hardware settings according to chapter 4.1.
 Navigate to the General tab in the Test View (see figure 10), and select the setting Apply Time
Trigger. Then choose for master and slave the side on which the CMC test set is located. Choose
Primary for one side and Secondary for the other side accordingly.

Figure 10: Settings in the Diff Configuration module

 Please note that the Primary and Secondary settings made in step 2 refer to the current outputs. In
order to output the correct Idiff and Ibias currents, it is indispensable to select the settings on the
master and slave sides correctly. Please verify once more if the wiring is selected correctly for this
setting in the Hardware Configuration.

Optimizing the trigger period

Figure 11: Optimizing the trigger period

© OMICRON 2015 Page 11 of 24

 Since the individual test shots of the test sequence do not change to the next test shot until the IRIG-B
trigger arrives, you can reduce the test duration considerably by shortening the trigger period.

 Start the measurement on the master first, since it will then begin to transmit the time signal and
update the slave. Start the test on the slave only after this. This is especially important if you
selected the option Set date and time at test start in the Hardware Configuration.

Specific aspects of the Diff. Configuration module:

Note that in the Diff. Configuration module the assessment is made manually for each test shot. It is
important to be aware of the fact that the output of the next test point is subject to the following condition:
As soon as the test point is manually assessed OK and the next trigger pulse is received, the module
changes to the next shot. Until then, the output values remain unchanged.

If the assessment is made close to the next trigger point, it may happen that the assessment of one side is
made before the trigger and the assessment of the other test set occurs just after the trigger. One of the
CMC test sets will then output the next test shot while the other CMC continues to output the values of the
previous shot. It is therefore essential to ensure that the manual assessment is done clearly before the next
trigger impulse arrives.

4.2.3 Pulse ramping

 Make all hardware settings according to chapter 4.1.
 In the General tab of the Test View, select the Start Test Condition option On time trigger. This
setting must be selected on both the master and the slave.

Figure 12: Condition for test start in Pulse Ramping module

© OMICRON 2015 Page 12 of 24

 Figure 13: Time settings in the Test View of the Pulse Ramping module

 Verify all time settings of the ramping parameters on the master and on the slave. The values for
Prefault time, Reset time and Fault time as shown in Figure 13 must definitely be the same on
both computers since otherwise the test cannot run in synchronized mode.
 Start the measurement on the master first, since it will then begin to transmit the time signal and
update the slave. Start the test on the slave only after this. This is especially important if you
selected the option Set date and time at test start in the Hardware Configuration.

4.2.4 PQ signal generator

 Make all hardware settings according to chapter 4.1.
 Select the option Start each state time-triggered, as shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14: Test View of the PQ Signal Generator module

 Start the measurement on the master first, since it will then begin to transmit the time signal and
update the slave. Start the test on the slave only after this. This is especially important if you
selected the option Set date and time at test start in the Hardware Configuration.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 13 of 24

4.2.5 NetSim
 Make all hardware settings according to chapter 4.1.
 Select the Start Test Condition option On time trigger (as shown in Figure 15). For this purpose,
go to the Test View of the NetSim module and change to the General tab.

Figure 15: NetSim Test View

 Start the measurement on the master first, since it will then begin to transmit the time signal and
update the slave. Start the test on the slave only after this. This is especially important if you
selected the option Set date and time at test start in the Hardware Configuration.

4.2.6 EnerLyzer
The EnerLyzer test tool for recording transient signals has a special role for triggering via GPS/IRIG-B.
Recording is not started by the time trigger and the EnerLyzer software module cannot be used as an
IRIG-B master. Only the Trigger via IRIG-B with CMIRIG-B option can be selected in the Hardware
Configuration and this makes it possible to provide the recording with a time stamp indicating the
GPS/IRIG-B time. For this purpose, the Use time-synchronized trigger option of the trigger conditions
must be selected. However, the trigger does not originate from the IRIG-B but from a different channel, for
example, the signal of binary input 1 as shown in Figure 16.

