Brasided Composites PDF

A.K.
Pickett, 2013-2014 Composites modelling:

IFB Institut für Flugzeugbau, University Stuttgart Micromechanics for textile composites
Textile composites: Micromechanical analysis

and the WiseTex software
• Overview of micromechanics for textile composites
• Fabric types
• The Wisetex software: Basic concepts and theory
• WiseTex example:
o Construction and analysis for a simple biaxial 2D braid
1
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014 Composites modelling:
Mechanics on the micro

micro- (and meso
meso-)) level
Micromechanics combines
fibre/matrix properties
Simplified tools: > yarn properties
ti
e.g WiseTex
Braid WiseTex builds a textile
representation and uses
RVE models for stiffness
Micro- and
Meso-level
analysis
Full FE modelling:
e.g PAM-CRASH…
2
Main fabric types: Braids, Weaves, Knits, Non Crimp Fabrics and
3D textiles
1D UD tapes
8 harness Triaxial
Biaxial
We aves satin woven
woven
woven
NCF Biaxial Tri-axial

2D
Biaxial Triaxial
Braids b id
braid braid
eforms
Weft Warp
Knitting
knit knit
Textile pre
Through-
Weaves thickness Orthogonal
angle interlock
interlock
Braids Tubular 3D braid

braid
3D
Lock Stichbonded laid in

Stitching
stitch warp
Multi-axial Weft inserted warp

Knitting warp knit knit laid in warp
3
Examples of braids
Biaxial braid Triaxial braid UD - braid
 Only 3/4 of the

braiding yarns are
carbon yarns, the
rest are support
yarns
 Without 0°-  With 0°-
Fibres fibres
4
An example
p braided structure
5
Examples of weaves
Plain weave
Twill weave (2*2) modern machines work on

also 3*3…. the same principles
The warp and weft yarns may be similar

(balanced), or dissimilar (e.g. UD weave)
5-Harness weave
also 8H,11H…
5H weave UD weave
6
Press forming (draping)
Stacking the dry fabrics • The fabric is held in pre-

tensioners (= Blank
Blank-
holders) ready for press
forming (draping).
• Fabrics may have a well

distributed thermoplastic
binder that softens under
heat and temporarily
‘glues’ the layers together.
The preform is trimmed and

extracted ready for the next
resin infusion step
Courtesy BMW
7 http://www.e90post.com/forums /showthread.php?t=405334
Micromechanics of woven or braided material
• Micro-mechanical models for UD

materials could be applied to UD and
NCF composites:
 R
Rule
l off mixtures
i t can be
b accurate t for
f stiffness
tiff
 Laws for failure are available (to be used with
care and supported by tests if possible)
UD material
• Micro-mechanics for woven type textiles

have been proposed:
 E.G. academic software like WiseTex can be
used to predict homogenized material
properties
i for
f FE-simulation
FE i l i
 New research is applying FE solutions for
stiffness and failure at the RVE level
Woven or braided architecture
8
The WiseTex software family
WiseTex is a software p package

g for composite
p micromechanical modelling.
g The
composite is described at the Repetitive Volume Element (RVE) level (mechanical
properties, lay-up, geometry…)
• WiseTex: For description of the geometry
• LamTex: For description of lay-ups
37 GPa
37 GPa
y x
• TexComp: For computation of mechanical properties
• FETex: For creation of FE based models
9
WiseTex: Architecture definition
P tt
Pattern 3D Geometr
Geometry
Braided Cone
1.Yarn types Geometry

specified (RVE)
2.Yarn assign-
ments to
warp weft
warp,
and inlays
10
WiseTex: Yarn geometry

Dimensions of the yarn
cross section (warp and
Warp and weft yarn types weft)
Spacing of the yarns Dimensions of the yarn cross

section (warp and weft)
11
TexComp: Homogenisation of the unit cell
M h i l properties
Mechanical ti 3D Geometry
G Mechanical properties
Homogenisation of the unit cell

37 GPa
x
y 37 GPa
39 GPa x
y
16 GPa
12
TexComp: Basic ideas in homogenisation of the RVE
1. Each yarn is idealised

as a spline type
f
function
i
2. These are descretised

into segments
Each segment (α) has an orthotropic stiffness matrix in local frame (x’
(x ,yy’,zz’)) given by [C]α
 E11  12 E22  13 E33 0 0 0 

 
 E22  23 E22 0 0 0 
 0 
C  L 
E33 0 0

 G12 0 0 
 sym G13 0 
 
 G23 
13
TexComp: Basic ideas in homogenisation of the RVE
Each segment is transformed to the global frame (x

(x,y,z)
y z) and summated for RVE stiffness
Analytical (stiffness) Yarn segment stiffness and Assembly

stiffness transformations
n
[C ]   V [C ]G
C  
G  T   C  T 
 1 
L 

 1
 a112 2
a12 2
a13 a12a13 a11a13 a11a12  Weighting factor of
 2 
 a21 a222 a 2
23 a22a23 a23a21 a21a22  ‚grain‘
grain‘ (segment)
 a231 a232 a 2
a32a33 a33a31 a31a32  volume with respect
T   33

to total volume
2a21a31 2a32a22 2a23a33 (a22a33  a23a32 ) (a23a31  a21a33 ) (a21a32  a22a31 )
 2a a 2a12a32 2a13a33 (a32a13  a33a12 ) (a11a33  a13a31 ) (a31a12  a32a11 ) 
 11 31  (V=V
VGrain/VUnitCell)
2a11a21 2a12a22 2a13a23 (a12a23  a13a22 ) (a13a21  a11a23 ) (a11a22  a12a21 ) 
 cos  cos  sin  cos  sin  

