PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

CHILD AND ADOLESCENT

REVIEW NOTES

Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory (Personality)

Psychosexual Development

📚Oral Stage (0-1 yrs. old) – Infant

📚Anal Stage (1-3 yrs. old) – Toddler

📚Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs old) preschoolers

📚Latency Stage (age 6 - puberty) school age

📚Genital Stage (adolescence /puberty onwards)

Personality Component

📘ID (pleasure principles) infancy

📘EGO (reality principles) preschooler

📘SUPEREGO (morality principles) near end of preschool

3 Levels of Mind

📗CONCIOUS - all that we are aware of that are stored in our conscious mind.

📗UNCONCIOUS - all that we go through (feelings, beliefs, impulses deep within)

📗SUBCONCIOUS (a.k.a. Pre-Conscious) – the part of us that’s hidden unless we search for it

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Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory

3 Basic Cognitive Concept

1. Schema – Building blocks of knowledge

2. Adaptation Processes (3)

📕Assimilation – using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation.

📕Accommodation – happens when an existing schema does not work and needs to be changed to deal
with a new object or situation

📕Equilibration – occurs when a child’s schemas can deal with most new information through
assimilation. But when our experiences do not match our schemata, we experience cognitive
disequilibrium

3. Stages of Cognitive Development

Stage 1. Sensori-motor stage (birth - infancy)

Highlight:

Object Permanence - ability to know that an object still exists even when out of sight

Stage 2. Pre-operational stage (2-7yrs) preschool years

Intelligence at this stage is intuitive in nature

Child can now make mental representations and is able to pretend

Highlights on this stage:

📒Symbolic Function – ability to represent objects and events

📒Egocentrism – the tendency of the child to only see his point of view and to assume that everyone
also has his same point of view

📒Centration – the tendency of the child to only focus on one aspect of a thing or event and exclude
other aspects.

📒Irreversibility – inability to reverse their thinking

Can understand 2+3=5 but cannot understand that 5-3=2

📒Animism – attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects

(e.g. Mr. Sun is asleep)

📒Transductive Reasoning – reasoning appears to be from particular to particular

(i.e. If A causes B, then B causes A)

Stage 3. Concrete-operational stage (8-11 yrs.) elementary school years

This stage is characterized by the ability of the child to think logically but only in terms of concrete
objects.

📒Decentering – no longer focused or limited to one aspect or dimension which makes the child to be
more logical when dealing with concrete objects and situations

📒Reversibility – can now follow that certain operations can be done in reverse

📒Conservation – the ability to know that certain properties of objects like number, mass, volume or
area do not change even if there is a change in appearance.

📒Seriation – ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight,
volume or size.

Stage 4. Formal-operational stage (12-15 yrs.)

Thinking becomes logical

Can solve problems and hypothesize

This stage is characterized by the following:

📓Hypothetical Reasoning – the ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to
gather and weigh data in order to make a final decision. Can answer what if questions.

📓Analogical Reasoning – the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and use it to narrow
down possible answers. Can make an analogy.

📓Deductive Reasoning – the ability to think logically by applying the general rule to a particular
situation.