Figure 16: Trigger settings in the EnerLyzer test tool

© OMICRON 2015 Page 14 of 24

 This option is most useful when it is about comparing different fault records. For example, EnerLyzer makes
it possible for the user to make recordings at various places in the substation and then compare these
precisely with regard to timing. It is also possible to compare fault records from protection relays with the
records of the CMC test set provided that the relays were also synchronized via GPS.

In order to be able to use EnerLyzer, you have to make all hardware settings according to chapter 4.1.
Please note that EnerLyzer cannot be configured as a master but only as a slave.

In version 2.40 of the Test Universe software, there is a minor restriction of this function for technical
reasons. In order to take this into account, the trigger is not set to the current trigger time but depends on the
trigger settings. For example, if the start time is set to "Next full 20 s", the trigger occurs every full 20-second
interval, i.e., on h:m:20 s, h:m:40 s and h:m:00 s.

Figure 17: Trigger configuration with start time "Next full 20 s"

You can display the trigger time afterwards in your transient viewer. An example is shown in figure 18 in the
OMICRON TransView module.

Figure 18: Recorded transient file with trigger information

© OMICRON 2015 Page 15 of 24

5 PMU testing with GPS and PermaSync
At least since the presentation of the first PMU in the year 1988 [4], it is necessary not only to synchronize
two test sets but also ensure the time synchronicity with the test object. As already mentioned in chapter 2.2,
it is possible to synchronize the CMIRIG-B with the time information of a GPS receiver. This option is
required in order to test those objects correctly that are also synchronized via GPS.
The CMGPS is connected to the CMIRIG-B as shown in Figure 19 and used as an external time base.

Figure 19: Connecting the CMGPS and the CMIRIG-B to the CMC test set

If you use a CMGPS 588 for time synchronization, connect this GPS controlled time reference directly to the
CMC test set as described in the CMGPS 588 manual.

Figure 20: Connecting the CMGPS 588 directly to the CMC test set

© OMICRON 2015 Page 16 of 24

 A test setup for testing a PMU may look like the one shown in Figure 21. Here, the IRIG-B is the reference
time base and permits the synchronization of test object and test set. The IEEE C37.118 specifications
describe standardized measurement methods and their application for verifying the precision of the PMU
correctly.

Figure 21: Testing a PMU using IRIG-B as a reference time base according to [5]

These tests of a PMU involve special requirements for the software; these are described in the following
chapters. For this reason, it is recommended to carry out these tests with a CMIRIG-B only.

1. For long-time tests, it is not only necessary to synchronize individual shots, but the signal output
must be synchronous with the external time base throughout the whole test (chapter 5.1).
2. Since the outputs of a test set involve a certain dead time in relation to the trigger signal because of
response and filter timing, this time delay must be compensated (chapter 5.2).
3. When performing synchronized testing of high-precision components, the test must be aborted if the
synchronization cannot be ensured any longer, e.g. because of a loss of the GPS signal
(chapter 5.3).

5.1 PermaSync

The PermaSync function has been available since version 2.30 of the Test Universe software. This "long-
time synchronization tool" keeps the outputs of the test set constantly synchronous with an external time
base such as GPS. In this way, it is possible to test a high-precision component such as, for example, a
GPS-synchronized PMU, also in a long-time test. With older Test Universe versions prior to 2.30, which still
operate without PermaSync, phase offsets of the phasor may occur during long-time tests. Such time
deviations occur because the test shots are only synchronized in the beginning and then kept synchronous
only by the internal clocks of the CMC test sets. Please note that a relatively small time deviation of e.g.
500 µs already result in a phasor offset of 9° at 50 Hz.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 17 of 24

5.2 Testing PMUs without delayed output of the test signals

Normal use of a trigger involves a delayed output of the signals because of the response times. With the
CMC test set, this delay may reach up to 500 µs. When using a CMIRIG-B, a software algorithm is
implemented which compensates the output time delay. Figure 22 shows that although the delay of the two
CMC output signals (red and blue) to the trigger (pink) occurs, it is fully compensated by the time of the first
zero crossing at 5 ms. This makes it possible to test PMUs and display both phasors completely
synchronously.