([Tσ ])-1=([T ε ])T aij    sin  cos  0 
 cos  sin  sin  sin  cos  
14
Review: Stiffness and Compliace laws

1D Isotropic material (Hookes law)
E

  E 
2D plane stress: Stiffness law
 1  Q11 Q12 0   1  Q11 

E1
       1  12  21 
 2   Q21 Q22 0   2
   0 Q66   12  Q22 
E2
 12   0
1  12  21 
   Q or  Q12  Q21 
 21  E1

 12  E2
1  12  21  1  12  21 
where: {σ} : Column matrix of stress
[Q] : Stiffness matrix Q66  G12
{ } : Column
{ε} C l matrix
t i off strain
t i
2D plane stress: Compliance law where:

[S] : Compliance matrix = [Q]-1
 1   S11 S12 0   1  S11 = 1/E1
      
  2    S 21 S 22 0   2
S22 = 1/E2
   0 S 66   12 
S12 = S21 = -12 /E1 = - 21 /E2
 12   0
S66 = 1/G12
15
Iso-stress
Iso stress versus iso
iso-strain
strain
• For the iso-strain assumption stiffness • Identical computations are made for iso-
contribution of each grain (total = n) are stress except that grain compliance
summed for the unit cell stiffness
stiffness. contributions are summed
summed.
• Corresponding unit cell compliance is • Stiffness is obtained from inversion of the
inversion of the stiffness matrix. unit cell compliance matrix.
Isostrain (Voigt) Isostress (Reuss)
n n
Stiffness [C] V
UC   V [C] 
G Compliance [S]R
UC   V [S]G
 1  1
Compliance V
[S]UC 1
 [C]UC Stiffness 1
[C]RUC  [S]UC
Note: We have done this already and used iso-strain for E1 and iso-stress for E2
Iso-strain (summing stiffnesses) Iso-stress (summing compliances)
E1  E f  V f  Em  Vm 1

Vf V
 m
16 E2 E2 f Em
Comparing Stiffness and Compliance computed from Iso

Iso-stress
stress and
Iso-strain assumptions
Upper bound on stiffness Lower bound on stiffness
Isostrain (Voigt) Isostress (Reuss)

n n
Stiffness [C] V
UC   V [C] 
G Compliance [S]R
UC   V [S]G
 1
≠  1
Compliance V
[S]UC 1
 [C]UC Stiffness 1
[C]RUC  [S]UC
These will not be equal due to the

Upper bound simplifying assumptions made in the
models used – especially the ones for
iso-stress
Lower
bound
1 Vf V
  m
17 E2 E2 f Em
The Voight
Voight-Reuss-Hill
Reuss Hill model
The iso-strain (Voigt) and iso-stress (Reuss) models represent upper and lower bound
solutions to true values. For design it would be wise to take to most conservative value or,
alternatively, the Voigt-Reuss-Hill VRH model advocates computing both iso-stress and iso-
strain compliance and taking the average as a basis for the engineering constants.
[S]VRH 
1
2
 V 1
[S]RUC  [C]UC 
18
TexGen and Finite Element homogenisation
WiseTex - Model FE pre-processor

pre processor
FETex
FE + Homogenisation

Simulation

SYSPLY - Analysis Material properties from FE-Analysis
19
Exercise in CIP-Pool
CIP Pool
Modeling of a woven fabric with WiseTex

and calculation of the material properties
20

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A.K.

Pickett, 2013-2014 Composites modelling:

Textile composites: Micromechanical analysis

Mechanics on the micro

NCF Biaxial Tri-axial

Braids Tubular 3D braid

Lock Stichbonded laid in

Multi-axial Weft inserted warp

Biaxial braid Triaxial braid UD - braid

 Only 3/4 of the

Twill weave (2*2) modern machines work on

The warp and weft yarns may be similar

Press forming (draping)

Stacking the dry fabrics • The fabric is held in pre-

• Fabrics may have a well

The preform is trimmed and

Micromechanics of woven or braided material

• Micro-mechanical models for UD

• Micro-mechanics for woven type textiles

The WiseTex software family

WiseTex is a software p package

• WiseTex: For description of the geometry

• LamTex: For description of lay-ups

• FETex: For creation of FE based models

WiseTex: Architecture definition

1.Yarn types Geometry

WiseTex: Yarn geometry

Spacing of the yarns Dimensions of the yarn cross

TexComp: Homogenisation of the unit cell

Homogenisation of the unit cell

TexComp: Basic ideas in homogenisation of the RVE

1. Each yarn is idealised

2. These are descretised

 E11  12 E22  13 E33 0 0 0 

TexComp: Basic ideas in homogenisation of the RVE

Each segment is transformed to the global frame (x

Analytical (stiffness) Yarn segment stiffness and Assembly

 cos  cos  sin  cos  sin  

Review: Stiffness and Compliace laws

 1  Q11 Q12 0   1  Q11 

2D plane stress: Compliance law where:

Comparing Stiffness and Compliance computed from Iso

Upper bound on stiffness Lower bound on stiffness

Isostrain (Voigt) Isostress (Reuss)

These will not be equal due to the

TexGen and Finite Element homogenisation

WiseTex - Model FE pre-processor

Modeling of a woven fabric with WiseTex

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