Figure 22: IRIG-B synchronization of two CMC test sets according to [3]

© OMICRON 2015 Page 18 of 24

5.3 Only test if synchronized to external time base

The option Only test if synchronized to ext. time base (see Figure 23) in the Hardware Configuration is
provided for the testing process, for example, if the GPS signal should be lost. Usually the test continues in
this case, since the output is kept fairly synchronous within the precision of the internal test set clock.
However, this level of synchronicity is insufficient for applications such as PMU tests. It is therefore
recommended to abort a test when the GPS link is interrupted in order to avoid corrupted test results.

Figure 23: Option for testing only if synchronized to ext. time base in the Hardware Configuration

This is addressed with the option Only test if synchronized to ext. time base. If this option is selected, the
test stops when the signal of the external time base is lost.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 19 of 24

6 Using the CMIRIG-B to synchronize CMC Test Sets via fiber
optic cable
When testing busbar differential protection, synchronization is also necessary as it is for line differential
protection testing or testing of PMUs. Since many modern substations are equipped with fiber optic cables
and the necessary connections are available in the relay cabinets, it is possible to synchronize the test sets
via the CMIRIG-B using optical converters. Generally, one electrical/optical converter is required for the
master and a number of optical/electrical converters for synchronizing the test sets at the field units. For the
further description, it is assumed that only one master and one slave exist for synchronization.

6.1 Requirements for testing

As already explained, you need optical/electrical converters for the slaves and electrical/optical converters
for the master. In practical tests the converter models J720 and J730 made by Highland Technology have
proven to be suitable.

Figure 24: Optical/electrical and electrical/optical converters made by Highland Technology

For the technical data of the converters, please refer to the Technical Manual on the Internet page of
Highland Technology [6, 7]. Please note that numerous different fiber optic connectors and couplers are
available and that the correct components need to be procured prior to testing.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 20 of 24

6.2 Configuration and cabling

The functional and operating principle when using the CMIRIG-B is described in chapter 4. The following
sections are therefore limited to describing the configuration and cabling. Only the converters made by
Highland Technology are addressed.

 Connect the passive electrical/optical converter J720 with the IRIG-B Out port on the master side.

Figure 25: Cabling of CMIRIG-B master

 Connect the active optical/electrical converter J730 with the IRIG-B/PPS input on the slave side.

Figure 26: Cabling of CMIRIG-B slave

 Connect the optical side of the converters directly with a short fiber optic cable in order to test the
functionality of the system. After setting the Hardware Configuration, the LED A of the CMIRIG-B
should light up green. In addition, the PPX LED of the master should start flashing at a rate of once
per second. If the LED A lights up red, the hardware is not configured correctly.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 21 of 24

  When the synchronization of the test sets has been done successfully according to step 3, connect
the CMIRIG-B devices to each other by the connections of the relay cabinets.

Figure 27: Fiber optic connections in the relay cabinet

 Proceed according to chapter 4 to perform testing successfully.

© OMICRON 2015 Page 22 of 24

7 List of literature

[1] Prüfung eines Leitungsdifferentialschutz-Systems per GPS-Empfänger // Rainer Aberer,

OMICRON electronics GmbH, Oberes Ried1, 6833 Klaus Austria, User Meeting 1993

[2] IRIG Standard 200-04 - IRIG Serial Time Code Formats // Timing Committee
Telecommunications and Timing Group Range Commanders Concil, U.S. Army White Sands
Missile Range, New Mexico 88002-5110, September 2004

[3] CMIRIG-B Reference Manual // OMICRON electronics GmbH, Oberes Ried 1, 6833 Klaus
Austria, 2010

[4] Synchronized Phasor Measurements – A Historical Overview // A.G. Phadke Virginia Tech,
Blacksburg, Virginia, USA

[5] Time-Synchronized Operating Modes of the CMC Test Set and Their Applications //
Dr. Fred Steinhauser, OMICRON electronics GmbH, Oberes Ried 1, 6833 Klaus Austria, 2009
IPTS Vienna

[6] J720 Electrical/Optical Converter Technical Manual // Highland Technology, Inc. San
Francisco USA, July 3, 2007

[7] J730 Optical/Electrical Converter Technical Manual // Highland Technology, Inc. San
Francisco USA, May 27, 2009

© OMICRON 2015 Page 23 of 24

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